14份柳枝稷种质资源苗期耐镉性综合评价

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胡冰钰, 方志刚, 娄来清, 蔡庆生. 14份柳枝稷种质资源苗期耐镉性综合评价. 草业学报, 2019,28(1): 27-36
HU Bing-yu, FANG Zhi-gang, LOU Lai-qing, CAI Qing-sheng. Comprehensive evaluation of cadmium tolerance of 14 switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) cultivars in the seedling stage . Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(1): 27-36 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018101
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14份柳枝稷种质资源苗期耐镉性综合评价

胡冰钰¹, 方志刚^1,², 娄来清¹, 蔡庆生^1,^*

1.南京农业大学生命科学学院, 江苏南京210095

2.喀什大学生命与地理科学学院, 新疆喀什 844000

*通信作者: E-mail: qscai@njau.edu.cn

作者简介:胡冰钰(1992-),女,安徽合肥人,在读硕士。E-mail: 2015116002@njau.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2018-02-06

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(No.31372359)资助

摘要

镉(Cd)是环境中常见的非生物胁迫因子,从种质资源中筛选出不同耐镉型的植物材料有利于能源植物在重金属污染土地上的高效开发利用。基于此,本研究以14个能源植物柳枝稷品种为供试材料,外源施加浓度为10 μmol·L^-1镉,结合形态和生理指标,采用隶属函数及标准差系数权重法综合评价了柳枝稷幼苗对Cd的耐受性。结果表明:10 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫显著降低了柳枝稷根长、根表面积、根尖数、总生物量、净光合速率及根系活力,且品种间差异显著( P<0.01)。根据隶属函数法得到柳枝稷对镉耐受性综合评价值( D),其中Kanlow最高,Forestburg最低。采用系统聚类法对 D值进行聚类分析,结果表明,14份柳枝稷可分为3组不同耐镉型材料,其中强耐镉型材料1份,为Kanlow;中等耐镉型材料9份,分别为Alamo、BoMaster、Carthage、Cave in Rock、Longisland、Newyork、Shawnee、Sunburst、Trailblazer;镉敏感型材料4份,分别为Blackwell、Dacotah、Forestburg、Shelter。结合柳枝稷对Cd的吸收,进一步分析发现耐镉性较强的品种镉富集能力也较强。可为选择适宜的柳枝稷材料种植于镉污染土地上提供理论依据,同时为丰富评价植物耐镉种质资源提供可操作性的方法。

关键词: 柳枝稷; 耐镉性; 隶属函数; 综合评价

Comprehensive evaluation of cadmium tolerance of 14 switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) cultivars in the seedling stage

HU Bing-yu¹, FANG Zhi-gang^1,², LOU Lai-qing¹, CAI Qing-sheng^1,^*

1.College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

2.College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China

*Corresponding author: E-mail: qscai@njau.edu.cn

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a common abiotic stress factor in the environment. Screening germplasm resources for Cd tolerance is an effective way to develop plants for use in biofuel production on land contaminated by heavy metals. Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) has been identified by the U.S. Department of Energy as having very high potential as a biofuel substrate. Hence, 14 switchgrass cultivars under hydroponic culture were treated with 0 (control) or 10 μmol·L^-1 Cd, and morphological and physiological traits were investigated. Root morphology data of switchgrass were obtained using an EPSON scanner and WinRHIZO software. Net photosynthetic rate was determined with the LiCor-6400 portable photosynthesis system and a spectrophotometer was used to determine root activity. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to examine Cd accumulation of switchgrass. Data for measured traits were transformed to units of statistical standard deviation by division by their standard error and aggregated with positive/negative sign reversal where relevant, so that Cd tolerance was additive across traits, and a composite index of Cd tolerance compiled. Lastly a cluster analysis was performed. It was found that Cd stress significantly reduced the root length, root surface area, number of root tips, total dry weight, net photosynthetic rate and root activity of different switchgrass cultivars to different degrees. Significant differences were found ( P<0.01) among cultivars. According to composite index ( D value), Kanlow was the most tolerant variety, while Foreburg was the least tolerant. On cluster analysis, the 14 switchgrass cultivars were classified into 3 Cd-tolerance types. One cultivar (Kanlow) had high Cd tolerance; 9 cultivars (Alamo, BoMaster, Carthage, Cave in Rock, Long Island, Newyork, Shawnee, Sunburst, Trailblazer) were medium-cadmium-tolerance types and 4 cultivars (Blackwell, Dacotah, Foresburg, Shelter) were Cd-sensitive types. It was also found that the cultivar Kanlow with high Cd tolerance had a strong ability to accumulate Cd. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting suitable switchgrass cultivars for the cultivation of Cd-polluted land, and the results illustrate an operable method to evaluate the Cd tolerance of plant germplasm lines.

Keyword: switchgrass; cadmium tolerance; subordination function; comprehensive evaluation

文章图片

随着工农业的快速发展, 环境中土壤、水体及大气等受到重金属不同程度的污染, 许多国家和地区由重金属导致的环境污染问题严重, 其中以矿区附近农田和边际土地尤为突出^{[1, 2]}。2014年的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》表明, 中国土壤环境污染状况严重, 其中土壤中镉(cadmium, Cd)的点位超标率最高, 达到了7.0%, 可能严重危及植物的正常生长及人类的健康^[3]。目前, 我国耕地受到污染的总面积达到2667万 hm², 其中, 由土壤重金属污染导致的粮食年减产量超过1000万t^[4]。环境中镉达到一定浓度时可对植物造成毒害作用, 抑制植物细胞分裂和光合电子传递, 扰乱植物体内营养吸收, 从而影响植物正常生长^[5], 具体表现为叶片失绿, 根系发黑, 严重时甚至导致植株死亡^[6]。

