不同生态恢复措施下宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤种子库特征

引用本文

张蕊, 马红彬, 贾希洋, 周瑶, 宿婷婷, 蔡育蓉, 周静静. 不同生态恢复措施下宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤种子库特征. 草业学报, 2018,27(1): 32-41
ZHANG Rui, MA Hong-bin, JIA Xi-yang, ZHOU Yao, SU Ting-ting, CAI Yu-rong, ZHOU Jing-jing. Characteristics of soil seed banks in a typical grassland in the loess hilly region of Ningxia under different ecological restoration measures. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(1): 32-41 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2017295
Permissions

本文属于开放获取期刊。

不同生态恢复措施下宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤种子库特征

张蕊², 马红彬^1,^2,^*, 贾希洋², 周瑶², 宿婷婷², 蔡育蓉², 周静静²

1.宁夏大学西北土地退化与生态恢复省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地,宁夏银川 750021

2.宁夏大学农学院,宁夏银川 750021

*通信作者Corresponding author. E-mail:ma_hb@nxu.edu.cn

作者简介:张蕊(1994-),女,河北邯郸人,在读硕士。E-mail:zhangr.tiffany@qq.com

收稿日期: 2017-07-03

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31460632,31360582)和中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划项目(XAB2015A10)资助

摘要

开展土壤种子库的研究对草原植被恢复具有重要意义。以宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原为对象,对封育(F15)、水平沟(S15)、鱼鳞坑(Y15)整地后15年草地以及长期放牧草地(F0)的0~15 cm土壤种子库的物种组成、密度特征、物种多样性及其与地上植被的相似性进行了研究。结果表明:1)土壤种子库植物以多年生植物为主,F0和S15种子库以禾本科物种比例最高,Y15和F15以菊科最高;植物种类以鱼鳞坑最多,封育次之,放牧地最少。2)相对于F0,Y15、S15和F15措施使土壤种子库密度增加,且以Y15增加最为明显。各处理下种子库优势物种各异,种子库密度具有表聚特征。3)各措施下,土壤种子库优势度、多样性和均匀度指数接近,鱼鳞坑提高了种子库丰富度指数;处理间土壤种子库存在一定程度的相似性,以封育和鱼鳞坑相似性最高,达到0.81。4)各措施下土壤种子库与地上植被多样性、丰富度、均匀度和优势度存在一定差异,种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在0.37~0.55之间,相似性总体较低。相对而言,鱼鳞坑土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高,是最有利于土壤种子库密度和丰富度增加的措施。

关键词: 土壤种子库; 封育; 鱼鳞坑; 水平沟; 典型草原

Characteristics of soil seed banks in a typical grassland in the loess hilly region of Ningxia under different ecological restoration measures

ZHANG Rui², MA Hong-bin^1,^2,^*, JIA Xi-yang², ZHOU Yao², SU Ting-ting², CAI Yu-rong², ZHOU Jing-jing²

1.State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

2.Agricultural College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Abstract

The soil seed bank is of great significance in the restoration of grassland vegetation. We investigated the density characteristics, species diversity, and similarity to the above-ground vegetation of the soil seed bank in the 0-15 cm soil layer under different restoration measures in a typical steppe in Ningxia. The restoration measures were F15 (exclosure for 15 years); S15 (contour trench, 15 years); Y15 (fish-scale pits, 15 years grassland), and F0 (long-term grazed grassland). The results showed that: 1) The soil seed bank was dominated by seeds of perennials. The F0 and S15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Gramineae seeds, and the Y15 and F15 seed banks had the highest proportion of Compositae seeds. 2) Compared with F0, the Y15, S15, and especially the F15 treatments had denser seed banks. The seed banks had different characteristics and seed pool densities. 3) Under the different restoration measures, the soil seed banks had the same degree of dominance, diversity, and evenness index, but the fish-scale pits treatment had a richer seed pool. The strongest similarity between the seed bank and existing vegetation was in the fish seed bank (0.81). 4) There were some differences between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in terms of diversity, abundance, evenness, and dominance. The values of the similarity coefficient between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation were generally very low (0.37-0.55). The highest similarity between the seed bank and above-ground vegetation was in the fish-scale pits treatment; therefore, this was the best restoration measure for increasing the density and abundance of the soil seed bank in the loess hilly region of Ningxia.

Keyword: soil seed bank; enclosure; fish scale pit; horizontal ditch; typical grassland

Show Figures

土壤种子库是指存在于土壤表层凋落物和土壤中全部存活种子的总和^[1]。植物产生的种子通过不同的方式进行传播, 散落在土壤中具有活力的种子在适宜的环境下便会萌发生长^[2], 土壤种子库与地表植被关系密切。土壤种子库内的种子反映了植物群落过去的状况, 是地上植被潜在更新能力的物质基础, 对植被自然恢复和物种多样性的保护有着重要作用^[3], 一定程度上决定了植被恢复的进度和方向^[4]。国外最早于1859年开始对土壤种子库进行研究^[5], 国内在20世纪70年代后开始了土壤种子库有关研究, 涉及湿地、森林、农田、草地等生态系统^[6]。研究发现人为干扰下森林区域草本植物和灌木层的覆盖度、高度和物种丰富度下降, 但干扰区种子库的物种数量和总物种丰富度明显提高^[7]。湿地在人类干扰下草本植物种子丰富度较低, 种子库与现存植被之间物种组成的相似性较高, 土壤种子库能促进湿地植物再生^[8]。随着全球范围内草地退化加剧, 干旱区退化草地生态恢复和建设受到广泛重视^[9]。草地生态恢复中土壤种子库特征成为关注的一个重点^[10]。研究发现, 当草地植被生长良好时, 种子库种子数量和种类较高, 放牧降低了草地土壤种子库的物种多样性和大多数物种的土壤种子库密度, 但能提高个别植物的种子数量, 土壤种子库密度随着草地封育年限的延长而增加^{[11, 12, 13]}。但也有文献表明, 不同封育年限草地土壤种子库的动态变化及季节性变化特征不尽相同, 土壤种子库密度随封育年限增加呈现先增加后下降变化, 种子库物种多样性受坡位坡向影响明显^{[14, 15, 16]}。当草地退化时, 种子库种子数量和种类一般会发生下降, 退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性, 但改良草地和退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被物种的相关性较低^{[17, 18]}。可见, 当前有关草地土壤种子库研究主要集中在种子库大小、物种构成、动态变化及与地上植被的关系等方面。生态恢复措施对土壤种子库的影响是通过改变地上植被、土壤理化性质等直接或间接地对土壤种子库的种类组成、空间分布和动态格局产生影响, 但目前还不能就土壤种子库与地表植被种类组成的关系得出统一的结论^{[17, 18]}。

宁夏典型草原地处干旱半干旱黄土丘陵区, 干旱少雨且易发生水土流失。因此该区退化草原生态恢复过程中采用了禁牧封育、开挖水平沟与鱼鳞坑工程措施, 以期能拦蓄坡地径流, 促进植被快速恢复。目前宁夏典型草原已全面实施了禁牧封育, 水平沟和鱼鳞坑工程恢复措施在一些地区已占到草原面积的20%以上。但是, 目前有关水平沟和鱼鳞坑措施下土壤种子库的研究鲜有报道。本研究以宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原常见的封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑生态恢复措施为对象, 研究不同措施下土壤种子库组成和大小, 分析种子库与地上植被关系, 以期为当地草原生态建设提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

试验区位于宁夏黄土丘陵区云雾山草原国家自然保护区, 地处宁夏固原市北部45 km处, 介于N 36° 13'-36° 19', E 106° 24'-106° 28', 海拔在1800~2100 m之间, 为典型的黄土低山丘陵区。气候属于典型中温带大陆性气候, 年均气温5 ℃, ≥ 0 ℃的年积温2882 ℃, 年无霜期137 d, 年降水量445 mm。地带性土壤为山地灰褐土, 地带性植被为典型草原。主要分布有本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)、百里香(Thymus mongolicus)、阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)等。多年的生态建设使该区天然草原中分布不同封育年限的草地、大量的水平沟和鱼鳞坑。其中水平沟是在天然草地上沿着等高线人工整地后隔带设置, 沟宽1 m, 上埂高0.6 m, 下埂高0.2 m, 沟间距14 m; 鱼鳞坑是在天然草地上呈“ 品” 字形设置, 坑距3 m, 下埂弧长1.5 m以上, 埂高0.5 m。当地水平沟和鱼鳞坑整地时一般将表土回填, 回填深度约0.4 m。虽然整地当年在水平沟中种植了沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens), 鱼鳞坑种植了山桃(Amygdalus davidiana)或山杏(Armeniaca sibirica), 但经自然演替, 整地3年后的沟(坑)中植被已变为自然植被。

1.2 样地设置

在试验区海拔、坡度和坡向尽量接近的地段, 选择未封育(长期放牧草地)、封育15年(禁牧15年)、水平沟15年(水平沟整地15年后)、鱼鳞坑15年(鱼鳞坑整地15年后)为研究对象, 共4个处理, 每个处理3次重复。试验样地概况见表1。

表1 试验样地概况 Table 1 Status of the sampling sites

1.3 研究方法

1.3.1 土壤种子库取样土壤种子库取样在2016年10月底进行。在每个处理中设置200 m× 200 m样地, 3次重复。采用“ S” 形五点法在各样地中用自制土壤种子库取样器(长10 cm× 宽10 cm× 高5 cm) 分0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~15 cm三层采集土样, 取样时清除掉采样点地表植物茎叶和枯枝落叶^[19], 将采集到的土壤装入塑封袋中带回实验室。

