防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的药剂活性测定

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高兴祥, 李美, 房锋, 张悦丽, 齐军山. 防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的药剂活性测定. 23(6): 349-354
GAO Xing-xiang, LI Mei, FANG Feng, ZHANG Yue-li, QI Jun-shan. Biological activities of eight herbicides against four grass weeds of wheat fields. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 23(6): 349-354 复制到剪切板

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防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的药剂活性测定

高兴祥^1,², 李美^1,^2,^*, 房锋^1,², 张悦丽^1,², 齐军山^1,²

1.山东省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 山东济南 250100

2.山东省植物病毒学重点实验室,山东济南 250100

*通讯作者。E-mail:limei9909@163.com

作者简介:高兴祥(1977-),男,山东沂水人,副研究员,硕士。E-mail:xingxiang02@163.com

基金:十二五国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD19B02)和山东省现代农业产业技术体系小麦创新团队项目资助

摘要

为了系统研究多花黑麦草、早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草等4种小麦田禾本科杂草的防除药剂活性,在温室内采用盆栽法研究了8种除草剂对小麦田多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的生物活性。结果表明,乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂啶磺草胺对早熟禾有很好的防除效果,田间推荐剂量下防效达到93.06%(防效均为田间推荐剂量下,下同),对碱茅、多花黑麦草和棒头草的效果也较好,防效在82.82%~86.89%之间,另2种ALS抑制剂氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对早熟禾的防效较好,在61.27%~86.71%之间,但对其他3种杂草碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效很差,防效仅在10.47%~29.43%之间。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮和炔草酯对碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效均较好,在85.41%~100.00%之间,但对早熟禾的防效均较差,在19.08%~60.69%之间;另一种ACC抑制剂精噁唑禾草灵对棒头草防效为99.60%,对碱茅和多花黑麦草防效分别为72.00%和55.00%,对早熟禾仅为16.18%;植物光合系统Ⅱ抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾、棒头草和碱茅的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效在88.15%~96.53%之间,对多花黑麦草的效果略差,为67.43%。

关键词: 小麦田; 禾本科杂草; 除草剂; 生物活性

中图分类号:S451.22⁺1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1004-5759(2014)06-0349-06

Biological activities of eight herbicides against four grass weeds of wheat fields

GAO Xing-xiang^1,², LI Mei^1,², FANG Feng^1,², ZHANG Yue-li^1,², QI Jun-shan^1,²

1.Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100,China

2.Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Ji’nan 250100, China

Abstract

Pyroxsulam, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, tralkoxydim and clodinafop-propargyl are newly registered herbicides in China. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these herbicides, compared with several commonly used herbicides, on four grass weed species in wheat fields. Key results were: 1) The acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide pyroxsulam achieved 93.06% control on Poa annua and 82.82%-86.89% control on Puccinellia distans, Lolium multiflorum, Polypogon fugax (all herbicides applied at recommended field dose rates). 2) Other ALS inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone-Na and mesosulfuron-methyl achieved 61.27%-86.71% control on P. annua, but only 10.47%-29.43% control of P. distans, L. multiflorum and P. fugax. 3) In contrast, the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides pinoxaden, tralkoxydim and clodinafop-propargyl showed 85.41%-100.00% control on P. distans, L. multiflorum and P. fugax, and 19.08%-60.69% on P. annua. 4) The other ACCase inhibiting herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl showed 99.60% control of P. fugax, 72.00% and 55.00% of P. distans and L. multiflorum, and 16.18% control of P. annua. 5) The plant photosystem Ⅱ inhibiting herbicide isoproturon also controlled P. annua, P. distans and P. fugax (88.15%-96.53% control), but showed poorer control of L. multiflorum (67.43%).

Keyword: wheat field; grass weeds; herbicides; biological activity

Show Figures

近年来, 小麦(Triticum aestivum)田禾本科杂草无论是从种类上还是从数量上均呈现明显增长的趋势, 造成这种后果的原因^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}主要包括:1)耕作、栽培制度的变化改变了杂草的群落分布; 2)免耕技术的推广为适宜浅层萌发的禾本科杂草创造了条件; 3)联合收割机的大面积使用也使得杂草种子跟随收割机进行传播提供了可能; 4)地区间的麦种调运也是很重要的因素。另外, 禾本科杂草种子繁殖力、分蘖能力及抗逆性等均很强也是造成大面积为害的原因之一。