已有许多研究证明, 不同物种, 不同基因型和不同品种间的植物对Cd的吸收及耐受性存在差异, 这在水稻(Oryza sativa)^[7]、玉米(Zea mays)^[8]、花生(Arachis hypogaea)^[9]等作物中已得到验证, 并为污染土地利用及作物合理生产提供了依据。近年来的研究指出, 在重金属污染土地上种植耐Cd的能源植物可实现生物质资源开发与污染土地利用的双赢^{[10, 11]}。柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)是一种多年生草本C4植物, 其根系发达, 抗旱能力强, 适宜生长在边际土地上, 生物质产量高, 纤维素含量较高, 是典型的草本能源植物^{[12, 13, 14]}。另有研究表明, 柳枝稷对镉有较强的耐受性, 可在中度和重度Cd污染环境中生长^{[15, 16]}。

在镉污染土壤中种植柳枝稷, 既可以充分利用Cd污染土地, 又可以获得其作为转化生物乙醇的原料, 并有利于降低温室气体的排放^[17]。然而, 有关不同柳枝稷种质资源在Cd胁迫下的耐受性差异及系统评估柳枝稷种质资源对Cd胁迫的耐受类型, 仍需要进一步的研究。基于此, 以能源植物为导向, 有必要开展柳枝稷对Cd胁迫耐受性的研究, 并结合柳枝稷吸收Cd的特性, 为筛选出适宜在Cd污染土地上种植的柳枝稷材料提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

14个柳枝稷品种及生态型见表1, 其中3个低地型品种, 其余为高地型品种。种子来源于美国 ERNST SEEDS公司。

表1 14个柳枝稷品种及生态型 Table 1 14 switchgrass cultivars and their ecotypes in the exreriment

1.2 试验设计及方法

种子于50%的硫酸中浸泡20 min打破种子休眠^[15], 去离子水冲洗干净后用10%次氯酸钠浸泡10 min, 再用去离子水冲洗数次, 播于培养皿中, 萌发后移至洗净烘干的石英砂上培养, 待幼苗长至1叶1心时, 移入装有1 L 1/4 Hoagland营养液的塑料盆(22.0 cm× 16.0 cm× 7.5 cm) 中, 适应生长一周后换为1/2 Hoagland 营养液培养, 用HCl或NaOH溶液将营养液的pH调至5.8^[18]。待幼苗长至5叶1心时, 分别设置对照(0, 不加镉)和10 μ mol· L^-1 CdCl₂· 2.5H₂O处理, 每个处理3盆重复, 每盆中7棵苗, 一周更换两次营养液, 并调换盆钵的位置降低边缘效应的影响^[19]。镉处理两周后取样并测定相关生理指标。植物生长条件为室温25~30 ℃, 湿度50%~70%, 光照/黑暗各为12 h。本试验从2016年9月至2017年3月, 在南京农业大学生命科学学院植物环境生理实验室温室内进行。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 根系形态指标的测定将样品的地上部和根分离, 完整的根系立即放入盛有去离子水的透明盘中, 充分分散, 使根系无重叠、完整地平铺在托盘 (30 cm× 40 cm) 中。用EPSON扫描仪(Expression 10000XL, 日本)扫描, 用根系分析软件(WinRHIZO software V 5.0, Regent Instruments, Quebec, Canada Inc.)分析出总根长、根表面积、根尖数等根系形态参数及根系构型数据。

1.3.2 生物量干重和镉含量测定将植株放入含有20 mmol· L^-1 EDTA-Na₂溶液的烧杯中浸泡15 min, 除去附在根表面的镉离子, 去离子水简单冲洗后, 吸水纸吸干, 将植株按根系和地上部分开, 于烘箱(101-2A型) 70 ℃下烘干至恒重。样品Cd含量的测定方法为, 取0.1 g烘干样品放入消煮管中, 加入5 mL HNO₃, 置于高效微波消解系统1 h, 消煮后的样品用2.5%硝酸回溶, 定容至25 mL, 之后用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定植物组织中的Cd含量^[20]。

1.3.3 净光合速率的测定样品收获前一天, 用便携式光合测定系统(LI-6400, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, 美国)测定最新成熟叶片的净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate, P_n), 使用内置红蓝光源(LI-6400-02B), 光强设为1200 μ mol· m^-2· s^-1。样品室中叶片温度和二氧化碳浓度分别为(27± 2) ℃和(450± 10) μ mol· mo ${l^{- 1}}^{[21]}$ 。

1.3.4 根系活力的测定分别称取上述材料根尖样品0.5 g, 放入15 mL离心管中, 加入0.4% TTC (2, 3, 5-三苯基氯化四氮唑)溶液和磷酸缓冲液的等量混合液10 mL, 把根充分浸没在溶液内, 在37 ℃暗保温1~3 h, 然后加入1 mol· L^-1硫酸 2 mL, 以停止反应。与此同时做一空白实验, 先加硫酸, 再加根尖样品, 37 ℃暗保温后加硫酸, 其溶液浓度和操作步骤同上。然后把根取出, 吸干水分后与乙酸乙酯3~4 mL和少量石英砂一起在研钵内磨碎, 然后将红色提取液移入试管, 并用少量乙酸乙酯把残渣洗涤2或3次, 皆移入试管, 最后加乙酸乙酯使总量为10 mL, 用分光光度计在波长为485 nm下比色, 以空白实验作参比测出吸光度, 查标准曲线即可求出四氮唑还原量^[22], 用TTC表示根系活力大小, 并根据下式计算根系活力。

TTC(mg· g^-1 FW· h^-1)=C/(1000× W× t)

式中:C为四氮唑还原量(μ g); W为根重(g); t为时间(h)。

1.4 数据分析

1.4.1 单项指标耐性指数为排除不同品种的柳枝稷自身生长情况差异对综合评价造成的影响, 试验采用耐镉指数来表述不同材料对镉胁迫的耐受性^[23]。耐镉指数为镉胁迫下某一指标测量值与正常情况下该指标测量值的比值。