1.3.2 土壤种子库萌发试验土样在室内环境下晾干, 手工将土样碾开(注意保证种子的完整性)并过筛去除杂物与植物残体, 然后将土样充分混匀铺设在花盆内(厚约3 cm)。花盆的底部预先填充4 cm厚度的无种子细砂。无种子细砂是将细砂放置于恒温180 ℃的干燥箱内烘8 h后获得, 以保证填充的细砂中无活力种子^[19]。萌发试验在人工气候室进行, 室内温度25 ℃左右, 每天定时(18时)浇水1次以保持土壤湿润。试验期间, 每天浇水时记录花盆中新生幼苗出苗时间, 可以被识别出时记录植物种名并拔去植株。萌发植物的鉴别是在从事植物分类老师的帮助下以形态特征为主要依据进行辨识。当种子萌发数量较少时, 轻轻翻动使土壤重新混合, 以保证种子最大化的萌发^[19]。连续观测4周无新幼苗出现, 认为土壤中种子已经萌发完全。对个别难以鉴定的幼苗移栽到另外的花盆, 让其充分生长到可以鉴别为止^[19]。本萌发试验时间为2016年11月到2017年6月, 共持续8个月左右。

1.3.3 植被调查于2016年8月上旬, 在各样地种子库取样附近1 m× 1 m的样方进行地上植被的调查, 详细记录其种类组成、物种密度, 3次重复。

1.4 数据处理

基础数据用DPS软件辅以Excel进行统计分析, 计算以下指标。

1.4.1 土壤种子库密度统计土壤种子库密度用单位面积土壤内所含有的活力种子数量来表示, 即将取样面积10 cm× 10 cm的种子数目换算为1 m× 1 m的数量即为土壤种子库的种子密度(平均值± 标准误)^[20]。

1.4.2 物种多样性种子库和地上植被物种多样性采用以下指数^{[21, 22, 23]}。

Shannon-Wiener多样性指数:SW=3.3219[logN- $\begin{matrix} (1 / N) \sum n_{i} \end{matrix}$ logn_i]

Margalef丰富度指数: Ma= $\begin{matrix} \frac{S - 1}{lnN} \end{matrix}$

Pielou均匀度指数:PW= $\begin{matrix} \frac{logN - (1 / N) \sum n_{i} \log n_{i}}{logN - 1 / N [α (S - β) logα + β (α + 1) \log (α + 1)]} \end{matrix}$

生态优势度:SN= $\begin{matrix} \overset{S}{\sum_{i = 1}} \frac{n_{i} (n_{i} - 1)}{N (N - 1)} \end{matrix}$

式中:N为种子库(或地上植被)所有物种个体总数; n_i为第i种的个体数; S为种子库(或地上植被)物种总数; β 为N被S整除后的余数(0≤ β ≤ n), α = $\begin{matrix} \frac{N - β}{S} \end{matrix}$ 。

1.4.3 相似性系数土壤种子库之间及其与地上植被的相似性采用Sorensen指数计算^[24]:

SC= $\begin{matrix} \frac{2 W}{a + b} \end{matrix}$

式中:SC为相似性系数; W为2个样地共有种数; a和b分别为2个样地各自拥有的物种数。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库的物种组成

萌发试验共鉴定出的幼苗种类有14种 (表2), 涉及8个科, 其中菊科物种最多, 有4种, 占物种总数的28.57%; 禾本科3种, 占总数的21.43%; 唇形科有2种, 占总数的14.29%, 其他5个科各自只有1种。不同处理下, 放牧草地土壤种子库没有出现一年生植物, 其他3种处理下一年生植物仅为2种, 多年生植物达12种, 说明种子库植物均以多年生植物为主。种子库植物物种种类以鱼鳞坑最多, 达到13种, 封育次之, 放牧草地种类最少(表3)。从植物经济类群看, 菊科、禾本科和豆科是种子库物种主体, 占到了物种种类的55%以上, 其中F0和S15处理以禾本科物种比例最高, Y15和F15处理物种以菊科比例最高, 禾本科次之。

表2 不同处理土壤种子库物种组成及密度 Table 2 Soil seed bank species composition and density under different treatments (Seeds· m^-2)

表3 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库植物经济类群 Table 3 Soil seed bank composition communities of different restoration measures

2.2 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库密度特征

2.2.1 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库密度从表2可见, S15处理土壤种子库总密度为(3100.00± 916.51) 粒· m^-2 , 种子库种子密度以蚓果芥最高, 风毛菊次之, 大针茅最低, 其中蚓果芥的密度为(666.66± 120.18)粒· m^-2, 占总密度的21.50%, 是S15处理土壤种子库的优势物种。F15处理种子库物种总密度为(3366.66± 437.00) 粒· m^-2, 以本氏针茅和蚓果芥密度较高, 为(600.00± 152.75)和(600.00± 57.73) 粒· m^-2, 两者占到种子库总密度的35.64%, 多茎委陵菜密度最低; Y15处理土壤种子库总密度为(4800.00± 230.94) 粒· m^-2, 种子库密度以秦艽最高, 蚓果芥次之, 糙隐子草最低, 其中秦艽的密度为(966.66± 233.33) 粒· m^-2, 占总密度的20.13%, 是Y15处理土壤种子库的优势物种。F0处理土壤种子库总密度为(1600± 152.75) 粒· m^-2, 以风毛菊密度最高、本氏针茅次之, 扁蓿豆和秦艽最低, 其中风毛菊的密度达(466.67± 145.29) 粒· m^-2, 占总密度的37.8%, 是F0处理土壤种子库的优势物种。

4种措施下, 0~15 cm土壤种子库物种密度存在一定差异(表2), Y15处理种子库密度最大, F15次之, F0处理密度最低(P< 0.05), Y15、S15和F15之间差异不显著。说明相对放牧而言, 鱼鳞坑、水平沟和封育均可提高土壤种子库密度, 且以鱼鳞坑措施最为明显。

2.2.2 土壤种子库的垂直分布由土壤种子库密度垂直变化可知(图1), Y15处理的0~5 cm、5~10 cm与10~15 cm土层的土壤种子库密度分别为(2933.33± 491.03)、(1133.33± 166.66) 与(733.33± 120.18) 粒· m^-2, 在4个处理中均最高。 Y15、F0与F15土壤种子库的密度以0~5 cm最高, 占种子库总密度59.73%以上, 5~10 cm与10~15 cm土层的种子库密度较低, 总体差异显著(P< 0.05), 说明这3个处理土壤种子库主要存留在0~5 cm土层中。S15处理0~5 cm、5~10 cm与10~15 cm土层处理土壤种子库密度分别为(1600± 503.32)、(966.66± 296.27)和(533.33± 120.18) 粒· m^-2, 垂直差异不显著(P> 0.05), 说明S15处理的土壤种子在0~15 cm土层分布较均匀, 这可能与水平沟整地对土壤的扰动有关。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同恢复措施土壤种子库垂直密度不同字母表示土层间差异显著(P< 0.05)Fig.1 Soil seed bank vertical density of different restoration measures Different letters mean significant difference between soil layers at P< 0.05 level.

2.3 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库的物种多样性和相似性

土壤种子库群落物种多样性特征表明(表4), Y15与S15、F15、F0处理下, 种子库生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性和Pielou均匀度指数接近, 处理间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。Margalef丰富度指数以鱼鳞坑措施下最高(P< 0.05), 水平沟、封育和放牧草地接近。土壤种子库的相似性指数表明(表5), 各处理下土壤种子库相似性系数变化范围在0.57~0.81, 说明经过15年的恢复, 处理间土壤种子库存在一定的相似性。其中F15和Y15种子库的相似性指数最高, 达到了0.81; S15与F0、S15与Y15、F15与F0处理间种子库的相似性指数相对较低。

表4 土壤种子库及地上植被群落物种多样性特征 Table 4 Characteristics of species diversity of soil seed bank communities and above ground vegetation communities

表5 不同恢复措施土壤种子库的相似性指数 Table 5 Similarity index of soil seed banks with different restoration measures

2.4 土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

2.4.1 土壤种子库与地上植被的物种多样性不同恢复措施下土壤种子库与地上植被物种多样性表明, 土壤种子库与地上植被之间存在一定差异(表4)。总体看, 土壤种子库的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数都大于对应的地上植被, 以丰富度指数和地上植被相差最大; 而地上植被的生态优势度又远远大于土壤种子库。各处理下地上植被与种子库的多样性及丰富度指数以Y15处理相差最大, S15处理相差最小; 种子库与地上植被的均匀度指数以F0处理相差最大, S15处理相差最小; 而生态优势度在Y15、S15、F15和F0各处理下差异都较大, 其中以S15处理相差最大, 约为0.72。方差分析表明, 不同恢复措施下土壤种子库与地上植被物种多样性均未达到显著性相关水平(P> 0.05)。

2.4.2 土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性从表6可见, Y15地上植被与土壤种子库的共有物种数最多, 达到8种, 占土壤种子库物种种类的61.5%, 占地上植被的50.0%; F0地上植被与土壤种子库的共有物种4种, 占土壤种子库物种种类的57.1%, 占地上植被的33.33%; S15共有种数5种, 占土壤种子库种数的62.5%, 占地上植被的27.8%; F15共有种数5种, 占土壤种子库种数的55.6%, 占地上植被的27.8%。除封育措施中地上植被优势种和土壤种子库优势种有一个物种相同外, 其他3种措施下地上植物优势种与土壤种子库中优势种并不一致。 Sorensen相似性指数表明, 4种处理下地上植被与土壤种子库相似性系数在0.37~0.55, 相似性系数整体不高。各处理下以Y15的相似性指数最高, F0次之, F15相似性指数最低。

表6 土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性 Table 6 Similarity characteristics of soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation

3 讨论

本试验中, F0、S15、Y15和F15处理地上植物群落分别为本氏针茅+百里香群落、本氏针茅+大针茅群落、百里香+本氏针茅群落和本氏针茅+铁杆蒿群落, 伴生有阿尔泰狗娃花、猪毛蒿、赖草、早熟禾、猪毛菜、星毛委陵菜等。土壤种子库植物生活型组成与地上植被相似, 亦以多年生草本植物为主。F0和S15种子库以禾本科物种比例最高, Y15和F15以菊科比例最高, 种子库主要植物组成与地上植被存在一定差异, 干扰(动物放牧和人类干扰)改变了土壤种子库的物种组成, 与前人在黄土丘陵区典型草原的研究结果类似^{[16, 25, 26, 27]}。

