氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响

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王进斌, 谢军红, 李玲玲, Eunice Essel, 彭正凯, 邓超超, 沈吉成, 颉健辉. 氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响. 草业学报, 2019,28(1): 60-69
WANG Jin-bin, XIE Jun-hong, LI Ling-ling, Eunice Essel, PENG Zheng-kai, DENG Chao-chao, SHEN Ji-cheng, XIE Jian-hui. Effects of nitrogen management on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize in arid areas of central Gansu, China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(1): 60-69 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018096
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氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响

王进斌, 谢军红, 李玲玲^*, Eunice Essel, 彭正凯, 邓超超, 沈吉成, 颉健辉

甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070

*通信作者:E-mail: lill@gsau.edu.cn

作者简介:王进斌(1993-), 男, 甘肃天祝人,在读硕士。E-mail: 1335794569@qq.com

收稿日期: 2018-02-06

基金项目:国家自然基金项目(31460337, 31660373 和31761143004),甘肃省教育厅项目(2017C-12)和十二五国家科技支撑计划项目(2012 BAD14B03,2015BAD22B04-3)资助

摘要

全膜双垄沟播技术使玉米成为了陇中旱农区主要作物之一,但该技术下玉米的高产出导致土壤养分耗竭,影响玉米生产的可持续性。本研究依托2012年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,研究4个施氮水平 (N₀:不施肥;N₁:100 kg·hm^-2、N₂:200 kg·hm^-2、N₃:300 kg·hm^-2)和2个施氮时期(T₁: 1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期、T₂: 1/3基肥+2/3拔节期)对玉米光合特性、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、干物质积累和分配量及产量的影响。结果表明:1) 随着施氮量的增加玉米光合性能也在增强,而N₃和T₂N₂间差异不显著,T₂时期提高玉米光合特性;2) 全生育期内,N₃处理下叶绿素含量较N₂、N₁、N₀分别平均增加50.9%、17.0%、2.7%;叶面积指数也随施氮量的增加而增加,但N₂和N₃间无显著差异;T₂下的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在生育后期显著高于T₁;3) 干物质积累量和籽粒分配量表现为:N₃>N₂>N₁>N₀,T₂下的干物质积累和籽粒分配量高于T₁;4) 籽粒产量和生物产量均随施氮量的增加而增加,N₂和N₃下的籽粒产量和生物产量显著高于N₀,其中N₃较N₀增加79.2%和68.4%,N₂较N₀增加65.9%和54.1%,T₂下的籽粒产量和生物产量分别较T₁显著增加9.9%和13.5%,而T₂N₂与N₃间无显著差异,因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,施纯氮200 kg·hm^-2左右,按照1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施,可以增强光合作用,从而提高玉米籽粒产量和饲料产量,促进玉米生产可持续发展。

关键词: 施氮量; 施氮时期; 玉米; 光合特性; 产量

Effects of nitrogen management on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize in arid areas of central Gansu, China

WANG Jin-bin, XIE Jun-hong, LI Ling-ling^*, Eunice Essel, PENG Zheng-kai, DENG Chao-chao, SHEN Ji-cheng, XIE Jian-hui

Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Arid Land Crop Sciences, Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070, China

*Corresponding author:E-mail: lill@gsau.edu.cn

Abstract

Maize has become one of the major cultivated crops in arid farming areas of central Gansu, China because of the adoption of complete film surface mulching and adoption of double ridge-furrow planting. However, the high output of maize using this technology results in exhaustion of soil nutrients negatively influencing the sustainability of maize production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and distribution and yield of maize. The study relied on a field experiment that was conducted in 2012 at Dingxi, Longzhong region. The treatments included four nitrogen rates (N₀: 0 kg·ha^-1, N₁: 100 kg·ha^-1, N₂: 200 kg·ha^-1, N₃: 300 kg·ha^-1) and two nitrogen application times (T₁: 1/3 at sowing+1/3 at jointing+1/3 at flowering, T₂: 1/3 at sowing+2/3 at jointing). The photosynthetic characteristics improved with increased nitrogen application rate, but there was no difference between T₂N₂ and N₃; T₂ enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics. N₃ increased SPAD by 50.9%, 17.0%, and 2.7% respectively comparing N₀, N₁, and N₂ at all stages. Leaf area index also improved with increased nitrogen application rate, but N₂ and N₃ were not different. SPAD and leaf area index under T₂ were higher than T₁. Dry matter during all growth stages was highest at N₃ and lowest at N₀ (N₃>N₂>N₁>N₀) and T₂ was higher than T₁. Grain yield and biomass were significantly higher with increased nitrogen rates; for example, grain yield and biomass were 79.2% and 68.4% higher for N₃ than N₀ respectively, and 65.9% and 51.4% higher for N₂ than N₀ respectively. T₂ improved grain yield and biomass by 9.9% and 13.5% respectively, compared with T₁. However, T₂N₂ and N₃ were not different. The application of double furrow sowing technology, mulching with nitrogen applied at 200 kg·ha^-1 rate, 1/3 applied at sowing+2/3 at jointing is suggested as a means of more sustainable maize production systems in arid areas of central Gansu, China.

Keyword: nitrogen rates; nitrogen application time; maize; photosynthetic characteristics; yield

文章图片

玉米(Zea mays)是世界上最具潜力的粮饲兼用型作物, 其不仅可以保障粮食安全, 而且还可以缓解饲料短缺^[1], 目前, 我国玉米70%以上用作饲料^[2]。陇中旱农区由于多变亏水、热量有限^[3], 导致露地玉米不能成熟。全膜双垄沟播技术的应用突破了玉米种植的水热限制, 显著增加玉米产量和提高水分利用效率, 扩大了玉米种植区域, 使玉米成为陇中旱农区的主要作物之一^{[4, 5]}。但玉米高产出意味着对养分的高消耗^[6]。故必须要优化养分管理措施, 才能不断提高农田生态系统物质循环水平, 确保玉米生产可持续发展。氮素作为玉米生长发育所必需的元素, 充足的氮素供应可以促进玉米干物质积累和产量提高^[7]。玉米生产中, 如果后期追肥不足, 容易导致叶绿素含量下降, 引起玉米叶片早衰, 进而影响产量^[8], 但盲目的为追求高产而大量施用氮肥则导致氮肥利用效率下降^[9], 同时, 过量的施用氮肥造成环境污染等问题^[10]。

光合作用是作物产量形成的生理基础^[11], 氮肥运筹对作物产量的影响与光合作用密切相关^{[12, 13, 14]}。然而, 在陇中旱农区却鲜有关于氮肥运筹对玉米光合特性的研究。为此, 本研究通过不同氮肥用量和施肥时期对玉米光合特性、干物质积累分配及产量的影响研究, 拟从光合角度探讨氮肥运筹影响产量的机理, 以期为优化该区施氮制度提供理论和技术依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