1.4.2 隶属函数计算由于不同变量与耐镉性之间存在正相关和负相关两种情况, 因此, 对于与耐镉性呈正相关的指标, 采用正隶属函数X(μ )=(X-X_min)/(X_max-X_min), 呈负相关的, 采用反隶属函数X(μ )=(X_max-X)/(X_max-X_min)进行计算^[24]。式中, X(μ )为柳枝稷某一指标测定值; X_max为所有植株某一指标同一处理下测定最大值; X_min为所有植株某一指标同一处理下测定最小值。

1.4.3 各综合指标的权重运用隶属函数对各指标进行标准化处理, 采用标准差系数法确定各指标权重。

$V_{j} = \frac{\sqrt[]{\overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} (X_{ij} - {\overset{̅}{X}}_{j})^{2}}}{{\overset{̅}{X}}_{j}}$

$W_{j} = \frac{V_{j}}{\overset{m}{\sum_{j = 1}} V_{j}}$

式中:X_ij表示第i个种质的第j个评价指标, ${\overset{̅}{X}}_{j}$ 表示第j个评价指标的平均值; 使用公式计算出标准差系数V_j和各指标的权重系数W_j, 表示第j个综合指标在所有综合指标中的重要程度^[25]。

1.4.4 各种质材料综合耐镉能力的大小将上式结果代入下面公式, 计算得到各种质耐镉性综合评价值D。

$D = \overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} [μ (X_{j}) \times W_{j}]$

式中:μ (X_j)表示第j个评价指标的隶属函数值。

用Excel 2013记录整理原始数据, SPSS 20.0 统计分析数据, 运用Duncan检验进行单因素方差分析(P< 0.05)。运用隶属函数法和标准差赋予权重法计算各品种的耐镉性综合得分, 鉴定每份材料耐镉能力, 并采用欧氏距离的平方系统聚类法进行聚类分析^[26]。

2 结果与分析

2.1 镉胁迫对柳枝稷生物量、根系形态及生理指标的影响

如图1所示, 与对照相比, 镉胁迫显著降低了柳枝稷的根长, 根表面积和根尖数, 且品种间差异显著(P< 0.01)。就根长而言, Kanlow的下降幅度最低, 仅为20%, 而Dacotah被抑制的程度最大, 达到了76%。在镉胁迫下, 柳枝稷的根干重, 地上部干重和总生物量都受到了显著抑制(P< 0.01)(图2), 但不同品种受抑制程度仍有差异, 无论是在镉胁迫还是对照条件下, Kanlow的总生物量都是最大的, Cd胁迫时该品种总生物量降低了34%, 而Longisland的总生物量最小, 镉胁迫下降低了41% (图2C)。由图3可以看出, 镉胁迫显著降低了不同柳枝稷品种的净光合速率, 品种间差异同样达到显著水平(P< 0.01), 其中, Kanlow的下降幅度最小, 仅降低了32%, 而Blackwell降低程度最大, 为63%; 镉胁迫下, 柳枝稷的根系活力也受到显著抑制(图4), 且品种间差异显著(P< 0.01), 其中, Kanlow下降的程度最小, 只有23%, 而Forestburg则降低了55%。

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	图1 镉对柳枝稷根系形态的影响Fig.1 Effect of Cd on root morphology of switchgrass (n=3)

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	图2 镉对柳枝稷干重的影响图中数据为平均值± 标准误, 下同。Fig.2 Effect of cadmium on dry weight of switchgrass (n=3) Values are means± SE, the same below.* * : P< 0.01.

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	图3 镉对柳枝稷净光合速率的影响Fig.3 Effect of cadmium on net photosynthesis rate of switchgrass (n=6)

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	图4 镉对柳枝稷根系活力的影响Fig.4 Effect of cadmium on root activity of switchgrass (n=3)

2.2 镉胁迫下柳枝各单项指标的耐镉指数

如表2所示, 镉胁迫下, 对于根长而言, 低地型柳枝稷Kanlow的耐镉指数最高, 高地型Dacotah的最低, 且Kanlow的耐镉指数显著高于Dacotah(P< 0.05); 同样的, 对于净光合速率而言, Kanlow的耐镉指数也是最高的, 且显著高于其他品种(P< 0.05), 而高地型Cave in Rock的耐镉指数最小。另外, 在镉胁迫下, 各柳枝稷品种根表面积, 根尖数, 生物量以及根系活力的耐镉指数均没有显著差异。

表2 镉胁迫下柳枝稷各单项指标的耐性指数值 Table 2 The value of tolerance index of single index of switchgrass under Cd stress

2.3 柳枝稷耐镉性综合评价

如表3所示, 柳枝稷耐镉性综合评价体系中, 净光合速率, 根系活力和总根长的权重最大, 分别为0.229, 0.188和0.169, 权重加和为体系总权重的58.6%, 这表明该评价体系侧重于柳枝稷净光合速率与根系相关参数的评价。采用标准差系数赋予权重法对各种质材料进行综合评价结果表明, Kanlow的综合评价值(D)最大, 即该品种在镉处理下耐受性最强, 综合表现最好。根据D值得出各种质的耐镉性大小依次为 Kanlow> BoMaster> Alamo> Sunburst> Longisland> Shawnee> Trailblazer> Cave in Rock> Carthage> Newyork> Dacotah> Shelter> Blackwell> Forestburg。

表3 镉胁迫下柳枝稷各指标隶属函数值、权重、综合评价值及排序 Table 3 Subjective function value, index weight, comprehensive evaluation value (D) and order of switchgrass under Cd stress