研究发现, 黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库密度为1067~14717粒· m^-2[28]、封育草地种子库在4880~6130粒· m^-2[27]、封育的高寒草地为3640~15330粒· m^-2[29]。本研究中, 宁夏典型草原土壤种子库密度在1600~4800粒· m^-2, 其大小与前人的研究相似。土地利用类型不同、动物放牧和人类干扰均会影响土壤种子库的密度大小, 种子库优势物种在不同措施下并不相同^{[30, 31]}, 这与植被环境或干扰等因素有关^[32]。本研究中, 0~15 cm土壤种子库大小依次为鱼鳞坑、水平沟、封育和放牧草地。放牧草地由于家畜采食, 减少了植物结实机会, 降低了土壤种子库的物种多样性和一些物种的种子库密度, 种子库大小显著小于封育草地^[33]。但也有研究认为封育草地土壤种子库随封育年限增加呈现先上升后下降趋势, 在封育10年时种子库密度和生长最好而15年呈下降趋势^[34], 这可能与地上一年生植物比例减少有关, 这还有待于进一步研究。鱼鳞坑和水平沟土壤种子库密度较高, 这与两种措施下的特殊地形更易集聚种子雨有关, 当植被生长良好, 物种丰富度指数高时, 种子库种子数量和种类较高^[35], 这也表明相对于放牧, 鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地可在一定程度上丰富土壤种子库的物种数量。随土层加深, 土壤种子库密度呈递减趋势, 说明试验区土壤种子库具有表聚性^{[16, 36, 37]}。

封育、鱼鳞坑、水平沟及放牧草地土壤种子库生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性和Pielou均匀度指数无明显差异, 但鱼鳞坑措施提高了种子库Margalef丰富度指数, 这与鱼鳞坑形成的特殊微地形有关。与放牧相比, 封育和水平沟措施并没有显著改变种子库物种多样性, 这与放牧使草地优势植物种子减少以及土壤种子库种子来源和它的记忆功能有关^[15], 与赵凌平等^[26]在黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的研究结果一致。

放牧家畜的采食和排泄、鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地改变了植物种子传播和聚集情况, 使土壤种子库和地上植被优势物种产生了差异^[14]。一些研究发现, 退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性^[38], 植被演替相对稳定阶段时, 地上植被及土壤种子库的相似性系数也较高^[39]。但也有文献报道, 土壤种子库构成与地上植被构成的相关性不大, 演替后期土壤种子库的组成与其地上植被组成之间相似性很小^{[40, 41]}。本研究中, 土壤种子库与地上植被多样性、丰富度、均匀度和生态优势度均存在一定差异, 土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性系数大小在0.37~0.55, 相似性总体较低, 与刘建立等^[31]、张建利等^[40]研究结果类似。4种处理下, 鱼鳞坑地上植被与土壤种子库共有物种比例最高, 土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高, 这可能与鱼鳞坑地形形成的小环境有关^[41]。

总体上看, 相对于长期放牧, 宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原实施的鱼鳞坑、水平沟和封育措施提高了草地土壤种子库种子密度, 对促进草原植被的恢复具有积极意义。土壤种子库丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均低于地上植被, 也在一定程度上表明土壤种子库在研究区植被恢复中的潜力还较小, 植被恢复还需要适度的人为干预与调控^[25]。鱼鳞坑措施增加了种子库丰富度, 且与地上植被的相似性最高, 说明就本研究所涉及的措施而言, 鱼鳞坑措施最利于研究区土壤种子库密度和丰富度增加。土壤种子库与地上植被的关系一直是土壤种子库研究的热点, 但两者关系比较复杂, 迄今还没有统一结论^{[39, 40]}, 在黄土高原丘陵区水平沟、鱼鳞坑措施方面的研究更是一个薄弱点, 需继续深入探讨。

4 结论

放牧与封育、鱼鳞坑、水平沟整地15年后的宁夏典型草原0~15 cm土壤种子库植物以多年生植物为主, 放牧和水平沟种子库以禾本科物种比例最高, 鱼鳞坑和封育以菊科最高。植物种类以鱼鳞坑最多, 封育次之, 放牧地最少。

鱼鳞坑、水平沟和封育均可提高土壤种子库密度, 以鱼鳞坑措施最为明显。各处理下种子库优势物种并不一致, 土壤种子库种子分布具有表聚性。

4种措施下, 土壤种子库优势度指数、多样性和均匀度指数接近, 鱼鳞坑措施提高了种子库丰富度指数。经过15年的恢复, 各处理下土壤种子库间存在一定程度的相似性, 以封育和鱼鳞坑种子库相似性最高。