本试验于2014、2015和2016年在甘肃省定西市安定区甘肃农业大学旱农综合实验站进行, 研究所依托田间定位试验始于2012年。试区平均海拔2000 m, 年无霜期140 d, 属中温带半干旱偏旱区, 多年平均日照时数2476.6 h, 太阳辐射量为592.9 kJ· cm^-2; 年均气温6.4 ℃, ≥ 0 ℃积温为2933.5 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃积温为2239.1 ℃, 多年平均降水量为390.9 mm, 80%保证率的降水量为365 mm, 年蒸发量达到1531 mm, 且该区降水量年际、年内变化率大。试验区光照和水分只能满足一年一熟作物的要求, 为陇中旱农区典型的半干旱雨养农业区, 试区土壤为黄绵土, 土质疏松, 质地均匀, 贮水性良好; 凋萎含水率7.3%, 饱和含水率28.6%, pH约为8.36, 土壤有机质含量12.01 g· kg^-1, 全氮0.76 g· kg^-1, 全磷1.77 g· kg^-1。2014、2015和2016年降水量分别为384.2、340.1和300.2 mm(图1), 玉米生长期降水量分别为285.0、278.1和263.1 mm。

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	图1 2014-2016年试验区降水量Fig.1 Monthly rainfall in 2014-2016

1.2 试验设计

在全膜双垄沟播的基础上采用二因素裂区设计, 主区设计4个施氮水平 (N₀:不施肥; N₁: 100 kg· hm^-2、N₂: 200 kg· hm^-2、N₃: 300 kg· hm^-2), 副区设计2个施氮时期(T₁: 1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期、T₂: 1/3基肥+2/3拔节期), 共7个处理, 3次重复, 21个小区, 各小区随机区组排列, 小区面积为28 m² (3.3 m× 8.5 m), 播种前施P₂O₅ 150 kg· hm^-2。氮肥为尿素, 磷肥为过磷酸钙, 各小区播种量为5.25万株· hm^-2, 参试玉米品种为‘ 富农821’ , 在4月下旬用点播器进行播种, 10月上旬收获, 为保证出苗率, 每穴播种两粒玉米, 在玉米出苗后, 及时放苗、间苗, 其他管理措施同大田管理。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 叶片光合参数于2015年分别在玉米开花期、灌浆期, 选择晴朗天气, 在9点到11点, 采用GFS-3000便携式光合作用-荧光测量系统测定玉米单叶叶片光合速率(photosynthetic rate, P_n)、蒸腾速率(transpiration rate, T_r)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance, G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(intercellular CO₂ concentration, C_i), 测定部位为穗位叶。各测定项目重复3次。用光合速率和蒸腾速率的比值计算叶片水分利用效率(Leaf water use efficiency, WUE_L, μ mol· mmol^-1)。

WUE_L= $\frac{P_{n}}{T_{r}}$

1.3.2 叶绿素含量的测定于2015年分别在拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期用SPAD-502(北京制造)测定叶绿素含量, 测定部位是每株玉米最大展开叶的中部, 每个处理测定10株, 最后求平均值。

1.3.3 叶面积指数的计算于2015年分别在玉米拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期各小区随机取样3株, 用直尺测量每株各叶片叶长(L_ij)和最大叶宽(B_ij), 计算叶面积指数(LAI)。

LAI=0.75ρ _种 $\frac{\overset{n}{\sum_{j = 1}} \overset{m}{\sum_{i = 1}} (L_{ij} \times B_{ij})}{m}$

式中:n为j株的总叶片数; m为测定株数; ρ _种为种植密度。

1.3.4 干物质积累和分配测定于2015年分别在玉米拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期各小区随机取植株样3株, 105 ℃烘箱杀青半小时, 然后80 ℃烘干至恒量。成熟期时, 分别测定叶、茎、穗、穗轴和籽粒的干物质积累量, 并依次计算其分配率。

1.3.5 产量测定于2014、2015和2016年玉米收获后按小区测定籽粒产量和生物产量, 最后换算为每公顷产量(kg· hm^-2)。

1.4 数据分析

采用Excel 2016进行数据整理与作图, 用SPSS 19.0进行方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同氮肥运筹下玉米叶片光合特性的变化

由表1可知, 不同施氮量、施肥时期对玉米光合特性影响明显, 二者的交互效应对灌浆期时的蒸腾速率影响明显, 对其他光合指标没有影响。N₃水平下的光合性能最强, 依次为N₂、N₁, N₀最低, T₂下的光合特性强于T₁, 在开花期, N₂和N₃水平在同一施肥时期下差异不显著, 灌浆期时T₂N₂与T₂N₃、T₁N₃差异不显著。这说明适宜的施氮量及施肥时期可以改善玉米光合特性。

表1 不同氮肥运筹下玉米光合特性的变化 Table 1 Photosynthetic parameters of maize under different nitrogen application treatments

2.2 不同氮肥运筹下玉米叶片叶绿素含量的变化

不同施氮量及施肥时期下玉米叶绿素含量随着生育进程呈现先增加后降低趋势(图2), 拔节期时, 玉米叶绿素含量只受施氮量的影响, 开花期和成熟期时, 施氮量、施肥时期及二者的交互效应对叶绿素影响显著(表2)。全生育期内, N₃处理下叶绿素含量较N₂、N₁、N₀分别平均增加50.9%、17.0%、2.7%, T₂较T₁平均增加2.7%。这说明适宜的氮肥运筹可以增加玉米生育后期叶片叶绿素含量。

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	图2 不同氮肥运筹下玉米叶绿素含量的变化Fig.2 Chlorophyll content (SPAD) of maize under different nitrogen application treatments

表2 不同氮肥运筹对玉米叶绿素含量的影响 Table 2 Effects of nitrogen application on chlorophyll content (SPAD) of maize

2.3 不同氮肥运筹下玉米叶面积指数的变化

由图3可知, 随着生育期的推进, 玉米叶面积指数呈先增大后减小的趋势, 在灌浆期达到最大。在各生育时期, 施氮量对叶面积指数影响显著, 施肥时期对开花期、灌浆期、成熟期玉米叶面积指数影响显著, 二者的交互效应对叶面积指数没有影响(表3)。全生育期内, N₃、N₂水平高于N₁、N₀, 其中N₃较N₁、N₀分别平均增加38.1%、19.6%, N₂较N₁、N₀分别平均增加31.4%、13.8%, N₂在T₂时期下与N₃无显著差异。T₂较T₁平均增加6.1%。

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	图3 不同氮肥运筹下玉米叶面积指数的变化Fig.3 Leaf area index of maize under different nitrogen application treatments

表3 不同氮肥运筹对玉米叶面积指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of nitrogen application on leaf area index of maize

2.4 不同氮肥运筹下玉米干物质积累和分配的变化

不同施氮量、施肥时期及二者的交互效应对玉米各生育时期干物质积累量影响如表4, 施氮量对玉米各生育时期干物质积累量影响显著, 施肥时期对玉米开花期、灌浆期和成熟期干物质积累量影响显著, 二者交互效应对玉米干物质积累量无影响。N₃水平下的干物质积累量最高, 依次为N₂、N₁、N₀, 各生育时期的平均干物质积累量分别为9.1、180.1、292.0、403.1 g· 株^-1, 生长速度最快的阶段是拔节期到开花期, 灌浆期到成熟期主要以籽粒积累量为主。与T₁相比, T₂在开花期、灌浆期和成熟期分别增加9.3%、8.2%和9.9%。