采用系统聚类法对D值进行聚类分析, 可将14个品种划分为3类:Kanlow为第一类, 属于强耐镉型品种; Alamo、Bomaster、Carthage、Cave in Rock、Longisland、Newyork、Shawnee、Sunburst、Trailblazer为第二类, 属于中等耐镉型品种; Blackwell、Dacotah、Forestburg、Shelter为第三类, 属于镉敏感型品种(图5)。

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	图5 不同柳枝稷品种耐镉性分级聚类图Fig.5 Classified cluster diagram on Cd tolerance of switchgrass

2.4 镉胁迫对柳枝稷根、叶的镉含量和镉富集量的影响

如图6A所示, 中等耐镉型品种Shawnee根中的镉含量最高, 其次是强耐镉型品种Kanlow, 且这两个品种的根中镉含量均显著高于其余镉敏感型品种(P< 0.05); 而地上部镉含量最高的是中等耐镉型品种Newyork, 除此之外, 强耐镉型品种Kanlow的地上部镉含量都显著高于其他镉敏感型品种(P< 0.05)(图6B)。对于镉积累而言, 无论根还是地上部, 强耐镉型品种Kanlow的镉积累量都是最高的, 显著高于其他镉敏感型品种(P< 0.05)(图6C, D)。镉是植物生长的非必需元素之一, 即使在较低浓度时也可对植物产生毒害, 如Cd胁迫加速根尖细胞的衰老, 降低根系活力, 阻碍根系对营养物质的吸收和向地上部的转运, 导致植株生长受到抑制^{[27, 28]}。有研究发现, 随着营养液中Cd浓度的增加, 柳枝稷的总根长、根表面积和根尖数显著降低^[16], 本实验结果与之一致。本研究中柳枝稷的总根长, 根表面积, 根尖数以及根系活力在10 μ mol· L^-1镉胁迫下均显著降低, 且不同品种下降的程度不同, 表明这些根系相关参数对Cd胁迫较敏感, 故可将根系相关参数作为评估植物耐镉性的一个重要指标。同样的, 也有研究指出, 根系构型变化一般可反映植物对非生物胁迫的敏感程度^[29], 因而本研究选用根系形态及根系活力等相关指标来评价柳枝稷的耐镉性是切实可行的。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图6 镉胁迫下柳枝稷根和地上部的镉含量及积累量不同字母表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig.6 Cd concent and accumulation in root and shoot of switchgrass under Cd stress (n=3) Different letters mean significantly different at P< 0.05.

3 讨论与结论

镉胁迫可破坏植物线粒体和叶绿体超微结构, 导致呼吸作用和光合作用受到影响^[30], 进而植株叶片发黄, 生物量下降, 干物质量降低^[5]。本研究中, 镉胁迫显著降低了不同柳枝稷品种的生物量干重, 张锡洲等^[7]的研究表明, 镉胁迫严重抑制了水稻的生物量, 与本研究结果一致, 10 μ mol· L^-1镉处理下不同品种柳枝稷的生物量干重也出现了不同程度的降低, 因而可将生物量作为评价镉耐性强弱的另一重要指标。光合作用可用于分析环境因素对植物生长和代谢的影响^[31]。镉胁迫影响了二氧化碳的固定和电子传递链的发生, 从而降低植物光合速率^[32], 同样, 本研究中不同品种柳枝稷的净光合速率在镉胁迫下也显著降低, 因此可以选用净光合速率来评价植物耐镉性。

植物的耐镉性需要由多指标构成的综合性指标进行评价^[33], 仅凭单个指标评价, 其结论不仅可信度低, 可能还会自相矛盾, 选取多个指标综合评价植物耐镉性有利于结论的可靠性, 采用隶属函数法对多个指标进行综合分析, 可以避免单一指标带来的片面性^{[34, 35]}。本实验评价结果与刘长浩^[36]有所不同, 这一方面依赖于实验材料的数量, 选取了10个柳枝稷品种, 而本实验有14个, 随着柳枝稷种质材料数量的增加, 或许更能筛选出对Cd耐受型极端的材料, 另一方面, 实验中仅采用了形态学指标, 缺少相关生理指标, 而本实验的评价指标更为全面, 除了根系构型和生物量之外, 还有净光合速率和根系活力等生理指标, 其中净光合速率这一指标的权重达到22.9%, 说明净光合速率在评价体系不应被忽视。另有研究通过测定48个番茄品种在低温胁迫下的相关生理指标, 包括与光合作用相关的叶绿素荧光及光系统Ⅱ 等参数, 采用隶属函数综合评价了不同番茄品种耐寒能力, 也表明了光合参数在评价体系中的重要性^[37]。

本研究通过隶属函数法对14个柳枝稷种质的6个指标进行综合评价, 结合聚类分析将14个柳枝稷品种分为3个不同的耐镉型材料, 这样实现了对品种耐Cd性差异的定性分类, 但仍需要在今后的大田实验进一步验证。聚类分析法也在不同品种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)种子萌发期耐Cd性差异研究^[25]以及筛选不同抗旱性小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种^[38]的分析中得到运用, 证明该方法具有可行性。

不同植物以及植物的不同部位对Cd的积累能力有一定差异^[39]。Sipos等^[40]研究发现, Cd主要集中在植物根系, 只有少量向地上部转移。本实验中14个柳枝稷材料幼苗的根部镉含量均大于地上部, 这表明根向地上部转移镉的能力较低, 减少重金属从根向地上部的运输是植物耐受重金属胁迫的机制之一^[41]。其中耐镉性强的品种Kanlow体内的镉含量高, 镉积累量大, 表明耐镉性强的品种具有更高的镉富集能力。该品种可能更适合种植于镉污染土地上, 作为能源植物应用潜力巨大。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2007

0.0

. 2007, (6):94-97

Cadmium pollution of soil and its remediation in China

我国土壤镉污染及其修复研究

Liu X , Fan Z X , Zhang B

柳絮, 范仲学, 张斌

镉是污染人类生存环境毒性最大的重金属元素之一.本文概述了我国土壤镉污染现状以及对我国农业生产与居民健康状况的潜在影响,并提出了四种有效修复土壤镉污染的措施.