各处理下, 土壤种子库与地上植被多样性、丰富度、均匀度和生态优势度均存在一定差异, 种子库与地上植被的相似性总体较低。相对而言, 鱼鳞坑土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高。研究认为, 土壤种子库在研究区植被恢复中的潜力较小, 植被恢复还需适度的人为干预, 就本研究所涉及的措施而言, 鱼鳞坑措施最利于研究区土壤种子库密度和丰富度增加。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	Leck M A, Parker V T, Simpson R L. Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. New York: Academic Press, 1989: 385-444. [本文引用:1]
[2]	Leishman M R, Westoby M. Seed size and shape are not related to persistence in soil in Australia in the same way as in Britain. Functional Ecology, 1998, 12(3): 480-485. [本文引用:1]
[3]	Coffin D P, Lauenroth W K. Spatial and temporal variation in the seed bank of a semi-arid grassland . American Journal of Botany, 1989, 76(1): 53-58. [本文引用:1]
[4]	Schmiede R, Donath T W, Otte A. Seed bank development after the restoration of alluvial grassland via transfer of seed-containing plant material. Biological Conservation, 2009, 142(2): 404-413. [本文引用:1]
[5]	Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection: or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. Quarterly Review of Biology, 1951, 71(1): 354-357. [本文引用:1]
[6]	Shaukat S S, Siddiqui I A. Spatial pattern analysis of seeds of an arable soil seed bank and its relationship with above-ground vegetation in an arid region. Journal of Arid Environments, 2004, 57(3): 311-327. [本文引用:1]
[7]	Rusterholz H P, Baur B. Disturbance of suburban fagus forests by recreational activities: Effects on soil characteristics, above-ground vegetation and seed bank. Applied Vegetation Science, 2010, 8(2): 175-182. [本文引用:1]
[8]	Greet J. The potential of soil seed banks of a eucalypt wetland forest to aid restoration. Wetland s Ecology & Management, 2016, 24(5): 1-13. [本文引用:1]
[9]	Li Q Y, Zhao W Z. Advances in soil seed banks in arid region. Advances in Earth Science, 2005, 20(3): 350-358. 李秋艳, 赵文智. 干旱区土壤种子库的研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20(3): 350-358. [本文引用:1]
[10]	Bisigato A J, Bertiller M B. Seedling recruitment of perennial grasses in degraded areas of the patagonian monte. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2009, 57: 191-196. [本文引用:1]
[11]	Liu H, Wang Z J. Effects of different dating years on germination characteristics of soil seed bank in desert steppe of Ningxia. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2016, (6): 1-2. 刘华, 王占军. 不同封育年限对宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库萌发特征的影响研究. 宁夏农林科技, 2016, (6): 1-2. [本文引用:1]
[12]	Dong J. Effects of Enclosure on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Soil Seed Bank in Degraded Typical Grassland . Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2007. 董杰. 封育对退化典型草原土壤理化性质与土壤种子库的影响研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2007. [本文引用:1]
[13]	Liu H, Jiang Q, Wang Z J, et al. Study on soil seed bank of desert steppe in Ningxia. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 18(5): 96-98. 刘华, 蒋齐, 王占军, 等. 不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究. 水土保持研究, 2011, 18(5): 96-98. [本文引用:1]
[14]	Bai W J, Jiao J Y, Zhang Z G, et al. The relationship between soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in the hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2007, 16(6): 30-38. 白文娟, 焦菊英, 张振国, 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系. 草业学报, 2007, 16(6): 30-38. [本文引用:2]
[15]	Guo M, Zheng F L, An S S, et al. Quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of soil seed bank germination in loess hilly vegetation restoration. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2009, 27(2): 233-238. 郭曼, 郑粉莉, 安韶山, 等. 黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(2): 233-238. [本文引用:2]
[16]	Huang X Y, Wang K, Wang Y T, et al. Characteristics of soil seed bank change in typical grassland enclosure process. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. 黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通, 等. 典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征. 草地学报, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. [本文引用:3]
[17]	Shen Y, Liu C F, Ma H B, et al. Response of soil seed bank to grassland management in desert steppe. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2015, 35(14): 4725-4732. 沈艳, 刘彩凤, 马红彬, 等. 荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应. 生态学报, 2015, 35(14): 4725-4732. [本文引用:2]
[18]	Sun J H, Wang Y R, Zeng Y J. Characteristics of soil seed banks of degraded desert grassland under enclosure and grazing conditions. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(10): 2035-2042. 孙建华, 王彦荣, 曾彦军. 封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(10): 2035-2042. [本文引用:2]
[19]	Wang Y R, Zeng Y J, Hua F U, et al. Affects of over grazing and enclosure on desert vegetation succession of Reaumuria soongrica. Journal of Desert Research, 2002, 22(4): 321-327. [本文引用:4]
[20]	Zhang Y M, He J, Pan K W, et al. Contribution of soil seed bank to vegetation restoration. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 2003, 9(3): 326-332. 张咏梅, 何静, 潘开文, 等. 土壤种子库对原有植被恢复的贡献. 应用与环境生物学报, 2003, 9(3): 326-332. [本文引用:1]
[21]	Ma K P, Liu Y M. Measurement method of diversity of biological communities Ⅰ. Measurements of α diversity (under). Biodiversity, 1994, 2(4): 231-239. 马克平, 刘玉明. 生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰ. α多样性的测度方法(下). 生物多样性, 1994, 2(4): 231-239. [本文引用:1]
[22]	Ma K P, Liu Y M. Measurement of diversity of biological community Ⅰ. Measurements of diversity of alpha (above). Biodiversity, 1994, 2(3): 162-168. 马克平, 刘玉明. 生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰ. α多样性的测度方法(上). 生物多样性, 1994, 2(3): 162-168. [本文引用:1]
[23]	Peng S L. Ecological dominance of tropical forest communities in Guangdong. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1987, 7(1): 36-42. 彭少麟. 广东亚热带森林群落的生态优势度. 生态学报, 1987, 7(1): 36-42. [本文引用:1]
[24]	Wang B S, Peng S L. Vegetation Ecology: Communities and Ecosystems. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1997: 321-332. 王伯荪, 彭少麟. 植被生态学: 群落与生态系统. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1997: 321-324. [本文引用:1]
[25]	Huang X Y, Wang K, Wang Y T, et al. Variation characteristics of soil seed bank in typical grassland enclosure process. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. 黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通, 等. 典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征. 草地学报, 2011, 19(1): 38-42. [本文引用:2]
[26]	Zhao L P, Cheng J M, Wan H E. Study on dynamic analysis of grassland soil seed bank in typical grassland area of Loess Plateau. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 28(5): 60-65. 赵凌平, 程积民, 万惠娥. 黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的动态分析. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28(5): 60-65. [本文引用:2]
[27]	Yuan B N, Li D W, Li J X, et al. Characteristics of soil seed bank in natural restoration process of loess hilly and gully region. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2009, 27(6): 215-222. 袁宝妮, 李登武, 李景侠, 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库特征. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(6): 215-222. [本文引用:2]
[28]	Wang N, Jia Y F, Bai W J, et al. Characteristics and seasonal dynamics of soil seed banks in aband oned cropland in loess hilly and gully region. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(3): 43-52. 王宁, 贾燕锋, 白文娟, 等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库特征与季节动态. 草业学报, 2009, 18(3): 43-52. [本文引用:1]
[29]	Deng B, Ren G H, Liu Z Y, et al. Effects of three years on soil seed banks of three alpine grassland communities. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(5): 23-31. 邓斌, 任国华, 刘志云, 等. 封育三年对三种高寒草地群落土壤种子库的影响. 草业学报, 2012, 21(5): 23-31. [本文引用:1]
[30]	Chai J L, Xu C L, Yu X J, et al. Effects of different improvement measures on soil seed bank of degraded alpine meadow. Grassland and Turf, 2016, 36(4): 34-40. 柴锦隆, 徐长林, 鱼小军, 等. 不同改良措施对退化高寒草甸土壤种子库的影响. 草原与草坪, 2016, 36(4): 34-40. [本文引用:1]
[31]	Liu J L, Yuan Y X, Peng W X, et al. Relationship between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in Gushi pasture in Bashang area. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(12): 57-62. 刘建立, 袁玉欣, 彭伟秀, 等. 坝上地区孤石牧场土壤种子库与地上植被的关系. 草业科学, 2005, 22(12): 57-62. [本文引用:2]
[32]	Wang H R. Research progress of soil seed bank. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2012, 53(11): 57-59. 王会仁. 土壤种子库研究进展. 宁夏农林科技, 2012, 53(11): 57-59. [本文引用:1]
[33]	Cheng J M, Wan H E, Hu X M. Soil seed bank and grassland renewal in grassland of Loess Plateau. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(4): 679-683. 程积民, 万惠娥, 胡相明. 黄土高原草地土壤种子库与草地更新. 土壤学报, 2006, 43(4): 679-683. [本文引用:1]
[34]	Zhou H K, Zhou L, Liu W, et al. The effect of the control measures on the degraded and undegraded dwarf songgrass meadow. Grassland of China, 2003, 25(5): 15-22. 周华坤, 周立, 刘伟, 等. 封育措施对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸的影响. 中国草地, 2003, 25(5): 15-22. [本文引用:1]
[35]	Ma Q L, Lu Q, Wei L Y, et al. Characteristics of soil seed bank change in the process of succession of alpine shrubs in arid desert. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(7): 2285-2294. 马全林, 卢琦, 魏林源, 等. 干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征. 生态学报, 2015, 35(7): 2285-2294. [本文引用:1]
[36]	Shen Y, Feng Q Y, Zhang K B, et al. Effects of fencing and enclosure on plant communities of desertified grassland in ecotone between agriculture and animal husband ry. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2008, 22(6): 156-160. 沈彦, 冯起勇, 张克斌, 等. 围栏封育对农牧交错区沙化草地植物群落影响. 干旱区资源与环境, 2008, 22(6): 156-160. [本文引用:1]
[37]	Yan R R, Wei Z J, Xin X P, et al. Effect of grazing system on germible soil seed bank of desert steppe. Journal of Desert Research, 2011, 31(3): 703-708. 闫瑞瑞, 卫智军, 辛晓平, 等. 放牧制度对荒漠草原可萌发土壤种子库的影响. 中国沙漠, 2011, 31(3): 703-708. [本文引用:1]
[38]	Yang N, Fu M Y, Yang M Y, et al. Characteristics of soil seed bank under different land use patterns on purple soil hilly slope in Hengyang. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2014, 34(11): 2324-2330. 杨宁, 付美云, 杨满元, 等. 衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征. 西北植物学报, 2014, 34(11): 2324-2330. [本文引用:1]
[39]	Li H Y, Mo X Q, Hao C. Study and prospect of soil seed bank research in recent 30 years. Ecology and Environment, 2009, 18(2): 731-737. 李洪远, 莫训强, 郝翠. 近30年来土壤种子库研究的回顾与展望. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(2): 731-737. [本文引用:2]
[40]	Zhang J L, Zhang W, Bi Y F. Correlation between soil seed banks and vegetation in dryland valley of Jinshajiang river. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2008, 27(11): 1908-1912. 张建利, 张文, 毕玉芬. 金沙江干热河谷草地土壤种子库与植被的相关性. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(11): 1908-1912. [本文引用:3]
[41]	Sheng L, Wang Y L. Effects of degraded grassland on soil seed bank and its relationship with vegetation. Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(8): 39-43. 盛丽, 王彦龙. 退化草地改建对土壤种子库及其与植被关系的影响. 草业科学, 2010, 27(8): 39-43. [本文引用:2]

1989

0.0

... 土壤种子库是指存在于土壤表层凋落物和土壤中全部存活种子的总和^[1] ...

1998

0.0

... 植物产生的种子通过不同的方式进行传播,散落在土壤中具有活力的种子在适宜的环境下便会萌发生长^[2],土壤种子库与地表植被关系密切 ...

1989

0.0

... 土壤种子库内的种子反映了植物群落过去的状况,是地上植被潜在更新能力的物质基础,对植被自然恢复和物种多样性的保护有着重要作用^[3],一定程度上决定了植被恢复的进度和方向^[4] ...

2009

0.0

1951

0.0

... 国外最早于1859年开始对土壤种子库进行研究^[5], 国内在20世纪70年代后开始了土壤种子库有关研究,涉及湿地、森林、农田、草地等生态系统^[6] ...

2004

0.0

... 国外最早于1859年开始对土壤种子库进行研究^[5], 国内在20世纪70年代后开始了土壤种子库有关研究,涉及湿地、森林、农田、草地等生态系统^[6] ...

2010

0.0

... 研究发现人为干扰下森林区域草本植物和灌木层的覆盖度、高度和物种丰富度下降,但干扰区种子库的物种数量和总物种丰富度明显提高^[7] ...

2016

0.0

... 湿地在人类干扰下草本植物种子丰富度较低,种子库与现存植被之间物种组成的相似性较高,土壤种子库能促进湿地植物再生^[8] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 20(3):350-358 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2005.03.013

Advances in soil seed banks in arid region.

干旱区土壤种子库的研究进展

Li Q Y , Zhao W Z.

李秋艳, 赵文智

Soil seed banks play prominent ecological and evolutionary roles linking past, present and future plant population and community structure and dynamics. They are important contributors in conservation and vegetation regeneration in arid regions. The seed bank methodology, and main subjects, such as character of size, distribution patterns, dynamics, relationship with the above-ground vegetation, age structure and influence factors in arid regions are reviewed in detail. The research trends of soil seed banks in arid regions are prospected and summed up as follows: (1) how microhabitats affect the distribution patterns of the soil seed bank in different ecosystem; (2) the dynamics of relationships between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation; (3) the dynamics of soil seed banks, especially the persistent soil seed bank, in deteriorated ecosystem; (4) how the influencing factors, such as initial seed density, sand burial depth and hydrological process affect soil seed banks in arid regions; (5) the relationships among soil seed bank, germination and juvenile performance of different populations. And some hot topics about soil seed bank research are presented in China, which include: (1) the primary characteristics of soil seed banks in different ecosystem, mainly concerning species composition, size character, distribution patterns, spatiotemporal dynamics; (2) the influences of microhabitats and water regime on relationships between soil seed bank and the above-ground vegetation; (3) how enclosure, grazing and hydrological heterogeneity affect soil seed bank; (4) the intrinsic mechanism of soil seed bank and its ecological application.

土壤种子库在连接过去、现在和将来的植物种群和群落的结构和动态中起着重要的生态和进化作用，对保护和恢复干旱区植被起着重要的作用。从土壤种子库的研究方法、数量特征、分布格局、时空动态、与地上植被关系、年龄结构及影响因素等方面论述了干旱区土壤种子库研究的若干进展，展望了干旱区土壤种子库的研究趋势。

... 随着全球范围内草地退化加剧,干旱区退化草地生态恢复和建设受到广泛重视^[9] ...

2009

0.0

... 草地生态恢复中土壤种子库特征成为关注的一个重点^[10] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, (6):1-2

Effects of different dating years on germination characteristics of soil seed bank in desert steppe of Ningxia.

不同封育年限对宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库萌发特征的影响研究

Liu H , Wang Z J.