表4 不同氮肥运筹下玉米各生育时期干物质积累量的变化 Table 4 Dry matter accumulation of maize under different nitrogen application treatments at different growth stage (g· plant^-1)

由表5可知, 成熟期时玉米干物质分配量表现为籽粒最高, 依次为茎、穗轴、叶, 雄穗最低, 平均分配率分别为53.8%、19.2%、14.4%、11.2%、1.4%, 籽粒分配量随干物质积累量的增加而增加。N₃水平下的籽粒分配量最高, 依次为N₂、N₁, N₀最低, T₂时期下的籽粒分配量高于T₁。这说明合理的施氮量及施肥时期可以增加玉米籽粒分配量。

表5 不同氮肥运筹下玉米成熟期干物质分配量的变化 Table 5 Dry matter distribution of maize under different nitrogen application treatments at maturity

2.5 不同氮肥运筹下玉米产量的变化

不同氮肥运筹下的玉米产量如表6, 施氮量、施肥时期及二者的交互效应对玉米籽粒产量和生物产量影响显著。2014、2015、2016年N₃处理下的平均籽粒产量和生物产量分别较N₀显著增加79.2%和68.4%, N₂处理下的平均籽粒产量和生物产量分别较N₀显著增加65.9%和54.1%, 与T₁相比, 3年里T₂下的平均籽粒产量和生物产量显著增加9.9%和13.5%, 同时, T₂时期下N₂的籽粒产量与N₃无显著差异, 且T₂时期下N₂的生物产量与T₁时期下N₃无显著差异。这说明适宜氮肥用量和施肥时期可以提高玉米籽粒产量和生物产量。

表6 不同氮肥运筹下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量的变化 Table 6 Grain yield and biomass of maize under different nitrogen application treatments (kg· hm^-2)

2.6 玉米叶片光合特性与产量的相关性分析

由表7可知, 在不同施氮量及施肥时期下, 光合速率与籽粒产量(r=0.951^{* *})和生物产量(r=0.971^{* *})达到极显著水平, 蒸腾速率与籽粒产量(r=0.968^{* *})和生物产量(r=0.981^{* *})达到极显著水平, 气孔导度与籽粒产量(r=0.952^{* *})和生物产量(r=0.969^{* *})达到极显著水平, 胞间CO₂浓度与籽粒产量(r=-0.913^{* *})和生物产量(r=-0.944^{* *})达到极显著水平, 叶片水分利用效率与籽粒产量(r=0.927^*)和生物产量(r=0.955^*)达到显著水平, 叶绿素含量与籽粒产量(r=0.920^{* *})和生物产量(r=0.931^{* *})达到极显著水平, 叶面积指数与籽粒产量(r=0.969^{* *})和生物产量(r=0.984^{* *})达到极显著水平, 籽粒产量和生物产量(r=0.996^{* *})达到极显著水平。这说明玉米籽粒产量和生物产量受光合特性的影响明显, 且籽粒产量受生物产量的影响显著。

表7 不同氮肥运筹下玉米光合特性与产量的相关性分析 Table 7 The relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and yield under different nitrogen application treatments

3 讨论

3.1 氮肥运筹对玉米产量的影响

氮素是玉米生长发育所需的最重要的元素之一, 玉米在各生育时期对氮肥的需求不同^[15]。相关研究表明, 合理的施氮水平及其运筹方式可以显著提高玉米产量, 同一施氮量下, 施肥时期不同其产量也不同^[16], 本研究发现, 施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2下的籽粒产量和生物产量均显著高于施氮100 kg· hm^-2和不施氮, 而施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)间无显著差异。并且还发现氮肥按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期施加时的籽粒产量和生物产量较1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期施加分别显著提高9.9%和13.5%。这与武文明等^[17]研究结果相似, 其原因是合理的氮肥运筹增加了玉米有效穗数、穗粒数和百粒重^[18]。而氮肥后移量与李二珍等^[19]研究有所差异, 这可能是由区域气候和土壤差异所致。施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)间无差异的原因可能是氮肥过量施用, 抑制了玉米根系的生长^[20], 减少了根系对水分和养分的吸收, 从而削弱了产量的增加。

3.2 氮肥运筹影响玉米产量的光合作用机理

玉米干物质积累量直接影响着成熟期籽粒分配量, 获得高产的基础是获得高的干物质积累量, 并且使之尽可能多的分配到籽粒中^[21]。相关研究表明, 施氮量增加玉米干物质积累量也增加, 同一施氮量下, 适量的氮肥后移会促进玉米生育后期干物质的积累^[18]。本研究发现, 施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施时)玉米具有较高的干物质积累量和籽粒分配量, 同时施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按 1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)时玉米具有高的生物产量, 其原因主要是适宜的氮肥用量及施肥时期与玉米对氮素的需求时期相吻合^[22], 同时玉米在拔节期到开花期时的生长速度最快, 进而对氮素的需求较多, 从而保证玉米在生育后期具有良好的同化物质转化能力, 进而提高籽粒分配。而氮肥按1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期配施时, 减少作物在拔节期到开花期的养分吸收, 从而影响玉米的生长。因此, 合适的氮肥供应可以保证玉米在生长期内对氮素需求, 从而提高干物质积累和籽粒分配, 进而提高产量。

对于禾谷类作物而言, 生育后期的光合作用直接影响着籽粒产量的形成, 合理的氮运筹可以调控玉米生育后期的生长及光合作用^[23]。本研究发现, 施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)时提高了玉米光合性能、叶绿素含量及叶面积指数, 进而提高了玉米籽粒产量和生物产量。其主要原因是施氮300 kg· hm^-2和施氮200 kg· hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)使得玉米生育后期叶片具有较强的光捕获能力, 改善玉米光合性能, 减缓光合速率的下降幅度, 为籽粒分配更多的同化物质^[24]。合理的氮肥运筹可以协调玉米生长期的需氮特性, 增加玉米在灌浆期时的同化物质转化, 进而促进玉米的灌浆速率^[25]。另外, 适宜的施氮量和施肥时期可以提高叶绿素含量, 增强PSⅠ 和PSⅡ 电子传递能力, 缓解了植物衰老, 增强了叶片对于光破坏的防御机制, 有效调节了光合性能, 进而增产^[26]。同时合理氮肥运筹延缓了花后植株下部叶片的衰老和脱落, 延长了LAI高值持续期, 在籽粒灌浆期保持了较高的光合面积^[17], 从而提高了产量。有研究报道, 玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自花后光合同化物质^[27]。也就是说玉米灌浆期保持叶片较高的光合能力及较长的功能期, 对提高作物产量具有重要意义。本研究中, 玉米产量受光合特性的影响明显。其主要原因是光合速率影响植物在光合作用中吸收的CO₂量, 从而影响单位时间、单位面积所转化的同化物质, 为玉米产量增加奠定基础; 其次, 植物在光下进行光合作用, 经由气孔吸收CO₂, 气孔必须张开, 气孔开张又不可避免地发生蒸腾作用, 气孔可以根据环境条件的变化来调节自己的开度而使植物在损失水分较少的条件下获取最多的CO₂, 从而增大蒸腾量的同时显著增加产量, 进而影响作物产量^[28]。因此, 玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂、叶片水分利用效率、叶绿素含量及叶面积指数共同影响着玉米产量。