对山东省小麦田禾本科杂草进行了2年的详细调查, 结果显示, 山东省小麦田共有12种禾本科杂草, 对其中的8种杂草防除药剂的筛选进行了报道^[6], 另外的4种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、碱茅(Puccinellia distans)和棒头草(Polypogon fugax)均属于山东省小麦田的区域性优势杂草, 早熟禾主要在济宁市稻麦轮作区分布; 多花黑麦草在日照、菏泽等地大量分布; 碱茅在盐碱较重的滨州、东营等地, 棒头草在济宁等地, 王绍敏等^{[7, 8]}的杂草调查和研究也证实了这一点。以前的研究多局限在某种或某几种除草剂对某种禾本科杂草的防效研究上, 系统全面的研究常用除草剂对这4种禾本科杂草的防效未见报道。一种药剂仅能防除某一种或某几种禾本科杂草, 不可能防除所有的禾本科杂草, 且不同药剂对同一种杂草效果差别很大, 为系统全面的研究常用除草剂对这4种禾本科杂草的防效, 在2010年2月在温室内选择目前国内市场防除小麦田某种或某几种禾本科杂草效果较好的8种除草剂[包括3种乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂, 4种乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂和1种植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂], 以小麦田4种禾本科杂草早熟禾、多花黑麦草、碱茅和棒头草为受体, 研究了8种除草剂对这4种受体的生物活性, 以期为不同禾本科杂草分布的区域选择适合当地的除草剂提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

供试杂草:多花黑麦草、早熟禾、碱茅、棒头草。

供试药剂:3种乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂分别为7.5%啶磺草胺(pyroxsulam)WG, 美国陶氏益农公司; 70%氟唑磺隆(flucarbazone-Na)WG, 日本爱丽斯达公司; 30 g/L甲基二磺隆(mesosuifuron-methyl)OF, 拜耳作物科学(中国)有限公司; 4种乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂分别为50 g/L唑啉草酯(pinoxaden)EC、15%炔草酯 (clodinafop-propargyl) WP, 瑞士先正达公司; 69 g/L精恶唑禾草灵 (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl)EW, 拜耳作物科学(中国)有限公司; 40%肟草酮(traloxydim)WDG, 浙江一帆化工有限公司; 植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂为50%异丙隆(isoproturon)WP, 美丰农化有限公司。

仪器设备:精准喷雾塔, 农业部南京农业机械化工研究所生产, 喷雾时压力2 kg/m², 锥形喷头流量100 mL/min。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 种植方法在温室内进行实验试材的培养, 温度15~25℃。将定量的多花黑麦草、早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草的种子单播于直径为8 cm的塑料盆中(多花黑麦草每盆播种20粒, 早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草每盆播种40粒), 覆土1~2 mm, 放入装有水的搪瓷盘中, 让水逐渐渗入, 等水渗到土表后转移入温室待用。

1.2.2 剂量设置 7.5%啶磺草胺WG(加专用助剂)0.875, 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14 g/hm²(有效成分用量, 下同); 70%氟唑磺隆WG 2.8125, 5.625, 11.25, 22.5, 45 g/hm²; 30 g/L甲基二磺隆OF(加专用助剂) 0.5625, 1.125, 2.25, 4.5, 9 g/hm²; 50 g/L唑啉草酯EC 4.6875, 9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75 g/hm²; 40%肟草酮WDG 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 g/hm²; 15%炔草酯WP 5.625, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90 g/hm²; 69 g/L精恶唑禾草灵EW 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 g/hm², 50%异丙隆WP 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 g/hm²。

1.2.3 施药方法按精准喷雾塔实际喷药面积准确计算并配制所需药液, 将待处理的塑料盆环行均匀排列在旋转喷雾台上, 喷雾处理。喷雾压力2 kg/m², 锥形喷头流量100 mL/min。每浓度杂草分别设4次重复。

1.2.4 调查方法施药后15 d详细记录杂草的受害症状(如生长抑制、失绿、畸形等)。于施药后40 d, 称量各处理杂草地上部分鲜重, 计算鲜重防效。

1.3 数据统计及分析

用DPS统计软件对药剂剂量的对数值与杂草的鲜重抑制率的几率值进行回归分析, 计算毒力回归方程y=a+bx、GR₅₀(抑制杂草生长50%的除草剂剂量herbicide rate causing 50% growth reduction of plants)和GR₉₀(抑制杂草生长90%的除草剂剂量herbicide rate causing 90% growth reduction of plants)值。