刘华, 王占军

采用种子萌发法对不同封育时间（封育1年、封育3年、封育6年）样地的土壤种子库萌发特征进行了研究。结果表明：在0～5 cm土层不同封育年限土壤种子库的萌发基本趋势为，在第3天开始萌发，先增大后减小，在萌发的3～13 d为快速萌发期，萌发的最大值出现在第11天至第13天，在萌发的30 d后萌发的种子数较少；与0～5 cm土层相比，6～10 cm土层土壤种子库萌发较少，萌发曲线波动较小。说明土壤中可萌发种子数量不是随着封育年限的增加而增加。

... 研究发现,当草地植被生长良好时,种子库种子数量和种类较高,放牧降低了草地土壤种子库的物种多样性和大多数物种的土壤种子库密度,但能提高个别植物的种子数量,土壤种子库密度随着草地封育年限的延长而增加^[11,12,13] ...

2007

0.0

. 2007, :- DOI:doi:10.7666/d.y1137826

Effects of Enclosure on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Soil Seed Bank in Degraded Typical Grassland.

封育对退化典型草原土壤理化性质与土壤种子库的影响研究

Dong J.

董杰

通过对不同年限封育恢复后典型草原受损土壤的调查研究，并通过数据处理与分析，揭示了退化土壤在围封后其土壤的物理、化学性质及土壤种子库的特征、变化趋势与相互作用。为退化土壤生态系统乃至草原生态系统得恢复及管理提供科学依据。研究结果如下： 1、封育对土壤物理性质的恢复有积极作用，并在围封10年以上与对照出现显著差异。 2、封育同样可使退化土壤化学性状得到恢复，在封育6-10年后开始与对照出现显著差异。 3、土壤化学性质的年内变化规律为秋季含量大于春季，但全磷变化趋势为春季大于秋季。 4、封育对土壤种子库也起到很好的恢...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 18(5):96-98

Study on soil seed bank of desert steppe in Ningxia.

不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究

Liu H , Jiang Q , Wang Z J

刘华, 蒋齐, 王占军

针对宁夏天然草原实施禁牧封育的现状,采用种子萌发法对不同封育年限的荒漠草原土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明:种子萌发主要集中在0-5cm土层中,6-10cm土层种子萌发较少,0-5cm土层中,随封育年限的增加,一年生草本植物逐渐减少,多年生草本植物增加,半灌木或灌木逐渐增加;在垂直分布上,随土层深度的增加单位面积的种子数量减少;土壤种子库的密度随封育时间的增加而增加;在0-5cm土层中,封育使土壤种子库的物种多样性和丰富度明显增加;在0-5cm土层和 6-10cm土层中,土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性都较低,在0-5cm土层,随封育年限的增加土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性程度逐渐增加。

2007

0.0

. 2007, 16(6):30-38 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2007.06.005

The relationship between soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in the hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau.

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

Bai W J , Jiao J Y , Zhang Z G

白文娟, 焦菊英, 张振国

土壤种子库与地上植被的耦合研究对于探索有效的植被恢复方法具有重要意义.通过野外调查和室内试验研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被的关系.结果表明,地上植被的物种数(54种)多于土壤种子库中的物种数(28种),菊科、禾本科和豆科都是它们物种组成的主要植物;土壤种子库和地上植被的丰富度指数、多样性指数、生态优势度与退耕年限的相关性未达到显著水平,只有均匀度指数和退耕年限呈显著正相关关系;土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性比较小,相似性系数(CC)变化范围为0.143～0.414,平均为0.261.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库的物种数、丰富度指数和多样性指数均小于地上植被,这从一定程度上说明了该研究区土壤种子库在植被恢复中的潜力还比较小,植被恢复还需要适度的人为干预与调控.

... 但也有文献表明,不同封育年限草地土壤种子库的动态变化及季节性变化特征不尽相同,土壤种子库密度随封育年限增加呈现先增加后下降变化,种子库物种多样性受坡位坡向影响明显^[14,15,16] ...

... 放牧家畜的采食和排泄、鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地改变了植物种子传播和聚集情况,使土壤种子库和地上植被优势物种产生了差异^[14] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 27(2):233-238

Quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of soil seed bank germination in loess hilly vegetation restoration.

黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化

Guo M , Zheng F L , An S S

郭曼, 郑粉莉, 安韶山

采用野外定点采样与室内土壤种子萌发试验相结合的研究方法,选取黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区不同植被恢复年限(2,5,12,24,35,55,75 a)及当年农地(对照)的8个样地,研究该区土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.结果表明,8个不同植被恢复年限样地土壤中可萌发的种子的平均数量为3542.5粒/m2,可萌发种子以双子叶植物为主,约占萌发总数的90%.0～5 cm土层可萌发种子数量变化于166.7～9100.0粒/m2;5～10 cm土层变化于133.38～2120.02粒/m2.土壤中可萌发种子数量随着恢复年限的增加表现先增加后下降的趋势.土壤中可萌发的种子数量随时间的变化近似单峰型,双子叶植物峰值主要出现在第4～6周,而单子叶植物萌发高峰在5～6周.表明在环境,气候等条件适宜时,黄土丘陵区典型草原带可萌发的土壤中的种子可形成萌发高峰.

... 与放牧相比,封育和水平沟措施并没有显著改变种子库物种多样性,这与放牧使草地优势植物种子减少以及土壤种子库种子来源和它的记忆功能有关^[15],与赵凌平等^[26]在黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的研究结果一致 ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 19(1):38-42 DOI:doi:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2011.01.007

Characteristics of soil seed bank change in typical grassland enclosure process.

典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征

Huang X Y , Wang K , Wang Y T

黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通

This survey investigated the number of soil seed banks and species composition as well as the relationship between seed banks and vegetation at an enclosed degraded grassland at Balinyouqi,Inner Mongolia.Results show that the enclosure time increase was related to the increase of the species.In fencing succession stages,perennials increased,while,annuals decreased.After a 6-year enclosure,annual disappeared in the typical steppe.As enclosed years increase,density of seed banks increased.In the first enclosed year,the average density of soil seed bank was 1192 grains per square meter,but after a 10-year enclosure,the density raised to 2544 grains per square meter,53.1% higher than the first year.

研究内蒙古巴林右旗退化草原围封不同阶段土壤种子库的数量和物种组成以及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库中物种数目呈增加趋势,一年生植物种类逐渐减少,多年生植物种类逐渐增加,至封育6年时一年生植物在典型草原群落中基本消失;土壤种子库密度随着围封年限增加而逐渐增加,表现为围封1年时草地土壤种子库密度平均为1192粒·m -2 ,而围封10年时草地土壤种子库密度达到2544粒·m -2 ,较围封1年的群落增涨53.1%。

... F0和S15种子库以禾本科物种比例最高,Y15和F15以菊科比例最高,种子库主要植物组成与地上植被存在一定差异,干扰(动物放牧和人类干扰)改变了土壤种子库的物种组成,与前人在黄土丘陵区典型草原的研究结果类似^{[16,25,26,27]} ...

... 随土层加深,土壤种子库密度呈递减趋势,说明试验区土壤种子库具有表聚性^[16,36,37] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 35(14):4725-4732 DOI:doi:10.5846/stxb201311222791

Response of soil seed bank to grassland management in desert steppe.

荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应

Shen Y , Liu C F , Ma H B

沈艳, 刘彩凤, 马红彬

We examined the composition of a soil seed bank in a desert steppe ecosystem under different modes of grassland management. The study was conducted on the desert steppe in the middle of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), in northern China. We collected soil seed bank samples in late March 2012, along a gradient of grazing intensities that encompassed 8 distinct treatments: no grazing in enclosures (after a duration of 1, 3, 5 and 7 years); grazing (free range at a medium intensity, and four areas of rotational grazing at a medium intensity), replanting (with Astragalus adsurgen and Alfalfa stiva, in 2006) and open grazing. Following the method of greenhouse germination, soil samples were collected, planted, and left to sprout. The species composition and abundance of the resulting plants were determined, and characteristics of the soil seed bank such as the similarity of soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation, diversity of soil seed bank were also studied. The results were as follows. 1) In total, we recorded 26 plant species belonging to 6 families and 14 genera. Lespedeza potanimii was the only subshrub, while all other species observed were herbaceous plants. The main species in the seed bank of the desert steppe soil were perennial plants, accounting for 65.3%, while 35.7% of plants were annuals. The number of seeds decreased as enclosure time increased, and was highest in the soil from the one-year enclosure and grasslands with no enclosure. 2) We found 2-6 common species in the seed bank compared to what was growing what above ground in all treatments. Long-term enclosure of the steppe grassland may lead to a decline in similarity between the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation, as the number of species shared between the seed bank and above-ground plant community decreased with as enclosure time increased. In the free range treatment, there was a lower number of shared species. The species which had been replanted to restore the desert steppe did not appear in the seed bank. 3) There was no significant relationship between soil seed bank diversity and management modes. The highest species diversity was measured in the four-area rotation grassland, while the lowest was in the grassland enclosed for 7 years. The highest species richness was found in the one-year enclosure. The highest evenness index was in the free grazing grassland, and the lowest was in the replanted grassland. Seed banks play a central role in the regeneration of vegetation, and managers can rely on soil-stored seed banks for restoration of desert steppe with appropriate grazing disturbance, more so than long-time enclosures. Alien species that were replanted did not benefit seed banks, and the establishment of introduced species may have restricted the germination of certain indigenous pioneer species.

以宁夏中部不同封育年限(封育1a、3a、5a和7a)、不同放牧方式(中等强度自由放牧、中等强度4区轮牧)、补播改良(2006年补播沙打旺 Astragalus adsurgens 和紫花苜蓿 Alfalfa stiva )及未封育等管理方式下的荒漠草原为研究对象,采用空间梯度代替时间梯度法,于2012年3月下旬用样线法采集土壤样品,采用温室萌发法,统计土壤种子库物种组成和种子数,研究了不同草地管理方式下的种子库与地上植被相似性、多样性等特征。结果表明: 1)宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库中共出现14种植物,分属6科14属,除牛枝子( Lespedeza potanimii )为半灌木外其余均为草本植物。多年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的65.3%,一年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的35.7%;多年生植物种子数量随封育年限增加而表现为下降趋势,封育1a和未封育草地最多;2)不同管理方式下土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数为2-6种,封育时间延长导致土壤种子库物种与地上植被相似性下降,土壤种子库和地上植被共有物种数有减少趋势,自由放牧降低了土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数,补播恢复的草地土壤种子库中未出现补播物种;3)种子库物种多样性与管理方式无明显的相关性;种子库物种多样性指数4区轮牧草地最高,封育7a草地最低,物种丰富度指数封育1a草地最高,均匀度指数自由放牧草地最高,补播草地最低。若荒漠草原仅依靠土壤种子库恢复自然植被,则不建议封育时间过久,需间以适当的干扰(放牧);补播外来种未对荒漠草原土壤种子库产生贡献,反而对乡土种产生了一定限制。

... 当草地退化时,种子库种子数量和种类一般会发生下降,退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性,但改良草地和退耕地土壤种子库与地上植被物种的相关性较低^[17,18] ...