4 结论

综合考虑施氮量与施肥时期, 在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米, 施纯氮200 kg· hm^-2左右, 按照1/3基肥+2/3拔节期施用, 通过增强玉米生育后期光合性能、提高叶绿素含量和叶面积指数, 增加玉米干物质积累和分配量, 从而提高玉米籽粒产量和饲料产量, 促进玉米生产可持续发展。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2010

0.0

. 2010, 26(21):29-32

Researches on the strategy to utilization and development of maize silage in Beijing

北京市青贮玉米利用与发展策略

Yang H T , Zhao J R , Lu L P

杨海涛, 赵久然, 鲁利平

Livestock farming is the main element of Beijing agricultural industry, forage shortage is the main factor that affects the further development of livestock farming. Maize silage have higher biomass yield and forage usage value, utilizing maize silage have important effects on alleviating the lack of forage. Utilizing and extending maize silage have great significance for increasing forage supply，decreasing the cost of production and promoting the development of livestock farming. The area of maize in Beijing is about 133,000 hectares, most breed is grain maize, the development of maize silage was not so fast, many grain maize varieties were utilized instead of maize silage, there were problems that included low biomass yield and valve of forage. In order to resolve the problems of forage shortage and the lagging utilization of maize silage, proposed some strategies, including achieving scaled planting and specialized service, resolving the problems of producing hybrids of maize silage, diversifying the maize silage varieties, enhancing the benefit of maize silage by the utilizing mode, improving the maize silage extending, supporting policy and the guidance of governments.

畜牧业是北京农业的重要组成部分，饲料短缺限制了畜牧业进一步发展。青贮玉米具有相对高生物产量和饲用价值，青贮玉米的利用对于缓解饲料短缺问题具有重要作用。通过青贮玉米的应用与推广，提高饲料供应，降低生产成本，促进京郊畜牧业发展具有重要意义。北京玉米种植面积在13.3万hm2左右，品种以普通玉米为主，专用青贮玉米发展较慢，普通型玉米品种作为了青贮玉米来用，存在生物产量低、饲用价值相对较差等问题。针对饲料短缺限制畜牧业进一步发展和青贮玉米利用与发展滞后问题，提出实现种植规模化与服务专业化、解决青贮玉米的制种难题、青贮玉米品种应多样化、青贮玉米利用模式高效化、完善青贮玉米推广、政策扶持与政府引导等多项策略。

... 玉米(Zea mays)是世界上最具潜力的粮饲兼用型作物,其不仅可以保障粮食安全,而且还可以缓解饲料短缺^[1],目前,我国玉米70%以上用作饲料^[2] ...

2004

0.0

. 2004, (3):4-6

The present situation and development strategy of grain and forage maize in China

我国粮饲兼用型玉米的产业现状与发展战略

Peng Z B , Tian Z G

彭泽斌, 田志国

在我国农业结构向种植业、养殖业和加工业合理的三元结构发展过程中,积极进行玉米品种结构调整,大力发展粮饲兼用型玉米,产业化潜力巨大,玉米生产将成为我国畜牧养殖业的坚实基础.应增加粮饲兼用型玉米科研投入,建立完善的研发体系,在国家及地方各级玉米科研及品种区域试验中,将其专门作为一类列入.要科学引导,农牧结合,大力推广普及玉米秸秆青贮和养殖技术,建立国家粮饲兼用型玉米生产基地.

... 玉米(Zea mays)是世界上最具潜力的粮饲兼用型作物,其不仅可以保障粮食安全,而且还可以缓解饲料短缺^[1],目前,我国玉米70%以上用作饲料^[2] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 24(1):31-38 DOI:10.11686/cyxb20150105

Soil moisture and alfalfa productivity response from different years of growth on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu

陇中黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤水分及产量响应

Luo Z Z , Niu Y N , Li L L

罗珠珠, 牛伊宁, 李玲玲

1.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2.Gansu Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China

The productivity and soil moisture of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) grassland with different years of growth (3, 6, 8,10, 12 and 14 years) were investigated in a typical semiarid area on the Western Loess Plateau. There were significant differences in the dry matter yield from alfalfa grasslands with different years of growth. At first the dry matter yield increased, then it declined. The highest hay yield (12128 kg/ha) was found in alfalfa grassland with eight years of growth. Average soil moistures in 0-300 cm soil layers of alfalfa grasslands with different years of growth was significantly lower than local soil stable moisture (SSM). The soil water content in grasslands with alfalfa that had been growing for twelve and fourteen years was 9.20% and 7.14%respectively, which is even lower than the crop lower limit (CLL). Over the years of alfalfa growth, soil desiccation intensity increases and soil desiccation rate decreases. Therefore, according to the soil moisture and productivity results produced by this study, the optimum growth period for alfalfa production is eight years in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau.

本研究利用黄土高原西部典型半干旱雨养农业区不同种植年限苜蓿草地布设田间试验,系统研究了3,6,8,10,12以及14 a 紫花苜蓿生产力及其土壤水分变化特征。结果表明,不同种植年限紫花苜蓿草产量差异显著,且表现为随着种植年限的增加,呈先增加后减小的趋势,其中以 8 a 苜蓿草产量最高,为12128 kg/hm 2 。持续种植3,6,8,10,12和14 a 苜蓿草地0300 cm土层平均含水量均明显低于当地土壤稳定湿度值,其中12和14 a仅为9.20% 和7.14%,甚至低于作物有效水分下限。随着苜蓿种植年限的延长,土壤干燥化程度加剧,但干燥化速率呈减缓趋势。综合苜蓿生产力动态和土壤水分状况,本研究表明陇中黄土高原地区紫花苜蓿适宜的种植年限为8 a。

... 陇中旱农区由于多变亏水、热量有限^[3],导致露地玉米不能成熟 ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 46(5):917-926 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.05.006

Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in rain-fed area of Northwest Loess Plateau

西北黄土高原旱地全膜双垄沟播种植对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制

Wang H L , Zhang X C , Song S Y

王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有

1.Dryland Farming Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070 2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193