2 结果与分析

2.1 对多花黑麦草的防效

施药后15 d, ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺较高浓度处理区多花黑麦草叶尖稍黄, 生长受到一定程度的抑制, 但抑制程度均不高, 另2种ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆仅在最高浓度对多花黑麦草有一定的抑制生长作用。ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵处理多花黑麦草均有不同程度的黄化、生长抑制作用, 效果较好。

药后40 d, 各药剂处理对多花黑麦草的防效见表1, 由表1可以看出, ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺对多花黑麦草效果较好, GR₅₀值和GR₉₀值分别为3.32和23.47 g/hm², GR₉₀值接近于其田间推广剂量(14 g/hm²)的2倍, 甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对多花黑麦草的效果很差。ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮和炔草酯对多花黑麦草有很好的防效, GR₉₀值分别为33.49, 284.88和41.85, 其GR₉₀值均远小于其田间推广剂量, 另1种ACCase抑制剂精噁唑禾草灵对多花黑麦草的效果稍差, 田间推荐浓度100 g/hm²大于其GR₅₀值57.66 g/hm², 但远小于其GR₉₀值。植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂异丙隆对多花黑麦草也有一定的防除效果, 但其GR₉₀值均远远大于其田间推广浓度。

表1 8种除草剂对多花黑麦草的室内毒力测定 Table 1 Biological activities of 8 herbicides to L. multiflorum in greenhouse

2.2 对早熟禾的防效

施药后15 d, 啶磺草胺14 g/hm²处理早熟禾黄化明显, 生长受到抑制, 3.5和7 g/hm²处理早熟禾轻微黄化; 氟唑磺隆、甲基二磺隆各浓度处理均有轻微的黄化症状, 但均不严重; 异丙隆300, 600, 1200 g/hm²处理早熟禾叶尖及叶缘干枯严重, 生长受到严重抑制; ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵各浓度处理生长基本正常, 无明显受害症状。

药后40 d, 各药剂处理对早熟禾防效见表2。由表2可以看出, 在试验药剂中ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺和甲基二磺隆及植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾的效果最好, 其GR₉₀值小于或接近于其田间推广剂量, 其次为氟唑磺隆。其他药剂ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮和炔草酯对早熟禾的效果均较差, 其GR₉₀值远远大于其田间推广剂量, 另一种ACCase抑制剂精噁唑禾草灵对早熟禾近乎无效。

表2 8种除草剂对早熟禾的生物活性测定 Table 2 Biological activities of 8 herbicides to P. annua in greenhouse

2.3 对碱茅的防效

施药后15 d, ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺各浓度处理碱茅生长均受到一定的抑制, 但杂草死亡率均较低, 甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆仅最高浓度碱茅生长受到抑制, 其他剂量生长基本正常; ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯375和750 g/hm²处理、炔草酯22.5, 45, 90 g/hm²处理和精噁唑禾草灵50, 100, 200 g/hm²处理碱茅黄化、红化后开始死亡, 肟草酮120, 240, 480 g/hm²处理碱茅虽然叶色仍绿, 但生长受到严重抑制; 异丙隆300, 600, 1200 g/hm²处理碱茅叶片从叶尖开始干枯, 生长受到严重抑制。

药后40 d, 各药剂处理对碱茅的防效见表3, 由表3可以看出, ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对碱茅的效果均较差, GR₉₀值远远大于其田间推广浓度; 啶磺草胺对碱茅的效果较好, 但GR₉₀值也是其田间推广剂量的2倍多。ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯和肟草酮对碱茅的效果很好, GR₉₀值远远小于其田间推广剂量; 炔草酯效果也较好, GR₉₀值和其田间推广剂量接近, 精噁唑禾草灵和植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂异丙隆对碱茅的效果略差, GR₉₀值是其田间推广浓度的2倍左右。

表3 8种除草剂对碱茅的室内毒力测定 Table 3 Biological activities of 8 herbicides to P. distans in greenhouse

2.4 对棒头草的防效

施药后15 d, ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺各浓度处理棒头草叶尖干枯, 生长受到一定的抑制, 但抑制程度均不高, 另2种ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆各浓度处理均无明显受害症状。ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯187.5, 375, 750 g/hm²处理棒头草黄化严重, 大部分已死亡, 肟草酮各浓度处理棒头草生长受到严重抑制, 炔草酯各浓度处理棒头草干枯黄化较重, 精噁唑禾草灵各浓度处理棒头草黄化严重, 大部分干枯死亡。