... 生态恢复措施对土壤种子库的影响是通过改变地上植被、土壤理化性质等直接或间接地对土壤种子库的种类组成、空间分布和动态格局产生影响,但目前还不能就土壤种子库与地表植被种类组成的关系得出统一的结论^[17,18] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 25(10):2035-2042 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-4025.2005.10.018

Characteristics of soil seed banks of degraded desert grassland under enclosure and grazing conditions

封育和放牧条件下退化荒漠草地土壤种子库特征

Sun J H , Wang Y R , Zeng Y J.

孙建华, 王彦荣, 曾彦军

连续2年对不同退化程度天然干旱荒漠草原围封后群落的土壤种子库进行研究.结果显示,土壤种子库物种数、种子密度和植物生活型在年际间、封育与放牧样地间及退化梯度间均有明显差异.种子库物种数为封育高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比,物种数除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧呈减少趋势外,放牧样地及2004年各样地均随退化程度加剧而增加.种子库密度结果显示,2003年种子库密度明显高于2004年;各封育样地2年中土壤种子库密度显著或极显著(P<0.01)高于放牧样地;退化梯度相比种子库密度除2003年封育样地随退化程度加剧而急剧增加外,其余各样地种均随退化程度加剧而明显下降.植被生活型分析结果为,2003年以一年生草本植物种出现频率最高,各样地分别达94.0%～98.4%,多年生草本及灌木出现频率则很低,分别为1.59%～5.15%和0.03%～0.4%,2004年则为多年生草本植物种比例上升,且显示出封育高于放牧、退化程度愈轻增幅愈大的趋势.2年的结果显示种子库物种Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Peilow均匀性系数均以封育低于放牧样地.种子库密度与地上植被盖度相关性分析表明,2年结果中仅一年生草本和2003年灌木的土壤种子库密度与相应地上植被盖度之间具相关趋势和显著(P<0.01)相关.

2002

0.0

... 高5 cm) 分0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~15 cm三层采集土样,取样时清除掉采样点地表植物茎叶和枯枝落叶^[19],将采集到的土壤装入塑封袋中带回实验室 ...

... 无种子细砂是将细砂放置于恒温180 ℃的干燥箱内烘8 h后获得,以保证填充的细砂中无活力种子^[19] ...

... 当种子萌发数量较少时,轻轻翻动使土壤重新混合,以保证种子最大化的萌发^[19] ...

... 对个别难以鉴定的幼苗移栽到另外的花盆,让其充分生长到可以鉴别为止^[19] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 9(3):326-332 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1006-687X.2003.03.025

Contribution of soil seed bank to vegetation restoration.

土壤种子库对原有植被恢复的贡献

Zhang Y M , He J , Pan K W

张咏梅, 何静, 潘开文

世界各国在大面积采用外来种替代本地树种之后,森林在植物组成上有很大变化[1,2],维管束植物迅速的减少,尤其是春天萌发的草本植物快速减少[2~7].在苏格兰,次生木本植物在森林中所占的比例不到10%[8],而外来Picea sitchenisis几乎占了50%[9].大面积的外来物种纯林所带来的危害就是在林分的稳定性、抵御病虫害以及发挥森林的生态效益等方面表现出明显的劣势.

... 标准误)^[20] ...

1994

0.0

. 1994, 2(4):231-239

Measurement method of diversity of biological communities #cod#x02160;. Measurements of #cod#x003b1; diversity (under).

生物群落多样性的测度方法#cod#x02160;.#cod#x003b1;多样性的测度方法(下)

Ma K P , Liu Y M.

马克平, 刘玉明

... 2 物种多样性种子库和地上植被物种多样性采用以下指数^[21,22,23] ...

1994

0.0

. 1994, 2(3):162-168

Measurement of diversity of biological community #cod#x02160;. Measurements of diversity of alpha (above).

生物群落多样性的测度方法#cod#x02160;.#cod#x003b1;多样性的测度方法(上)

Ma K P , Liu Y M.

马克平, 刘玉明

... 2 物种多样性种子库和地上植被物种多样性采用以下指数^[21,22,23] ...

1987

0.0

. 1987, 7(1):36-42

Ecological dominance of tropical forest communities in Guangdong.

广东亚热带森林群落的生态优势度

Peng S L.

彭少麟

... 2 物种多样性种子库和地上植被物种多样性采用以下指数^[21,22,23] ...

1997

0.0

... 3 相似性系数土壤种子库之间及其与地上植被的相似性采用Sorensen指数计算^[24]: ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 19(1):38-42 DOI:doi:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2011.01.007

Variation characteristics of soil seed bank in typical grassland enclosure process.

典型草原封育过程中土壤种子库的变化特征

Huang X Y , Wang K , Wang Y T

黄欣颖, 王堃, 王宇通

... 土壤种子库丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均低于地上植被,也在一定程度上表明土壤种子库在研究区植被恢复中的潜力还较小,植被恢复还需要适度的人为干预与调控^[25] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28(5):60-65

Study on dynamic analysis of grassland soil seed bank in typical grassland area of Loess Plateau.

黄土高原典型草原区草地土壤种子库的动态分析

Zhao L P , Cheng J M , Wan H E.

赵凌平, 程积民, 万惠娥

2009

0.0

. 2009, 27(6):215-222

Characteristics of soil seed bank in natural restoration process of loess hilly and gully region.

黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库特征

Yuan B N , Li D W , Li J X

袁宝妮, 李登武, 李景侠

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然恢复过程中土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、物种多样性以及相似性特征.结果表明:阴、阳坡10个样地中,共萌发了55种2203株幼苗,隶属于23科48属;总密度达到5 505±625.537粒/m~2,且0～5 cm土层远远大于5～10 cm土层的土壤种子库密度,约是其4.6倍;丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数均未与恢复年限达到显著相关水平,但生态优势度随恢复年限的增加呈上升趋势,且阳坡上升的趋势比阴坡明显;组成成分相似性系数变化范围为0.0952～0.7143,恢复年限相距越大,其相似性越小,说明植被恢复演替的过程也是土壤种子库空间异质性加大的过程. Abstract： Field survey and laboratory experiment were conducted to study the characteristics of soil seed bank, such as species composition, density, diversity and similarity in the natural vegetation restoration of loess hilly gully re-gions . The results showed that 2203 seedlings of 55 species, which belonged to 23 families and 48 genera, germinated in the 10 plots. The total seed density reached 5 505 ± 625.537 grains/m~2, approximately 4.6 times bigger in 0 ～ 5 cm than in 5 ～ 10 cm soil layer. The richness, diversity and evenness of soil seed bank did not achieve the remarkable relat-ed level with the restored age, but the ecological dominance increased while recovered years increased, and it took a more significant increasing trend in sunny slope than in shady slope. The similarity coefficients of soil seed bank composition ranged from 0.0952 to 0.7143, and the similarity coefficients got smaller with the increase of recovered years, which showed hat the vegetation succession of the abandoned cropland was basically an enlarging process of spatial heterogeneity.

... m^-2[27]、封育的高寒草地为3640~15330粒#cod#x000b7 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 18(3):43-52 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1004-5759.2009.03.007

Characteristics and seasonal dynamics of soil seed banks in abandoned cropland in loess hilly and gully region.

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地土壤种子库特征与季节动态

Wang N , Jia Y F , Bai W J

王宁, 贾燕锋, 白文娟

摘　要：采用野外样线取样与室内萌发相结合的方法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕地种子库的组成、密度、分布特征、季节动态、种子库类型。结果表明,土壤种子库中共发现50种植物的种子,隶属15个科,39个属,主要物种组成与密度季节间差异不显著;在演替过程中土壤种子库的物种数量与密度随退耕年限的增加表现出：增加-减少-增加的趋势,同时阳坡种子库密度波动较阴坡剧烈;土壤种子库密度年内变化范围为1 067-14 717粒/m^2,土壤种子库平均密度是夏季〉秋季〉春季;研究区域退耕地土壤种子库类型属于以猪毛蒿为优势种,并具有其他一年生、多年生草本植物与灌丛种子的没有显著的季节动态的持久种子库,是物种适应黄土丘陵沟壑区特有生态环境条件的繁殖更新策略;从土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、类型来看,黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地具有一定的自然恢复潜力。

... m^-2[28]、封育草地种子库在4880~6130粒#cod#x000b7 ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 21(5):23-31

Effects of three years on soil seed banks of three alpine grassland communities.

封育三年对三种高寒草地群落土壤种子库的影响

Deng B , Ren G H , Liu Z Y

邓斌, 任国华, 刘志云

... m^-2[29] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 36(4):34-40 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-5500.2016.04.007

Effects of different improvement measures on soil seed bank of degraded alpine meadow.