【Objective】Revealing the yield increasing mechanism of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting in rain-fed area from the perspectives of regulation of seasonal water consumption on maize yield and water use efficiency.【Method】Three treatments, whole field surface plastic mulching and planting in furrows(PMF), whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting (SM), and flat planting without mulching (CK), were designed randomly and replicated three times. Soil temperature, soil water storage, dry mass, yield and yield component factors and soil temperature gradient were determined and analyzed in a long term field experiment. 【Result】PMF and SM had significant regulatory effect on soil water condition during maize growing season. At the max soil temperature point, both PMF and SM only increased soil temperature gradient before heading stage, while increased in whole maize growth stage at the minimum soil temperature as compared with CK. Soil water was regulated by the great significantly and opposite temperature gradient at maximum and minimum temperature points in PMF and SM treatments, so, PMF and SM held more water at early stage to apply to the late stage. The peak of water consumption of maize was closely related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation in all treatments. The soil water loss significantly increased in PMF and SM treatments after jointing stage, especially at filling stage, it increased by 237.7% and 83.1%, and 31.8% and 27.4% at jointing-heading stage, respectively, and the difference was significant as compared with CK. In addition, harvest index of maize in PMF and SM treatments was 132.5% and 116.1% higher than CK, respectively. 【Conclusion】PMF increased soil temperature gradient, inhibited evaporation by plastic mulching, held more water at early stage to apply to the late stage. Additionally, PMF increased rainwater use in raining season (i.e. maize reproductive growth stage), promoted grain filling, caused the grain number per spike, 100-grain weight, maize yield, and WUE increased significantly.

【目的】从玉米季节性耗水调节产量和水分利用效率的角度，揭示旱地全膜双垄沟播的增产机制。【方法】通过测定土壤温度、含水量、玉米地上干物质和产量及其构成因子，以及计算土壤温度梯度等，探讨旱地全膜双垄沟播对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制。【结果】全膜双垄沟播（PMF）和全沙覆盖平作（SM）对玉米生长期的水分环境有显著的调节作用。与裸地平作（CK）相比，PMF和SM能提高地温最低点玉米全生育期土壤温度梯度和地温最高点玉米拔节前土壤温度梯度，在显著高于CK和地温最高、最低点反方向温度梯度驱动下实现了对土壤水分的调节，使玉米在需水较少阶段保蓄更多的水分以供需水盛期利用；各处理玉米耗水高峰出现的时期与当年降雨分布密切相关，PMF和SM可以促进玉米拔节后耗水，其中灌浆期增加最为显著，该时期PMF和SM的耗水量分别较CK增加237.7%和83.1%，差异显著（P＜0.05）；其次是拔节-抽雄期，分别较CK增加31.8%和27.4%，差异显著（P＜0.05）；玉米收获指数分别提高132.5%和116.1%。【结论】PMF能够增大土壤温度梯度，减少前期地表蒸发为主的水分耗散，保蓄更多水分供后期使用；在后期雨季能够充分利用降水，促进籽粒形成和灌浆，表现较高的穗粒数和百粒重，显著提高产量和水分利用效率。

... 全膜双垄沟播技术的应用突破了玉米种植的水热限制,显著增加玉米产量和提高水分利用效率,扩大了玉米种植区域,使玉米成为陇中旱农区的主要作物之一^[4,5] ...

2015

0.0

2015

0.0

. 2015, 23(6):659-667

Effect of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrients uptake and interspecific competition in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. Chinese Journal of

种植方式对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响

Yong T W , Liu X M , Song C

雍太文, 刘小明, 宋春

To deal with the contradiction between population growth and land shortage, maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system has become increasingly popular and widely adopted in Southeast China. The conventional maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system used by farmers have not been good for high maize-soybean yields and nutrient uptake. To therefore explore the characteristics of competition for resources between crops and the mechanism of yield increase under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted where the effects of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrient uptake and interspecies competition for resources were investigated. The tested planting patterns included maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with wide-narrow rows (A1), maize-soybean relay intercropping in rotation strips with wide-narrow rows (A2), maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with equal rows (A3), maize monoculture (A4) and soybean monoculture (A5). The density of maize and soybean under relay intercropping was equal to that under monoculture. The results showed that compared with monoculture and equal width spacing, relay strip intercropping decreased maize grain yield while increased soybean bean yield significantly. Maize grain yield under A2 treatment was 4.9% and 5.7% lower than those under A4 and A3 treatments, respectively. However, soybean bean yield under A2 treatment was 25.5% and 89.2% higher than those under A5 and A3 treatments, respectively. Compared with A1 treatment, maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake increased under A2 treatment. The maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake under A2 treatment were 7.5%, 18.5%, 9.1% and 14.1% higher than those under A1 treatment. However, yield and N, P, K uptake of soybean were not significantly different between A2 and A1 treatments. Compared with the monoculture treatments, the economic coefficient and nutrient harvest index of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems significantly increased. The economic coefficient and N, P, K harvest indexes of soybean under A2 treatment increased by 40.9%, 11.9%, 20.6% and 39.9%, respectively. In maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, maize competition was weaker than that of soybean for N, P, K ( A ms CR ms <1). However, rotation helped improve interspecific competition and nutrient competition ratio of maize. In 2013, interspecific competition was close to 0 while nutrient competition ratio was close to 1 under A2 treatment. Comparison of A2 with A1 and A3 treatments showed that rotation benefited harmonious symbiosis between maize and soybean. This symbiosis enhanced nutrient uptake of both maize and soybean, subsequently increasing yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of the cropping system.

为探寻玉米大豆套作体系下作物间的资源竞争关系, 揭示玉米大豆套作系统的增产机理, 本研究以玉米大豆套作系统(简称玉豆套作)为对象, 通过2 a大田定位试验, 研究了玉豆套作带状连作(A1)、玉豆套作带状轮作(A2)、玉豆套作等行距种植(A3)、玉米单作(A4)、大豆单作(A5)5种种植方式对玉米、大豆的产量、养分吸收及种间竞争能力的影响。结果表明, 与单作和等行距种植相比, 带状种植的玉米产量降低、大豆产量显著增加, A2的大豆产量分别比A5和A3高25.5%和89.2%。与带状连作相比, 带状轮作促进玉米增产和对N、P、K的吸收, 玉米籽粒产量及植株N、P、K的吸收总量分别提高7.5%、18.5%、9.1%、14.1%。与大豆单作相比, 带状套作显著增加了大豆的经济系数和养分收获指数, A2的经济系数和植株N、P、K收获指数分别增加40.9%、11.9%、20.6%、39.9%。带状种植方式下, 玉米对N、P、K的竞争力弱于大豆( A ms CR ms <1), 但带状轮作提高了玉米的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率。玉米大豆套作体系下, 相对带状连作和等行距种植, 带状轮作种植有利于玉米与大豆间的和谐共生, 促进了玉米、大豆对养分的吸收, 提高了系统的产量和土地当量比率(LER)。

... 但玉米高产出意味着对养分的高消耗^[6] ...

2017

0.0

... 氮素作为玉米生长发育所必需的元素,充足的氮素供应可以促进玉米干物质积累和产量提高^[7] ...