... 随着工农业的快速发展,环境中土壤、水体及大气等受到重金属不同程度的污染,许多国家和地区由重金属导致的环境污染问题严重,其中以矿区附近农田和边际土地尤为突出^[1,2] ...

2017

0.0

2016

0.0

... 0%,可能严重危及植物的正常生长及人类的健康^[3] ...

2017

0.0

... 目前,我国耕地受到污染的总面积达到2667万 hm²,其中,由土壤重金属污染导致的粮食年减产量超过1000万t^[4] ...

2017

0.0

... 环境中镉达到一定浓度时可对植物造成毒害作用,抑制植物细胞分裂和光合电子传递,扰乱植物体内营养吸收,从而影响植物正常生长^[5],具体表现为叶片失绿,根系发黑,严重时甚至导致植株死亡^[6] ...

... 3 讨论与结论镉胁迫可破坏植物线粒体和叶绿体超微结构,导致呼吸作用和光合作用受到影响^[30],进而植株叶片发黄,生物量下降,干物质量降低^[5] ...

2012

0.0

2013

0.0

. 2013, 21(11):1434-1440

Differences in Cd-tolerance of rice and screening for Cd low-accumulation rice germplasm resources. Chinese Journal of

水稻镉耐性差异及镉低积累种质资源的筛选

Zhang X Z , Zhang H J , Li T X

张锡洲, 张洪江, 李廷轩

To develop genetic materials for breeding Cd-safe rice cultivars, the difference in Cd tolerance among rice parent materials were compared, and low Cd accumulation rice germplasms identified. The characteristics of growth and Cd accumulation of 145 rice parent materials were studied by using hydroponic method. Rice germplasms with low Cd accumulation were also identified based on Cd tolerance indices and Cd concentration. The results indicated that while dry weight (DW) and plant height (PH) of tested rice materials were inhibited on different extents under the stress of Cd ions, root lengths and root-to-shoot ratios were increased. Maximum Cd concentration and accumulation were 2.79 and 6.45 times the minimum of the restorer line materials, respectively. Similarity, maximum Cd concentration and accumulation were 2.00 and 2.98 times the minimum of the maintainer line materials, respectively. Based on Cd tolerance identification, the restorer line and maintainer line materials were divided into five groups, respectively. A total of 13 restorer line materials with low Cd accumulation were obtained. They were "MR183", "MR86", "R047", "R364", "Luhui 602", "Luhui 615", "Luhui 17", "GR548/M63//527_2", "R18", "Chenghui 838", "GR548/M63//M63_5", "GRL17/IRBN95-199_3" and "GRL17/ATTP//L17_3". Also an additional 2 maintainer line materials ("Yuxiang B" and "D62B") low in Cd accumulation were obtained. Among high Cd tolerant materials, maximum Cd concentration and accumulation were 1.97 and 2.03 times the minimum of the restorer line materials, respectively. Furthermore, maximum Cd concentration and accumulation were 1.43 and 1.40 times the minimum of the maintainer line materials, respectively. No significant difference was noted in Cd concentration and accumulation between the restorer and maintainer line materials. Identification Cd-safe rice germplasms and breeding Cd-safe rice cultivars were critical for Cd risk for human health.

比较水稻亲本材料的镉耐性差异, 筛选镉低积累水稻种质资源, 为水稻镉安全品种(Cd-safe cultivars, CSCs)的培育提供遗传材料。以收集的具有明显遗传差异的145种水稻亲本材料为研究对象, 通过水培试验, 研究水稻植株生长性状和镉积累特征, 比较不同材料的镉耐性和镉积累差异, 并以耐性指数和镉含量为指标, 筛选镉低积累种质资源。结果表明: (1)在镉胁迫条件下, 水稻生物量和株高受到不同程度的抑制, 根长和根冠比呈不同程度增加。(2)恢复系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.79倍和6.45倍, 保持系各材料间镉含量和积累量最大值分别为最小值的2.00倍和2.98倍。(3)根据耐性指数差异将恢复系和保持系各分成耐性不同的5类, 并将耐性较强材料进行镉积累差异分类, 得到恢复系镉低积累种质资源13种, 分别是"MR183"、"MR86"、"R047"、"R364"、"泸恢602"、"泸恢615"、"泸恢17"、"GR548/M63//527_2"、"R18"、"成恢838"、"GR548/M63//M63_5"、"GRL17/IRBN95-199_3"和"GRL17/ATTP//L17_3"; 保持系镉低积累种质资源2种, 分别是"玉香B"和"D62B"。(4)镉耐性较强材料中, 高积累材料的镉含量和镉积累量表现为恢复系中分别为低积累材料的1.97倍和2.03倍, 保持系中分别为低积累材料的1.43倍和1.40倍; 镉含量和镉积累量在两系的低积累材料间无明显差异。筛选镉低积累材料培育镉安全品种将成为解决镉安全威胁的关键。

... 已有许多研究证明,不同物种,不同基因型和不同品种间的植物对Cd的吸收及耐受性存在差异,这在水稻(Oryza sativa)^[7]、玉米(Zea mays)^[8]、花生(Arachis hypogaea)^[9]等作物中已得到验证,并为污染土地利用及作物合理生产提供了依据 ...

... 本研究中,镉胁迫显著降低了不同柳枝稷品种的生物量干重,张锡洲等^[7]的研究表明,镉胁迫严重抑制了水稻的生物量,与本研究结果一致,10 #cod#x003bc ...