不同改良措施对退化高寒草甸土壤种子库的影响

Chai J L , Xu C L , Yu X J

柴锦隆, 徐长林, 鱼小军

摘　要：利用萌发法研究了甘南退化高寒草甸不同改良措施（经综合恢复即围封＋划破草皮＋补播＋灭鼠（ESRD）、围封＋灭鼠（ED）、围封（E））下土壤种子库的特征。结果表明,在所调查的样地中共统计到35种植物,隶属18科29属。对甘南退化高寒草甸采取综合恢复（ESRD）时,土壤种子库物种数趋于增加,比ED高出16.9%,比E高出63.9%。ESRD措施下土壤种子库密度为2451.5粒/m^2,比ED高出354.8粒/m^2,比E高出957.1粒/m^2;杂类草所占的比例也有所减少,比ED低19.3%,比E低26.2%;物种的丰富度和多样性指数均低于其他两种措施。3组改良措施鼠丘种子库密度依次为ESRD（938.1粒/m^2）〉ED（762.8粒/m^2）〉E（719.1粒/m^2）;鼠丘上禾本科物种所占比率为综合恢复ESRD（23.26%）〉ED（12.31%）〉E（11.92%）。ESRD改良下鼠丘上的物种的丰富度和多样性指数均小于其他组。说明对退化高寒草甸草地及时进行综合恢复和灭鼠以及对鼠丘进行补播是改良天然退化草地的重要手段。

... 土地利用类型不同、动物放牧和人类干扰均会影响土壤种子库的密度大小,种子库优势物种在不同措施下并不相同^[30,31],这与植被环境或干扰等因素有关^[32] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 22(12):57-62 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-0629.2005.12.015

Relationship between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in Gushi pasture in Bashang area.

坝上地区孤石牧场土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

Liu J L , Yuan Y X , Peng W X

刘建立, 袁玉欣, 彭伟秀

摘　要：为探讨退耕地植被恢复过程和植被稳定性,采取土壤采样分析与现场植物测定相结合的方法,研究坝上孤石牧场退耕地和过牧地上植被与种子库的变化特征.结果表明:1)退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库物种多样性高于过牧地,退耕地正处于一年生草本植物向多年生草本恢复演替阶段;2)退耕地地上植被与土壤种子库物种丰富度大于过牧地地上植被与土壤种子库的丰富度;3)地上植被与土壤种子库共有种数在退耕地上较多,在过牧地上较少,从而导致了地上植被与土壤种子库群落组成的相异性增大.

... 55,相似性总体较低,与刘建立等^[31]、张建利等^[40]研究结果类似 ...

2012

0.0

2006

0.0

. 2006, 43(4):679-683

Soil seed bank and grassland renewal in grassland of Loess Plateau.

黄土高原草地土壤种子库与草地更新

Cheng J M , Wan H E , Hu X M.

程积民, 万惠娥, 胡相明

... 放牧草地由于家畜采食,减少了植物结实机会,降低了土壤种子库的物种多样性和一些物种的种子库密度,种子库大小显著小于封育草地^[33] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 25(5):15-22 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1673-5021.2003.05.003

The effect of the control measures on the degraded and undegraded dwarf songgrass meadow.

封育措施对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸的影响

Zhou H K , Zhou L , Liu W

周华坤, 周立, 刘伟

连续5年的封育处理对退化与未退化矮嵩草草甸产生了影响。研究表明,除了退化矮嵩草草甸内的均匀度指数下降不显著外,封育使两种矮嵩草草甸样地内的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数下降都达显著水平。两种矮嵩草草甸的上下层高度均增加,其中未退化矮嵩草草甸增加显著,退化矮嵩草草甸增加不显著。两种矮嵩草草甸的枯草盖度增加显著,绿草盖度减少显著,各种群特征发生了有规律的消长。未退化矮嵩草草甸的莎草和杂类草地上生物量减少显著,枯草生物量增加显著,禾草和优良牧草的生物量以及总地上生物量增加不显著,优良牧草比例由0.57下降为0.48。退化矮嵩草草甸在封育条件下,枯草、禾草生物量增加显著,莎草、优良牧草的生物量及总

... 但也有研究认为封育草地土壤种子库随封育年限增加呈现先上升后下降趋势,在封育10年时种子库密度和生长最好而15年呈下降趋势^[34],这可能与地上一年生植物比例减少有关,这还有待于进一步研究 ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 35(7):2285-2294 DOI:doi:10.5846/stxb201306041326

Characteristics of soil seed bank change in the process of succession of alpine shrubs in arid desert.

干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征

Ma Q L , Lu Q , Wei L Y

马全林, 卢琦, 魏林源

The seed bank is the collection of viable seeds present on or within the soil at any given time. Soil seed bank is an important indicator in response to changes in land utilization and climate, and also forms the basis for desert vegetation restoration and development. Nitraria vegetation is typical of desert vegetation and with nebkhas is widely distributed along the periphery of oasis in the arid regions of Northwest China, playing an important role in desertification control around oases. In recent decades, Nitraria vegetation in the oasis-desert ecotone has been seriously degraded due to the rapid decrease of the groundwater table caused by agricultural over development. However, there is little information regarding the change in characteristics of the soil seed bank of Nitraria nebkhas in arid desert areas. Using the method of substituting space for time, the species composition, distribution pattern and quantitative variation of soil seed banks of N. Tangutorum nebkhas in initial, stable, degraded and severely degraded stages were studied in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River. Results showed that the soil seed bank of N. Tangutorum nebkha in the lower reaches of the Shiyang River was composed of 18 species, belonging to 9 families. Herb species accounted for 55%-80% and were the main body of soil seed banks. The soil seed density of the stable stage was 660.7 seeds/m 2 , and was the highest, being 5.6, 14.5 and 6.2 times greater than those measured in the initial stage, degraded stage and severely degraded stage, respectively. The soil seed density of the degraded stage was 45.7 seeds/m 2 , and was the lowest, only accounting for 38.9%, 6.9% and 42.5% of those measured in the initial stage, stable stage and severely degraded stage, respectively. The soil seed density of the N. Tangutorum population at the different succession stages was also significantly different, showing a decreasing trend after the initial increase. The soil seed density of N. Tangutorum population at the stable stage reached 9.33 seeds/m 2 . The soil seed density in different positions of N. Tangutorum nebkhas was significantly different and was mainly distributed in the central parts of the windward and leeward slopes of N. Tangutorum nebkhas, with seed densities of 329 seeds/m 2 and 309 seeds/m 2 , respectively. The mean soil seed density of the nebkhas was 1.9 times that in the depressions within the nebkhas. Similarity coefficients of soil seed banks between the different succession stages were less than 0.6, which were recognized as having a moderate similarity level except for the stable stage which showed a low similarity coefficient. There were more common species which accounted for over 65% of vegetation above ground and the soil seed bank. Similarity coefficients between vegetation above ground and the soil seed bank were more than 0.5, which showed a moderate to extreme similarity level, and demonstrated a decreasing trend after the initial increase. The findings have proven the importance of soil seed banks and Nitraria nebkhas in Nitraria vegetation and also suggest that human disturbance has impacted potential underground vegetation and its restoration capacity. Therefore, man-made soil seed banks or vegetation construction should be adopted to contain Nitraria nebkhas activation and restore degraded Nitraria vegetation in arid desert areas.

土壤种子库是反映气候与土地利用变化的指示器,也是荒漠植被更新与恢复的基础。典型荒漠白刺灌丛植被广泛分布于我国西北绿洲边缘地带,对保护绿洲免受风沙危害发挥着重要作用。但是,对干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库仍未见研究报道。应用空间代替时间的方法,选择石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替的初始阶段、稳定阶段、衰退阶段与严重衰退阶段样地,研究了白刺灌丛植被演替过程的土壤种子库物种组成、时空分布和数量变化特征。结果表明:石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替过程中,土壤种子库共出现9科18种植物,其中草本植物占到55%-80%,是白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库的主体。不同演替阶段土壤种子库密度以稳定阶段最高,达到660.7 粒/m 2 ,是初始阶段、衰退阶段和严重衰退阶段的5.6、14.5倍和6.2倍。不同沙堆部位,土壤种子库密度以迎风坡中部与背风坡中部最高,分别达到329 粒/m 2 和309 粒/m 2 ;沙堆土壤种子库密度是堆间地的1.9倍,土壤种子库主要分布于灌丛沙堆上。不同演替阶段土壤种子库间的相似性系数均在0.6以下,除稳定阶段外,其他阶段间均属于中等相似水平;土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数均在0.5以上,达到中等相似或极相似水平。该研究进一步证明了灌丛沙堆和土壤种子库在白刺灌丛植被中的重要性,也说明人为干扰损害了白刺灌丛地下潜在植被及其恢复潜力。因此,需要开展人工种子库或人工植被建设以控制干旱荒漠白刺灌丛沙堆活化,并实现退化白刺灌丛植被恢复。

... 鱼鳞坑和水平沟土壤种子库密度较高,这与两种措施下的特殊地形更易集聚种子雨有关,当植被生长良好,物种丰富度指数高时,种子库种子数量和种类较高^[35],这也表明相对于放牧,鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地可在一定程度上丰富土壤种子库的物种数量 ...

2008

0.0

... 随土层加深,土壤种子库密度呈递减趋势,说明试验区土壤种子库具有表聚性^[16,36,37] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 31(3):703-708

Effect of grazing system on germible soil seed bank of desert steppe.

放牧制度对荒漠草原可萌发土壤种子库的影响

Yan R R , Wei Z J , Xin X P

闫瑞瑞, 卫智军, 辛晓平

We studied the soil seed bank of Stipa breviflora desert steppe at three sites with different grazing systems, namely a continuously grazed area, a rotationally grazed area including eight rotational paddock, and an enclosed area which had been enclosed since 1999. The germinable seed bank species in the rotationally grazed area, the continuously grazed area and the enclosed area were 11, 9 and 8 species respectively. Rotational grazing increased germinable seed bank plant species of grassland community and perennial grasses. The density of soil seed bank per square meter at the enclosed area (19 533.33±10 552.83 seeds·m-2) was significantly higher than those at the rotationally grazed area (3 233.33±524.21 seeds·m-2) and at the continuously grazed area (2 553.60±2 152.48 seeds·m-2), but the difference between the rotationally grazed area and the continuously grazed area was not significant. The vertical distribution of germinable soil seed bank at different areas had a same tendency, and 75.06%~83.19% of seed was distributed in the soil horizon of 0~5 cm, 14.16%~21.68% was distributed in the soil horizon of 5~10 cm, 0~6.10% was distributed in the soil horizon of 10~15 cm. The density of germinable soil seed bank at each soil horizon in enclosed area was significantly higher than those in rotationally and continuously grazed area, but there was not significant difference between the rotationally grazed area and the continuously grazed area. Margalef index and Shannon-Wiener index of germinable soil seed bank in rotationally grazed area were higher than that in continuously grazed area. The Sorensen's similarity index of germinable soil seed bank between the enclosed area and the rotationally grazing area was the highest, which was 0.857.