2017

0.0

... 玉米生产中,如果后期追肥不足,容易导致叶绿素含量下降,引起玉米叶片早衰,进而影响产量^[8],但盲目的为追求高产而大量施用氮肥则导致氮肥利用效率下降^[9],同时,过量的施用氮肥造成环境污染等问题^[10] ...

2008

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2017

0.0

2002

0.0

... 光合作用是作物产量形成的生理基础^[11],氮肥运筹对作物产量的影响与光合作用密切相关^[12,13,14] ...

2017

0.0

... 光合作用是作物产量形成的生理基础^[11],氮肥运筹对作物产量的影响与光合作用密切相关^[12,13,14] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 36(11):3459-3468 DOI:10.5846/stxb201504100733

Interactive effects of soil water and fertilizer application on leaf net photosynthetic rate and SPAD readings of Catalpa bungei seedlings

水肥耦合效应对楸树苗期叶片净光合速率和SPAD值的影响

Qiu Q , Li J Y , Wang J H

邱权, 李吉跃, 王军辉

Recent studies have examined problems related to water and fertilizer consumption, including the excessive application of these resources and their use in forest management. Many forest researchers maintain that the choice of suitable irrigation and fertilization strategies for seedling culture and field planting could save water and improve production. Catalpa bungei is a common, high-quality timber tree. The Chinese government plans to promote large-scale planting of C. bungei in appropriate areas; thus, information about irrigation and fertilization of this species is important. Response surface methodology (RSM) can be used to design experiments, establish models, assess significance, and determine optimal conditions. In addition, RSM can be used to analyze how process variables affect responses and to generate three-dimensional plots. Rotatable central composite design (RCCD) is a common experimental method for studying the relationship between plant growth and soil water or fertilizer. Here, we used RCCD for a pot experiment with three factors, five levels, and 20 runs to examine leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and SPAD values of C. bungei seedlings (clone 004-1). Mathematical models were established to examine the effects of main factors, monofactors, and the combination of soil water ( W ), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) application on Pn and SPAD. Both W and N had significant positive effects on leaf Pn and SPAD values (the sequence of main factor effects was N > W ); P did not affect these variables significantly. Analysis of monofactor effects showed that the values of leaf Pn and SPAD increased initially and then decreased with increasing N or W , indicating that leaf Pn and SPAD would be limited in seedlings subjected to excessive irrigation and fertilizer application. RSM based on RCCD showed that the interaction W × N had a significant positive effect on leaf Pn and SPAD: Pn values increased gradually with increasing W and N, while SPAD first increased and then decreased. The W × P and N × P interactions had no significant effects on leaf Pn or SPAD. In addition, leaf Pn and SPAD were positively correlated ( P W or P , was the most important limiting factor in the growth of C. bungei seedlings, and we conclude that leaf Pn and SPAD in C. bungei can be promoted by rational irrigation and fertilization practices. Our findings provide fundamental information for seedling culture and afforestation of C. bungei.

以楸树无性系004-1苗木为研究对象,采用三因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验测定不同处理下楸树苗木叶片净光合速率( Pn )和SPAD值,并建立其与土壤水分( W )、施氮量(N)和施磷量(P)回归模型,分析土壤水分、施氮量和施磷量的主因子、单因素及耦合效应对楸树苗木叶片 Pn 和SPAD值的影响。研究结果表明:(1) W 和N对楸树苗木叶片 Pn 和SPAD均有显著正效应,并且N主效应大于 W ,而施磷量主效应不显著;(2)单因素效应分析结果表明,楸树苗木叶片 Pn 和SPAD值随着N的增加均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,与N类似,叶片 Pn 和SPAD值对 W 的响应曲线也呈现出类似的"抛物线式"变化趋势;(3) W ×N对楸树苗木 Pn 和SPAD值均存在显著耦合正效应,但 Pn 和SPAD值与 W ×N的响应曲面关系图有所不同:随着土壤水分和施氮量的同时增加,叶片 Pn 逐渐增加,而叶片SPAD值呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势;(4)楸树苗木叶片 Pn 与SPAD值呈现出极显著正相关关系( P < 0.0001)。总体而言,与土壤水分和施磷量相比,楸树生长更容易受土壤施氮量限制,此外,通过合理水肥配施措施,能一定程度提高楸树苗木的光合生产力和叶片SPAD值。

... 光合作用是作物产量形成的生理基础^[11],氮肥运筹对作物产量的影响与光合作用密切相关^[12,13,14] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 42(6):873-885 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.00873

Effects of mulching and nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and yield traits in Broomcorn Millet

不同覆盖方式和施氮量对糜子光合特性及产量性状的影响

Zhou Y , Su W , Wang J

周瑜, 苏旺, 王舰

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China; 2 Research Institute of Biotechnology, Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Xining 810016, China; 3 Baoji Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Qishan 722400, China

To reveal the mechanism of effects of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer on yield of broomcorn millet, we employed a split-plot design in variety Yumi 2 with mulching as main plot and nitrogen rates as subplot. In a three-year field experiment from 2011 to 2013, we investigated and related the variation of photosynthetic characteristics and yield traits indices under different mulching patterns and nitrogen rates. The results showed that compared with traditional planting (no mulching and no nitrogen), all mulching patterns and nitrogen fertilizer treatments could significantly increase chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate P n , stomatal conductance G s and transpiration rate T r , and decrease intercellular CO 2 concentration C i of flag leaves from flowering to maturity in broomcorn millet, among which “W” ridge covered with common plastic film + intredune covered with straw (M4) and 180 kg ha –1 of nitrogen rate (N4) caused the most significant improvement on photosynthesis. All mulching patterns and nitrogen fertilizer treatments could significantly improve dry matter accumulation and allocation amount at flowering and maturity stages. In addition, the mulching and nitrogen fertilizer treatments significantly reduced pre-flowering reserves translocation and contribution to grain, but increased post-flowering assimilates allocation and contribution to grain. Mulching could significantly improve the grain yield, thousand grain weight, panicle grain number and panicle length of broomcorn millet, and M4 treatment showed the greatest improvement. With the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer rates, broomcorn millet grain yield and thousand grain weight increased at first and declined then, but panicle grain number and panicle length constantly increased. The best rate of nitrogen fertilizer applied in Loess Plateau was between 135 and 145 kg·ha –1 . Therefore, the combination of “W” ridge covered with common plastic film + intredune covered with straw and nitrogen rate from 135 to 145 kg·ha –1 could be considered as the most efficient cultivation measure to broomcorn millet in Loess Plateau.