2017

0.0

2009

0.0

. 2009, 20(2):451-459

Physiological responses of different peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties to cadmium

花生对镉胁迫的生理响应及品种间差异

Liu W L , Wang K R , Wang M L

刘文龙, 王凯荣, 王铭伦

1 Institute of Agricultural Ecology and Environmental Health, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China; 2 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dryland Farming Technique, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China

To have a deep understanding on the mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) toxicit y on peanut plants is of theoretical and practical significances for the selecti on and utilization of Cd-resistant peanut germ plasm resources. With fourteen peanut varieties as test materials and taking the chlorophyll content of functio nal leaves, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and cell membrane permeability of root s and leaves, and oxidative vitality of roots at flowering stage as test physiol ogical parameters, a sand culture experiment was conducted in an artificial clim a te chamber to investigate the physiological responses of different peanut variet ies to six levels of Cd stress. The results showed that within the range of 0〖 KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗60 mg Cd·L-1 addition, the chlorophyll content of functional leaves and the oxida tive vitality of roots decreased significantly with increasing Cd addition, whil e the MDA content and cell membrane permeability of leaves and roots were in adv erse. The cell membrane permeability of roots and leaves was the most sensitive physiological parameter, while the chlorophyll content of functional leaves was the least sensitive one in the responses of peanut plant to Cd stress. In the li near regression equations describing the relationships between test physiologica l parameters and Cd concentrations in nutrient solution, the absolute value of s lope (b)/intercept (a) ratio, ︱b/a︱, could better describe the sen sitivity of peanut plants to Cd stress. It was known from the integrative evaluation of︱b/a︱values and the cluster analysis of sensitivity that among the fourteen peanut varieties, “Zhonghua-4”, “Xiangnong-55” and “Xiangnong-3010-w” were hi ghly sensitive to Cd stress (first grade), “Lainong-29”, “Xiangnongxiaoguo-w2-7”, “Fenghua-2”, “Lainong-13”, “Yuhua-15” and “Fenghua-3” were sensitive (second grade), “Xiangnong-312”, “Qiyangxiaozi” and “Pingdu-01” were less sensitive (third g rade), while “Huayu-20” and “Huayu-23” were insensitive (forth grade).

深入研究花生镉毒害机理对于筛选和利用抗镉污染花生种质资源具有重要的理论和实际意义.本文以14个花生品种为材料，以花期花生功能叶叶绿素含量、根系和叶片丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性和根系氧化活力等生理参数为指标，利用人工气候箱砂培试验，研究了6种Cd浓度胁迫下花生植株的生理毒害反应及其品种间遗传差异.结果表明: 在0～60 mg Cd ·L -1 范围内，随着营养液添加Cd浓度的增加，花生叶绿素含量和根氧化活力极显著降低，根、叶细胞膜透性和根、叶丙二醛含量极显著增加，且品种与Cd浓度间具有显著交互作用; 花生根、叶细胞膜透性是对镉胁迫响应最为敏感的生理参数，而叶绿素含量对镉胁迫响应相对不敏感; 各生理参数与营养液Cd浓度关系的线性回归方程的斜率( b )与截距( a )之比值的绝对值︱ b /a︱能够较好地描述不同花生品种对镉胁迫的敏感性.对6个生理参数的︱ b/a ︱值进行综合赋值及敏感性五级聚类分析得知，在供试花生品种中，“中花4号”、“湘农55号”和“湘农3010-w”等3个品种对镉反应高度敏感(Ⅰ级);“莱农29”、“湘农小果w2-7”、“丰花2号”、“莱农13”、“豫花15号”和“丰花3号”等6个品种反应敏感(Ⅱ级);“湘农312”、“祁阳小籽”和“平度01”等3个品种反应一般(Ⅲ级);“花育23 ”和“花育20”等两个品种反应钝感(Ⅳ级).

2013

0.0

... 近年来的研究指出,在重金属污染土地上种植耐Cd的能源植物可实现生物质资源开发与污染土地利用的双赢^[10,11] ...

2016

0.0

... 近年来的研究指出,在重金属污染土地上种植耐Cd的能源植物可实现生物质资源开发与污染土地利用的双赢^[10,11] ...

2013

0.0

... 柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)是一种多年生草本C4植物,其根系发达,抗旱能力强,适宜生长在边际土地上,生物质产量高,纤维素含量较高,是典型的草本能源植物^[12,13,14] ...

2008

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2009

0.0

. 2009, 18(3):232-240 DOI:10.11686/cyxb20090332

The development of Panicum virgatum as an energy crop

能源作物柳枝稷研究进展

Liu J L , Zhu W B , Xie G H

刘吉利, 朱万斌, 谢光辉

目前，可再生能源特别是能源作物成了能源研究的新热点。柳枝稷适应性强，产量潜力大，且对环境友好，是理想的能源作物。本研究从生物学特性、生态适应性、柳枝稷能源生产管理措施等方面综述了能源作物柳枝稷的研究进展，讨论了柳枝稷能源生产利用方式与存在的问题，分析了柳枝稷在我国的发展潜力。认为现阶段我国柳枝稷能源利用应以固体成型燃料与小型生物质发电为主，将来最有发展潜力的利用方式之一为第二代燃料乙醇。

2016

0.0

... 另有研究表明,柳枝稷对镉有较强的耐受性,可在中度和重度Cd污染环境中生长^[15,16] ...