以内蒙古苏尼特右旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过划区轮牧与自由放牧的比较试验,研究可萌发土壤种子库对不同放牧制度的响应。结果表明:①可萌发种子库物种组成在划区轮牧草地为11种,自由放牧草地为8种,封育禁牧区为9种,划区轮牧较自由放牧和禁牧有利于提高草地群落可萌发土壤种子库的植物种数以及多年生优良牧草;可萌发土壤种子库密度在封育禁牧区为(19 533.33±10 552.83)粒·m-2,划区轮牧区为(3 233.33±524.21)粒·m-2,自由放牧区为(2 553.60±2 152.48)粒·m-2,可萌发土壤种子库密度封育禁牧区显著高于划区轮牧区与自由放牧区,两放牧处理间无显著差异。②不同处理可萌发土壤种子库垂直分布有共同趋势, 有75.06%~83.19%分布在0~5 cm土层内,14.16%~21.68%分布在5~10 cm土层内,2.65%~4.90%分布在10~15 cm土层内,且不同土层可萌发土壤种子库密度均为封育禁牧区显著高于划区轮牧区与自由放牧区,两放牧处理间无显著差异。③划区轮牧区可萌发土壤种子库的丰富度指数和多样性指数高于自由放牧区。划区轮牧区和封育禁牧区可萌发土壤种子库组成的相似性系数最大,为0.857。

... 随土层加深,土壤种子库密度呈递减趋势,说明试验区土壤种子库具有表聚性^[16,36,37] ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 34(11):2324-2330 DOI:doi:10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2014.11.2324

Characteristics of soil seed bank under different land use patterns on purple soil hilly slope in

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征

Yang N , Fu M Y , Yang M Y

杨宁, 付美云, 杨满元

The sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang of Hunan Province,South-central China covers 1.625×10 5 hm 2 .It is the most severe region of eco-environment,and at the same time,the most representative eco-catastropie region in South China.Therefore,ecosystem restoration of the present problem area has been focused.Since,re-vegetation is the first of any restoration program conducted,by which,land cover will be safe for further wastage.Thus,to comprehend the soil seed bank properties under different soil-used models,we investigated the soil seed bank in hill closing(20 a)(Ⅰ),abandoned farmland(2 a)(Ⅱ) and farmland(Ⅲ),using the “seed germination” method.The objectives of the present study were:How land-used influences the species composition in the ecosystem?What relationship exists between soil seed banks and re-vegetation?Results indicated:(1)The average seed density among three different land-used models were followed the order as model Ⅱ＞model Ⅲ＞model Ⅰ.(2)The effect of soil depth on seed number was significantly different as the highest seed number was found in 0～5 cm soil layer and showed decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth.(3)The Czekanowski similarity indices of three different land-used models seed banks were low(0～0.399 8).Patrick richness( R ) among three different land-used models were followed the order as model Ⅱ(16)＞model Ⅰ(14)＞model Ⅲ(13)( P ＞0.05),the Shannon-Wiener indices( H ) and Pielou evenness indices( E ),model Ⅱ＞model Ⅲ＞model Ⅰ( P ＜0.05),the Simpson indices( D ),model Ⅰ＞model Ⅲ＞model Ⅱ( P ＜0.05).(4)Most abundant herbaceous species composition was the member of Compositae and Gramineae family indicated the re-vegetation laid early stage of primary succession.(5)Model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ belonged to progressive succession(model Ⅰ stayed higher succession stages),and model Ⅲ,retrogressive succession.All the results indicated it was possible but difficult for ecosystem restoration only by soil seed bank in the area.Based on the consideration of natural re-vegetation potential,artificial restoration strategy in combination with natural re-vegetation should be employed,to accelerate the re-vegetation for a sustainable and healthy ecosystem on sloping-land with purple soils in Hengyang of Hunan Province,South-central China.

为了解衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同土地利用模式下土壤种子库特征,利用土壤种子库“萌发法”,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地种子库在封山育林(20 a)模式 (Ⅰ)、退耕还林(2 a)模式 (Ⅱ)、农耕模式(Ⅲ)的土壤种子库进行分析。结果表明:(1) 3种土地利用模式种子库平均密度的大小顺序为:模式Ⅱ＞模式Ⅲ＞模式Ⅰ。(2) 土壤种子集中分布于0～5 cm土层,随土层深度增加,种子数量与种类趋于减少。(3)3种土地利用模式种子库物种Czekanowski相似性系数( CC )较低,Patrick丰富度指数( R )的大小顺序为:模式Ⅱ＞模式Ⅰ＞模式Ⅲ( P ＞0.05);Shannon-Wiener指数( H )和Pielou均匀度指数( E )的大小顺序均为:模式Ⅱ＞模式Ⅲ＞模式Ⅰ( P ＜0.05);Simpson指数( D )的大小顺序为:模式Ⅰ＞模式Ⅲ＞模式Ⅱ( P ＜0.05)。(4)土壤种子库所含物种数较接近,物种组成以草本植物为主,菊科、禾本科占优势。(5)封山育林模式和退耕还林模式属于进展演替,封山育林模式处于较高演替阶段,农耕模式属于逆行演替。研究表明:衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然恢复的潜力,但单依靠土壤种子库自然恢复到现存植被是困难的,需要在自然恢复潜力评估的基础上积极充分采取人工促进自然恢复的策略,促进当地的植被恢复。

... 一些研究发现,退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性^[38],植被演替相对稳定阶段时,地上植被及土壤种子库的相似性系数也较高^[39] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 18(2):731-737 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2009.02.060

Study and prospect of soil seed bank research in recent 30 years.

近30年来土壤种子库研究的回顾与展望

Li H Y , Mo X Q , Hao C.

李洪远, 莫训强, 郝翠

土壤种子库(Soil Seed Bank)是指单位面积的土壤及土壤表面的落叶层中所有具有生命力的种子的总和.由于土壤种子库在植被的更新和恢复、生物多样性的维护、植被的演替过程和扩散过程等方面都具有重要作用,近年来成为生态学和土壤学等学科的研究热点.文章查阅了近30年来发表的关于土壤种子库研究的代表性SCI论文,首次运用文献分析与管理软件Endnote X1和Refviz对该研究领域的相关文献进行了系统的分析,结果发现:有关土壤种子库论文发表数量逐年增长的同时,每个年代末会呈现一个明显的峰值.在此基础上,根据不同年代研究的内容和特点,初步将土壤种子库的研究划分为三个主要阶段:(1)土壤种子库研究的探索阶段(1978-1989年);(2)土壤种子库研究方法与内容的成熟阶段(1990-1999年);(3)土壤种子库理论体系与研究内容扩展阶段(2000年至现在),并对各个阶段的研究重点和主要研究成果进行了详细的综述.最后就长久土壤种子库调查、种子库年际变化、干扰影响机制等研究热点做了展望,为今后土壤种子库的研究工作提供了参考策略.

... 一些研究发现,退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性^[38],植被演替相对稳定阶段时,地上植被及土壤种子库的相似性系数也较高^[39] ...

... 土壤种子库与地上植被的关系一直是土壤种子库研究的热点,但两者关系比较复杂,迄今还没有统一结论^[39,40],在黄土高原丘陵区水平沟、鱼鳞坑措施方面的研究更是一个薄弱点, 需继续深入探讨 ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 27(11):1908-1912

Correlation between soil seed banks and vegetation in dryland valley of Jinshajiang river.

金沙江干热河谷草地土壤种子库与植被的相关性

Zhang J L , Zhang W , Bi Y F.

张建利, 张文, 毕玉芬

... 但也有文献报道,土壤种子库构成与地上植被构成的相关性不大,演替后期土壤种子库的组成与其地上植被组成之间相似性很小^[40,41] ...

... 55,相似性总体较低,与刘建立等^[31]、张建利等^[40]研究结果类似 ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 27(8):39-43

Effects of degraded grassland on soil seed bank and its relationship with vegetation.

退化草地改建对土壤种子库及其与植被关系的影响

Sheng L , Wang Y L.

盛丽, 王彦龙

Soil seed bank and its relationship with aboveground vegetation of “black soil type” degraded grassland and two sowing grasslands, single seed and mixed seeds treatments were studied. The result showed that the soil seed bank is composed by 22 species in sowing grasslands and CK. Single seed grassland, mixed seeds grassland and “black soil type” degraded grassland are composed by 13, 12 and 21 species respectively. Perennial weeds proportion of total number of species was 61.5%, 50% and 61.9%. The size of soil seed bank of each experiment treatment is small. The seeds number of single seed grassland, mixed seeds grassland and “black soil type” degraded grassland is （4 142.8±1 547.6）、（5 057.8±943.3） and （1 591.5±876.9） seeds/m2 respectively. The similarity of species between soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation of “black soil type” degraded grassland is high. But it is low of each treatment. And the similarity is high between two treatments.

研究分析了“黑土滩”退化草地及改建后的单播和混播栽培草地土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系。结果表明：在栽培草地及对照处理中土壤种子库共由22种植物组成，单播、混播和“黑土滩”退化草地分别由13、12和21种植物组成，其中多年生杂草类占种数的比例分别为61.5%、50%和61.9%；各处理种子库组成较小，单播、混播和“黑土滩”退化草地种子库大小分别为（4 142.8±1 547.6）、（5 057.8±943.3）和（1 591.5±876.9）粒/m2。“黑土滩”退化草地植被及土壤种子库表现为较高的相似性，各处理土壤种子库与地上植被物种相似性较低，各处理间土壤种子库物种组成相似性较高。

... 但也有文献报道,土壤种子库构成与地上植被构成的相关性不大,演替后期土壤种子库的组成与其地上植被组成之间相似性很小^[40,41] ...

... 4种处理下,鱼鳞坑地上植被与土壤种子库共有物种比例最高,土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性最高,这可能与鱼鳞坑地形形成的小环境有关^[41] ...