药后40 d, 各药剂处理对棒头草的防效见表4, 可以看出, ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺对棒头草的效果较好, 但其GR₉₀值是其田间推广剂量的2倍, 另2种ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆对棒头草的效果均较差, 其GR₉₀值远远大于其田间推广剂量。ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对棒头草的效果均较好, 其GR₉₀值均小于其田间推广剂量。植物光合系统Ⅱ 抑制剂异丙隆对棒头草的效果也较好, 其GR₉₀值是田间推广剂量的2倍左右。

表4 8种除草剂对棒头草的室内毒力测定结果 Table 4 Biological activities of 8 herbicides to P. fugax in greenhouse

3种ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺、甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对早熟禾效果均较好, 啶磺草胺对碱茅、多花黑麦草和棒头草的效果也较好, 但甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对这3种杂草的效果很差(图1); ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对碱茅、多花黑麦草和棒头草的效果较好, 但对早熟禾的效果较差, 其中精噁唑禾草灵对碱茅和多花黑麦草的效果略差; 植物光合作用抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草的效果较好, 对多花黑麦草的效果略差。

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图1 8种除草剂在田间推荐剂量下对早熟禾等4种禾本科杂草的生物活性A:啶磺草胺Pyroxsulam; B:甲基二磺隆Mesosuifuron-methyl; C:氟唑磺隆Flucarbazone-Na; D:唑啉草酯Pinoxaden; E:肟草酮Traloxydim; F:炔草酯Clodinafop-propargyl; G:精恶唑禾草灵Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl; H:异丙隆Isoproturon.Fig.1 Biological activities of 8 herbicides to 4 grass weeds in their field recommended dose

3 结论与讨论

以前小麦田禾本科杂草种类少, 危害也较轻, 且主要在水稻-小麦轮作区出现, 在旱地玉米-小麦轮作区发生极少, 所出现的除草剂种类也很少, 精恶唑禾草灵、异丙隆是10多年以来的主要品种。但近几年来随着种植业制度的调整和耕作制度的改变, 小麦田禾本科杂草发展迅速, 逐渐成为优势杂草或区域性优势杂草, 多花黑麦草在山东省日照市、碱茅在山东省滨州及东营市等均局部大面积发生, 成为区域性恶性杂草。目前, 生产中出现了很多新的除草剂品种, 如啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆、炔草酯、肟草酮和唑啉草酯等^{[9, 10, 11]}。但每种药剂均有各自的优劣, 为系统地了解各药剂的杂草防治谱, 更好地合理有效利用好这些药剂而进行了本试验。

本试验从8种药剂对早熟禾等4种禾本科杂草的防效来看:ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺对早熟禾有较好的防除效果, 对多花黑麦草、碱茅和棒头草的效果也较好, 这与Becker等^[12]报道的啶磺草胺可有效防除看麦娘属(Alopecurus aequalis)、雀麦属(Bromus japonicus)、早熟禾属等禾本科杂草结果基本一致; 另2种ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对早熟禾效果较好, 但对多花黑麦草、碱茅和棒头草的效果较差, 与吴雪源等^[13]试验结果一致; ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对杂草的防效正好和ALS抑制剂相反, 对多花黑麦草、碱茅、棒头草的效果较好, 而对早熟禾的效果差, 这与黄正银等^[14]、刘孝慧等^[15]的报导一致; 植物光合作用抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草的效果较好, 对多花黑麦草的效果略差。

根据本试验结果, 在小麦田禾本科杂草地块根据杂草种类选择合适的药剂, 1)以早熟禾为主的地块, 可以选择ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆或甲基二磺隆, 不建议选择ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精恶唑禾草灵; 2)以多花黑麦草或碱茅或棒头草为主的地块, 可选择ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精恶唑禾草灵, 或者选择ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺。

本试验在温室内进行, 由于温室温度、湿度和施药时的杂草叶龄等均有很好的一致性, 所以田间结果如何还需要在田间认证。另外, 不同地域采集的杂草种子在亚种、抗性方面均可能存在一定的差异, 所以本试验结果仅为选择防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的除草剂提供一定的参考。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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[5]	高宗军, 李美, 高兴祥, 等. 不同耕作方式对冬小麦田杂草群落的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2011, 20(1): 15-21. [本文引用:1]
[6]	高兴祥, 李美, 葛秋岭, 等. 啶磺草胺等8种除草剂对小麦田8种禾本科杂草的生物活性[J]. 植物保护学报, 2011, 38(6): 557-562. [本文引用:1]
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[15]	刘孝慧, 冯小燕, 朱训永, 等. 麦极对小麦田恶性禾本科杂草的田间药效研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2009, 37(6): 2606-2607, 2645. [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

... 近年来,小麦(Triticum aestivum)田禾本科杂草无论是从种类上还是从数量上均呈现明显增长的趋势,造成这种后果的原因^[1,2,3,4,5]主要包括:1)耕作、栽培制度的变化改变了杂草的群落分布 ...