... 2 试验设计及方法种子于50%的硫酸中浸泡20 min打破种子休眠^[15],去离子水冲洗干净后用10%次氯酸钠浸泡10 min,再用去离子水冲洗数次,播于培养皿中,萌发后移至洗净烘干的石英砂上培养,待幼苗长至1叶1心时,移入装有1 L 1/4 Hoagland营养液的塑料盆(22 ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 24(11):100-108 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2014495

Preliminary research on Cd-tolerance of Panicum virgatum and Panicum maximum

柳枝稷和坚尼草的耐镉性初步研究

Liu C H , Lou L Q , Guo T

刘长浩, 娄来清, 郭涛

College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

It is important to evaluate the capability of heavy metal tolerance of high biomass grasses for developing bioenergy plants suited to heavily polluted environments, particularly metal pollutants, reducing the problem of bioenergy crops competing with staple food crops. Both switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) and guinea grass ( P. maximum ) are important bioenergy plants because of their high yield potential. These grasses were used to examine the effects of cadmium (Cd) on seedling growth under 0, 0.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L Cd for switchgrass, 0, 2, 5, 7.5, 10 μmol/L Cd for guinea grass grown using hydroponic techniques. Root and shoot fresh weights of both grasses were recorded and root morphological data of switchgrass were obtained using an EPSON scanner and WinRHIZO software. ICP-AES was used to examine Cd accumulation in switchgrass. The results showed that the biomass and root elongation of switchgrass and guinea grass were significantly affected by Cd. The root biomass of switchgrass decreased greatly under 50 μmol/L Cd conditions, but root biomass, shoot biomass, total biomass and root elongation in guinea grass were decreased by 86.1%, 83.5%, 84.1% and 96.3% respectively by the 2 μmol/L Cd treatment; root elongation in switchgrass was reduced by 55% in 5 μmol/L Cd solution. The Cd concentration in shoots of switchgrass was 40 mg/kg and the biomass was reduced by 45% in the 20 μmol/L Cd treatment. In addition, the root length and root tip numbers in switchgrass were significantly decreased in Cd treatments in comparison with the control. However, mean root diameter increased in Cd solutions. There was a significant negative correlation between root length, root surface area and root volume, and Cd accumulation and a strong positive correlation between root length, root surface area and root volume and TFs in the 0-1 mm mean root diameter class suggesting that fine roots may play an important role in Cd accumulation.

为了探究镉污染条件下开发能源植物的可行性,以高生物量黍属能源植物柳枝稷和坚尼草为材料,温室中苗期水培试验,分别对柳枝稷外源施加浓度为0, 0.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L镉(Cd),对坚尼草施加浓度为0, 2, 5, 7.5, 10 μmol/L Cd,从形态、生长生理等角度,分析两种能源草对镉的响应。结果表明:随Cd浓度的增加,柳枝稷和坚尼草生物量和根伸长量均下降,Cd浓度为50 μmol/L时,柳枝稷根鲜重减少达显著水平( P <0.05)。而坚尼草则在Cd浓度为2 μmol/L时,根和地上部分总鲜重减少达显著水平。相比于对照,Cd浓度为2 μmol/L时,坚尼草的根伸长量已下降96.3%,而柳枝稷在5 μmol/L Cd时根伸长量才降低55.0%,柳枝稷的耐镉性高于坚尼草。经20 μmol/L镉处理,柳枝稷的地上部镉浓度达40 mg/kg,生物量下降了45%。不同浓度的镉处理下,镉在柳枝稷体内的迁移指数为5.9%14.2%,柳枝稷可以在Cd污染条件下被开发为能源和修复植物种植。此外,实验还发现,在根平均直径为01 mm范围内,柳枝稷的总根长、根表面积和根体积与镉积累呈显著负相关,与迁移指数呈显著正相关( P <0.05),该结果说明,细根在植物的镉吸收积累和转运中可能起着非常重要的作用。

... 另有研究表明,柳枝稷对镉有较强的耐受性,可在中度和重度Cd污染环境中生长^[15,16] ...

... 有研究发现,随着营养液中Cd浓度的增加,柳枝稷的总根长、根表面积和根尖数显著降低^[16],本实验结果与之一致 ...

2002

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... 在镉污染土壤中种植柳枝稷,既可以充分利用Cd污染土地,又可以获得其作为转化生物乙醇的原料,并有利于降低温室气体的排放^[17] ...

2011

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. 2011, 19(6):1018-1024

Effects of NaCl stress on seed germination and seedling growth of different switchgrass materials

NaCl胁迫对不同柳枝稷材料种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

Du F , Chen X , Yang C H

杜菲, 陈新, 杨春华

1. Institute of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 China; 2. Grassland General Station of Xinjiang, Urumqi Xinjiang 830049, China

Seeds and seedlings of ten switchgrass( Panicum virgatum ) materials(five are wild types,five are breeding materials) were treated using different concentrations of NaCl solution.Effects of salt stress on seed germination,plant height,fresh weight,proline and chlorophyll contents,and membrane permeability were analyzed to study the feedback mechanism of different swichgrass seeds and seedlings under salt tolerance and to provide information for species introduction and breeding work of switchgrass.Results show that seed germination rate,plant height,fresh weight,chlorophyll content declined as NaCl concentration increased whereas proline content and membrane permeability increased as NaCl concentration increased.‘Cave-in-rock’,‘Sunburst’ and ‘Pathfinder’ materials have better salt tolerance than other varieties.The wild-type materials have development potential for further breeding of switchgrass due to good salt tolerance of their seedlings.

采用不同浓度NaCl溶液对10份柳枝稷( Panicum virgatum )材料(其中5份为育成品种,5份为不同地理来源的野生种质)种子和幼苗进行胁迫处理,通过分析种子发芽率和幼苗株高、鲜重、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性的变化,研究其种子和幼苗对盐胁迫的反馈机制,分析不同材料的耐盐性水平,为柳枝稷的引种、育种工作提供参考。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度增加,柳枝稷发芽率、株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量下降,而脯氨酸含量、细胞膜透性增加。品种中,Cave-in-rock,Sunburst和Pathfinder耐盐性相对较强;地方野生种质播种期耐盐性较差,苗期耐盐性良好,具有较好的研发潜力。

... 8^[18] ...