于2011—2013年以榆糜2号为试验材料, 采用双因素裂区设计, 以覆盖栽培方式为主因素, 氮肥应用水平为副因素，调查分析不同栽培方式和施氮量下糜子光合指标及产量性状的变化。结果表明, 与传统不覆盖和不施肥相比, 覆盖和施氮均显著提高糜子开花至成熟阶段旗叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率( P n )、气孔导度( G s )和蒸腾速率( T r ), 同时显著降低胞间CO 2 浓度( C i ), 光合改善效果以“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆和180 kg·hm –2 氮肥施用量最为显著。覆盖和氮肥均显著提高糜子开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、干物质在各器官中的分配量, 降低糜子花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率, 而提高了糜子花后同化物在籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒的贡献率。覆盖显著提高糜子产量、千粒重、穗粒数和穗长, 其调控效应以“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆较好；随施氮量的提高, 糜子产量和千粒重先升后降, 而穗粒数和穗长持续增加, 适宜的氮肥施用量为135~145 kghm –2 。因此, 建议黄土高原糜子最佳栽培措施为“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆的二元覆盖集水保水系统结合135~145 kghm –2 氮肥用量。

... 光合作用是作物产量形成的生理基础^[11],氮肥运筹对作物产量的影响与光合作用密切相关^[12,13,14] ...

2017

0.0

... 1 氮肥运筹对玉米产量的影响氮素是玉米生长发育所需的最重要的元素之一,玉米在各生育时期对氮肥的需求不同^[15] ...

2015

0.0

... 相关研究表明,合理的施氮水平及其运筹方式可以显著提高玉米产量,同一施氮量下,施肥时期不同其产量也不同^[16],本研究发现,施氮300 kg#cod#x000b7 ...

2017

0.0

... 这与武文明等^[17]研究结果相似,其原因是合理的氮肥运筹增加了玉米有效穗数、穗粒数和百粒重^[18] ...

... 同时合理氮肥运筹延缓了花后植株下部叶片的衰老和脱落,延长了LAI高值持续期,在籽粒灌浆期保持了较高的光合面积^[17],从而提高了产量 ...

2017

0.0

... 这与武文明等^[17]研究结果相似,其原因是合理的氮肥运筹增加了玉米有效穗数、穗粒数和百粒重^[18] ...

... 相关研究表明,施氮量增加玉米干物质积累量也增加,同一施氮量下,适量的氮肥后移会促进玉米生育后期干物质的积累^[18] ...

2017

0.0

... 而氮肥后移量与李二珍等^[19]研究有所差异,这可能是由区域气候和土壤差异所致 ...

2001

0.0

. 2001, 7(3):293-297 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2001.0308

Eco-physiological mechanism on nitrogen use efficiency difference of corn varieties

不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制

Huang G B , Zhang E H , Hu H J

黄高宝, 张恩和, 胡恒觉

Gansu Agricultural University;Lanzhou 730070;China

By use of field experiments and pot culture experiments, seed yield per day, nitrogen absorption efficiency, root morphology, leaf nitrate reductase (NRA), canopy photosynthesis eco physiological characteristics etc. were studied with 7 different corn varieties The results showed that 5 varieties of DK743, DK656, YY22, ZD2 and HD1 had high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), but another two varieties of JD2 and SY905 had low NUE NUE were correlated with root dry weight, root length, root surface area, leaf NRA, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stoma resistance(Sr) etc Pn, Sr, leaf NRA, total dry matter, seed yield were increased by more N applying, and the range of increasing were different among 7 varieties

采用大田与盆栽试验相结合的方法 ,对 7个氮素营养效率不同的玉米杂交种在不同氮肥水平下的子粒日产量、吸氮效率、根系形态、叶片硝酸还原酶活力 (NRA)及冠层光合生理生态特性等进行了研究。结果表明 ,DK743、DK656、豫玉 2 2、中单 2号、户单 1号等 5个品种N素营养效率较高 ;酒单 2号和石玉 90 5是低N素营养效率的品种。N素营养效率的高低与品种根重、根长、根表面积、叶片NRA、净光合速率、气孔导度等都有一定的相关性。适当供氮能提高净光合速率、气孔导度、叶片NRA含量、干物质积累量和子粒产量 ,提高幅度因品种而异。

... hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)间无差异的原因可能是氮肥过量施用,抑制了玉米根系的生长^[20],减少了根系对水分和养分的吸收,从而削弱了产量的增加 ...

2017

0.0

... 2 氮肥运筹影响玉米产量的光合作用机理玉米干物质积累量直接影响着成熟期籽粒分配量,获得高产的基础是获得高的干物质积累量,并且使之尽可能多的分配到籽粒中^[21] ...

2011

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... hm^-2(按 1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)时玉米具有高的生物产量,其原因主要是适宜的氮肥用量及施肥时期与玉米对氮素的需求时期相吻合^[22],同时玉米在拔节期到开花期时的生长速度最快,进而对氮素的需求较多,从而保证玉米在生育后期具有良好的同化物质转化能力,进而提高籽粒分配 ...

2013

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. 2013, 39(7):1284-1292 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01284

Post-anthesis photosynthetic assimilation and the changes of carbon and nitrogen in different varieties of spring maize

不同春玉米品种花后光合物质生产特点及碳氮含量变化

Sun X F , Ding Z S , Hou H P

孙雪芳, 丁在松, 侯海鹏

1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; 2 College of Plant Science & Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 3 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China

Dry matters production after anthesis is very important for maize yield. To further clear its role in super high yield condition (high density with ample water and fertilizer supply), we compared yield components in three cultivated varieties, including Denghai661 (DH661) , Zhongdan 909 (ZD909) and 970. According to the theory of yield performance, the post-anthesis yield performance parameters were analyzed. The changes of net photosynthetic rate, the contents of chlorophyll , soluble sugar, starch, total C and N were measured in the ear leaf. The results showed thatthere were significant differences in the yield among three varieties. Varieties with higher yield (DH661 and ZD909) had higher kernel weight per ear, while DH661 had more grains per ear (466.7) and ZD909 had higher 1000-kernel weight (392.7 g).The post-anthesis dry matter production and its partitive ratios in grains were both higher in the two varieties with higher yield. Yield performance analysis showed that the mean leaf area index (mLAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly and positively correlated with post-anthesis dry matter production and yield. The chlorophyll, total carbon and total nitrogen content decreased slowly and C/N ratio increased slowly in the two varieties with higher yield. The net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) was relatively higher in the ear leaves in the whole grain filling stage. The photosynthate not only supplied to kernels but also stored as starch in leaves at the early phase of grain filling. Only when P n declined at late phase of grain filling the accumulated starch began to degrade for the kernel filling. These results indicated that the balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and slowing down the photosynthate decrease in ear leaf are responsible for maintaining higher mLAI and LAD, resulting in higher yield.