2004

0.0

. 2004, 8(1):14-17

Department of Psychiatry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.

This study investigated the role of spiritual and religious beliefs in ambulatory patients coping with malignant melanoma. One-hundred and seventeen patients with melanoma being seen in an outpatient clinic completed a battery of measurements including the newly validated Systems of Belief Inventory (SBI-54). No correlation was found between SBI-54 scores and levels of distress. However, there was a correlation between greater reliance on spiritual and religious beliefs and use of an active-cognitive coping style (r = 0.46, p < 0.0001). Data suggest that use of religious and spiritual beliefs is associated with an active rather than passive form of coping. We suggest that such beliefs provide a helpful active-cognitive framework for many individuals from which to face the existential crises of life-threatening illness.

PMID: 10202779

2007

0.0

2010

0.0

0.5305

2011

0.0

. 2011, 20(1):15-21

Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kungmp@sunmac.spect.upenn.edu

Alzheimer s disease (AD) is linked to increased brain deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides in senile plaques (SPs), and recent therapeutic efforts have focused on inhibiting the production or enhancing the clearance of Abeta in brain. However, it has not been possible to measure the burden of SPs or assess the effect of potential therapies on brain Abeta levels in patients. Toward that end, we have developed a novel radioligand, [(125)I]TZDM, which binds Abeta fibrils with high affinity, crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and labels amyloid plaques in vivo. Compared to a styrylbenzene probe, [(125)I]IMSB, [(125)I]TZDM showed a 10-fold greater brain penetration and labeled plaques with higher sensitivity for in vivo imaging. However, this ligand also labels white matter, which contributes to undesirable high background regions of the brain. Interestingly, parallel to their differential binding characteristics onto fibrils composed of 40 (Abeta40)- or 42 (Abeta42)-amino-acid-long forms of Abeta peptides, these radioligands displayed differential labeling of SPs in AD brain sections under our experimental conditions. It was observed that [(125)I]IMSB labeled SPs containing Abeta40, amyloid angiopathy (AA), and neurofibrillary tangles, whereas [(125)I]TZDM detected only SPs and Abeta42-positive AA. Since increased production and deposition of Abeta42 relative to Abeta40 may be crucial for the generation of SPs, [(125)I]TZDM and related derivatives may be more attractive probes for in vivo plaque labeling. Further structural modifications of TZDM to lower the background labeling will be needed to optimize the plaque-labeling property.

PMID: 12663930

2011

0.0

... 对山东省小麦田禾本科杂草进行了2年的详细调查,结果显示,山东省小麦田共有12种禾本科杂草,对其中的8种杂草防除药剂的筛选进行了报道^[6],另外的4种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、碱茅(Puccinellia distans)和棒头草(Polypogon fugax)均属于山东省小麦田的区域性优势杂草,早熟禾主要在济宁市稻麦轮作区分布 ...

2009

0.0

... 碱茅在盐碱较重的滨州、东营等地,棒头草在济宁等地,王绍敏等^[7,8]的杂草调查和研究也证实了这一点 ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 50(4):305-308

Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.

Apolipoprotein J (clusterin) is a ubiquitous multifunctional glycoprotein capable of interacting with a broad spectrum of molecules. In pathological conditions, it is an amyloid associated protein, co-localizing with fibrillar deposits in systemic and localized amyloid disorders. In Alzheimer's disease, the most frequent form of amyloidosis in humans and the major cause of dementia in the elderly, apoJ is present in amyloid plaques and cerebrovascular deposits but is rarely seen in NFT-containing neurons. ApoJ expression is up-regulated in a wide variety of insults and may represent a defense response against local damage to neurons. Four different mechanisms of action could be postulated to explain the role of apoJ as a neuroprotectant during cellular stress: (1) function as an anti-apoptotic signal, (2) protection against oxidative stress, (3) inhibition of the membrane attack complex of complement proteins locally activated as a result of inflammation, and (4) binding to hydrophobic regions of partially unfolded, stressed proteins, and therefore avoiding aggregation in a chaperone-like manner. This review focuses on the association of apoJ in biological fluids with Alzheimer's soluble Abeta. This interaction prevents Abeta aggregation and fibrillization and modulates its blood-brain barrier transport at the cerebrovascular endothelium.