2012

0.0

... 5H₂O处理,每个处理3盆重复,每盆中7棵苗,一周更换两次营养液,并调换盆钵的位置降低边缘效应的影响^[19] ...

2014

0.0

... 5%硝酸回溶,定容至25 mL,之后用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定植物组织中的Cd含量^[20] ...

2017

0.0

2017

0.0

... 然后把根取出,吸干水分后与乙酸乙酯3~4 mL和少量石英砂一起在研钵内磨碎,然后将红色提取液移入试管,并用少量乙酸乙酯把残渣洗涤2或3次,皆移入试管,最后加乙酸乙酯使总量为10 mL,用分光光度计在波长为485 nm下比色,以空白实验作参比测出吸光度,查标准曲线即可求出四氮唑还原量^[22],用TTC表示根系活力大小,并根据下式计算根系活力 ...

2010

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. 2010, 18(5):669-672

Analysis of the principal components and the subordinate function of Lolium perenne drought resistance

多年生黑麦草抗旱性主成分及隶属函数分析

Shi Y H , Wan L Q , Liu J N

石永红, 万里强, 刘建宁

1. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030032, China; 2. Institute of animal Science, CAAS, Beijing 100193, China

The drought resistance of six Lolium perenne fodder varieties at the seedling stage was studied by using PEG-6000 solution to simulate drought stress in the green house.The physiological and biochemical indexes such as relative water content(RWC),exosmosis rate of cytoplasm(RPP),proline content(Pro),chlorophyll contents(Chl),content of malondialdehyde(MDA),activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and CAT were measured.Drought resistance was evaluated by principal components analysis and subordinate function analysis.Results show that the seven significantly different drought-resistance indexes could be classified into 3 component parts.The capacity of drought resistance of the six Lolium perenne fodder varieties is gauged as follows:Oupec>Tove>Nul>Eminent>Polim>Yatsyn.

在日光温室PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,通过测定6个多年生黑麦草( Lolium perenne L.)品种的相对含水量(RWS)、细胞质外渗率(RPP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素(Chl)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量等7个理化指标,利用主成分及隶属函数分析法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:7个差异显著的抗旱指标应用主成分分析归纳成3个主成分,通过综合隶属函数值评定的抗旱性强弱顺序为:欧必克>多福>努依>卓越>凤凰>雅晴。

... 1 单项指标耐性指数为排除不同品种的柳枝稷自身生长情况差异对综合评价造成的影响,试验采用耐镉指数来表述不同材料对镉胁迫的耐受性^[23] ...

2013

0.0

... )=(X_max-X)/(X_max-X_min)进行计算^[24] ...

2017

0.0

... 使用公式计算出标准差系数V_j和各指标的权重系数W_j,表示第j个综合指标在所有综合指标中的重要程度^[25] ...

... 聚类分析法也在不同品种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)种子萌发期耐Cd性差异研究^[25]以及筛选不同抗旱性小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种^[38]的分析中得到运用,证明该方法具有可行性 ...

2018

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... 运用隶属函数法和标准差赋予权重法计算各品种的耐镉性综合得分,鉴定每份材料耐镉能力,并采用欧氏距离的平方系统聚类法进行聚类分析^[26] ...

2001

0.0

... 镉是植物生长的非必需元素之一,即使在较低浓度时也可对植物产生毒害,如Cd胁迫加速根尖细胞的衰老,降低根系活力,阻碍根系对营养物质的吸收和向地上部的转运,导致植株生长受到抑制^[27,28] ...

2013

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2017

0.0

... 同样的,也有研究指出,根系构型变化一般可反映植物对非生物胁迫的敏感程度^[29],因而本研究选用根系形态及根系活力等相关指标来评价柳枝稷的耐镉性是切实可行的 ...

2016

0.0

... 3 讨论与结论镉胁迫可破坏植物线粒体和叶绿体超微结构,导致呼吸作用和光合作用受到影响^[30],进而植株叶片发黄,生物量下降,干物质量降低^[5] ...

1988

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... 光合作用可用于分析环境因素对植物生长和代谢的影响^[31] ...

2004

0.0

... 镉胁迫影响了二氧化碳的固定和电子传递链的发生,从而降低植物光合速率^[32],同样,本研究中不同品种柳枝稷的净光合速率在镉胁迫下也显著降低,因此可以选用净光合速率来评价植物耐镉性 ...

2017

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... 植物的耐镉性需要由多指标构成的综合性指标进行评价^[33],仅凭单个指标评价,其结论不仅可信度低,可能还会自相矛盾,选取多个指标综合评价植物耐镉性有利于结论的可靠性,采用隶属函数法对多个指标进行综合分析,可以避免单一指标带来的片面性^[34,35] ...

2017

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2017

0.0

2016

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... 本实验评价结果与刘长浩^[36]有所不同,这一方面依赖于实验材料的数量,选取了10个柳枝稷品种,而本实验有14个,随着柳枝稷种质材料数量的增加,或许更能筛选出对Cd耐受型极端的材料,另一方面,实验中仅采用了形态学指标,缺少相关生理指标,而本实验的评价指标更为全面,除了根系构型和生物量之外,还有净光合速率和根系活力等生理指标,其中净光合速率这一指标的权重达到22 ...

2015

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... 等参数,采用隶属函数综合评价了不同番茄品种耐寒能力,也表明了光合参数在评价体系中的重要性^[37] ...

2017

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2012

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... 不同植物以及植物的不同部位对Cd的积累能力有一定差异^[39] ...

2013

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... Sipos等^[40]研究发现,Cd主要集中在植物根系,只有少量向地上部转移 ...

2006

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... 本实验中14个柳枝稷材料幼苗的根部镉含量均大于地上部,这表明根向地上部转移镉的能力较低,减少重金属从根向地上部的运输是植物耐受重金属胁迫的机制之一^[41] ...