PMID: 10936885

... 碱茅在盐碱较重的滨州、东营等地,棒头草在济宁等地,王绍敏等^[7,8]的杂草调查和研究也证实了这一点 ...

2008

2.045

0.0

... 目前,生产中出现了很多新的除草剂品种,如啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆、炔草酯、肟草酮和唑啉草酯等^[9,10,11] ...

1999

0.0

... 目前,生产中出现了很多新的除草剂品种,如啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆、炔草酯、肟草酮和唑啉草酯等^[9,10,11] ...

2011

1.303

0.0

. 2011, 30:18-23 DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2010.09.003

Evaluation of post-emergence herbicides for the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat and barley in Argentina

Abstract Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) is the most troublesome weed in cereal crops in Argentina. With the aim of studying the effects of different herbicides, doses, and wild oat growth stage at application on weed control and crop yield, field experiments were conducted in wheat and barley crops during three growing seasons in the south of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Treatments were post-emergence applications of new herbicide, pinoxaden + cloquintocet mexyl (5%–1.25%), at doses that ranged from 20 g to 60 g a.i. pinoxaden ha −1 , applied at two to three leaves and the beginning of tillering of wild oat. In addition, standard treatments were included and applied at the same wild oat growth stages. Diclofop methyl at 511 g a.i. ha −1 and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 55 g a.i. ha −1 were applied in barley. In wheat, diclofop methyl was replaced by clodinafop-propargyl + cloquintocet mexyl (24%–6%) at 36 g a.i. clodinafop-propargyl + 9 g cloquintocet mexyl ha −1 and in 2008/09 wheat experiments, iodosulfuron plus metsulfuron methyl (5%–60%) at 3.75 g a.i. ha −1 + 3 g a.i. ha −1 also was included. In both crops, pinoxaden at 30 g a.i. ha −1 and at higher rates, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and clodinafop-propargyl gave the best control of wild oat. In 2006/07 wheat crops, treatments applied at tiller initiation provided better control than the early timing averaged across herbicides. However, wheat yield generally was greater with early application. In barley, wild oat control and crop yield were similar regarding time of application. Variations in crop yield were correlated with grain number m −2 both in wheat and barley, but relationships between both grain number and spikes m −2 and with grains per spike were identified only in wheat. Research highlights ? Wild oat is the most troublesome weed in wheat and barley crops in Argentina. ? Most fields with presence of this weed are treated with selective herbicides. ? There are new herbicides to wild oat control (pinoxaden and iodosulfuron plus metsulfuron methyl). ? Effect of herbicides on wild oat control, growth, fecundity and crop yield was studied.

... 目前,生产中出现了很多新的除草剂品种,如啶磺草胺、氟唑磺隆、炔草酯、肟草酮和唑啉草酯等^[9,10,11] ...

2008

0.605

0.0

... 本试验从8种药剂对早熟禾等4种禾本科杂草的防效来看:ALS抑制剂啶磺草胺对早熟禾有较好的防除效果,对多花黑麦草、碱茅和棒头草的效果也较好,这与Becker等^[12]报道的啶磺草胺可有效防除看麦娘属(Alopecurus aequalis)、雀麦属(Bromus japonicus)、早熟禾属等禾本科杂草结果基本一致 ...

2007

0.0

... 另2种ALS抑制剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对早熟禾效果较好,但对多花黑麦草、碱茅和棒头草的效果较差,与吴雪源等^[13]试验结果一致 ...

2007

0.0

... ACCase抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮、炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵对杂草的防效正好和ALS抑制剂相反,对多花黑麦草、碱茅、棒头草的效果较好,而对早熟禾的效果差,这与黄正银等^[14]、刘孝慧等^[15]的报导一致 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 37(6):2606-2607, 2645

Department of Physics, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, Clatterbridge Road, Bebington CH63 4JY, United Kingdom. juanpm@liverpool.ac.uk

The purpose of this work is twofold: To further develop an approach to multiobjective optimization of rotational therapy treatments recently introduced by the authors [J. Pardo-Montero and J. D. Fenwick, "An approach to multiobjective optimization of rotational therapy," Med. Phys. 36, 3292-3303 (2009)], especially regarding its application to realistic geometries, and to study the quality (Pareto optimality) of plans obtained using such an approach by comparing them with Pareto optimal plans obtained through inverse planning.

PMID: 20632572