玉米高产实践表明增加花后干物质生产对于产量的进一步增加具有重要作用。为了探明高产条件下花后干物质生产增加的原因，本研究比较了玉米品种登海 661 (DH661) 、中单 909 (ZD909) 和 970 的产量差异，并利用产量性能分析理论剖析了花后的产量性能参数，分析了花后主要功能叶穗位叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和碳、氮含量的变化。结果表明，品种间的产量差异显著，产量较高的品种 (DH661 和 ZD909) 具有较高的穗粒重，而 DH661 具有较多的穗粒数 (466.7) ， ZD909 具有较高的粒重 (392.7 g) ；产量较高的品种后期干物质生产及其向籽粒的分配比例高，产量性能分析表明花后的平均叶面积指数 (mLAI) 及光合势 (LAD) 与干物质生产及产量均呈显著正相关；产量较高的品种花后穗位叶叶绿素、全碳和全氮含量下降慢，碳氮比值增加慢，光合速率在整个灌浆期相对较高，光合产物不仅向籽粒运转，还能在叶片中以淀粉的形式持续积累，在后期随着光合速率的下降，淀粉才开始降解向籽粒运输。可见玉米花后碳氮代谢协调、光合作用和物质生产能力衰减缓慢对于有效维持较高平均叶面积指数和光合势，进一步提高作物产量具有重要意义。

... 对于禾谷类作物而言,生育后期的光合作用直接影响着籽粒产量的形成,合理的氮运筹可以调控玉米生育后期的生长及光合作用^[23] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 16(3):536-542 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0304

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic performance in maize leaf at grain filling stage

氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响

Li G , Gao H Y , Liu P

李耕, 高辉远, 刘鹏

1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University，Tai'an 271018, China; 2 College of Life Science, handong Agricultural University， Tai'an 271018, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, China

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic performances in maize leaves of inbreed line Qi319 (Q319) at grain filling stage using simultaneously analyzing chlorophyll a fluorescence transient and light absorbance at 820 nm. Two years' results indicate that N fertilization had no effect on chlorophyll contents in the ear leaf at grain filling stage, but significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate（P n ） and single plant dry matter and grain yield (P n and yield was not mainly resulted from the change of chlorophyll content at grain filling stage, but from the enhancement in Q319 photosynthetic performances and improvement of the coordination between PSⅡ and PSⅠand performance of electron transport chain.

以玉米自交系齐319（Q319）为材料，采用单株盆栽种植方式，借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线，研究了氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响。2年研究结果表明，在本试验条件下，氮素对Q319灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量无明显提高作用，但其净光合速率（P n ）和单株干物质积累量、子粒产量显著增加。JIP-test分析表明，氮素显著提高了叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心电子供体侧和受体侧性能；显著提高了Q319 PSⅡ反应中心电子受体侧之后的电子传递链性能，增强了电子由PSⅡ向PSⅠ的分配，从而显著地提高了PSⅡ与PSⅠ之间的协调性。可以认为，施氮后灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量的变化不是P n 提高的主要原因，而两个光系统性能的改善及二者间协调性的提高增强了光合电子传递链的性能是灌浆期P n 升高与成熟期产量增加的主要原因。

... hm^-2(按1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施)使得玉米生育后期叶片具有较强的光捕获能力,改善玉米光合性能,减缓光合速率的下降幅度,为籽粒分配更多的同化物质^[24] ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 20(2):280-289

Effect of nitrogenous fertilizer levels on photosynthetic functions of maize ear leaves at grain filling stage

氮肥水平对玉米灌浆期穗位叶光合功能的影响

Wang S , Han X R , Zhan X M

王帅, 韩晓日, 战秀梅

Abstract: In this paper, on the basis of a long-term experiment in brown soil, the photosynthetic characteristics of the maize (variety: Zhengdan 958) ear leaves in filling stage such as SPAD value, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured under different levels of nitrogen treatments. Results showed that: Nitrogen fertilizer could cause OJIP Fluorescence induction curve changed significantly, and the fluorescence intensity value of K, J and I step significantly decreased. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA (Ψo) and the performance index on absorption basis (PIABS), and significantly reduced the relative variable fluorescence intensity at the K-step (Wk) and the relative variable fluorescence intensity at the J-step (Vj). It was shown that the comprehensive performance of electron transport chain in PSⅡ reaction center as well as the electron transport capacity both in the donor side and the receptor side are improved obviously. And it could be seen to improve the performance of receptor side was greater than the donor side. With nitrogen fertilizer levels increasing, the maximal oxidation-reduction activity of PSⅠ(ΔI/Io) rose first and then fell. It suggested a moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer could enhance the maximal oxidation-reduction ability of P700, and could significantly improve coordination between PSⅠ and PSⅡ the two optical systems Ф(PSⅠ/PSⅡ) in the maize leaf.

摘要：本文在棕壤长期定位实验的基础上，测定了不同水平氮肥处理下灌浆期玉米（郑单958）穗位叶气体交换和叶绿素荧光等光合参数以及SPAD值，结果表明：施用氮肥可以引起荧光诱导曲线（OJIP曲线）显著变化，其中K、J和I点的荧光强度值明显降低；施用氮肥显著提高捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA下游的其他电子受体的概率（Ψo）和以吸收光能为基础的性能指数（PIABS），显著降低K点的可变荧光Fk占振幅Fo-Fj的比例（Wk）和J点的可变荧光Fj占振幅Fo-Fp的比例（Vj），说明PSⅡ反应中心电子传递链综合性能以及供体侧和受体侧的电子传递能力均明显提高，并且可以看出受体侧性能的改善大于供体侧；随着施氮量的增加，PSⅠ的最大氧化还原活性ΔI/Io呈先升后降的趋势变化，说明适量施氮可以增强P700的最大氧化还原能力，并可以显著提高叶片PSⅠ与PSⅡ两个光系统之间的协调性Ф（PSⅠ/PSⅡ）。

... 合理的氮肥运筹可以协调玉米生长期的需氮特性,增加玉米在灌浆期时的同化物质转化,进而促进玉米的灌浆速率^[25] ...

2015

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. 2015, 26(11):3315-3321

Effects of postponing nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat subjected to water stress after heading stage

氮肥后移对抽穗后水分胁迫下冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

Yang M D , Ma S C , Yang S J

杨明达, 马守臣, 杨慎骄

( 1 College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China;  2  College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China;  3 School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan, China;  4 Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China)

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of postponing nitrogen (N) application on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat subjected to water stress after heading stage. Equal in the total N rate in winter wheat growth season, N application was split before sowing, and/or at jointing and /or at anthesis at the ratio of 10:0:0 (N 1 ), 6:4:0 (N 2 ) and 4:3:3 (N 3 ), combined with unfavorable water condition (either waterlogged or drought) with the sufficient water condition as control. The results showed that, under each of the water condition, both N 2  and N 3  treatments significantly improved the leaf photosynthetic rate and the SPAD value of flag leaf compared with N 1  treatment during grain filling stage, and also the crop ear number, grain number per spike and aboveground biomass were increased. Although postponing nitrogen application increased water consumption, both grain yield and water use efficiency were increased. Compared with sufficient water supply, drought stress and waterlogging stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves at anthesis and grain filling stages, ear number, 1000grain mass and yield under all of the N application patterns. The decline of photosynthetic rate under either drought stress or waterlogging stress was much less in N 2  and N 3  than in N 1 treatments, just the same as the grain yield. The results indicated that postponing nitrogen application could regulate winter wheat yield as well as its components to alleviate the damages caused by unfavorable water stress by increasing flag leaf SPAD and maintaining flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis, and promoting aboveground dry matter accumulation.

采用子母桶栽土培法模拟冬小麦抽穗后不同的水分胁迫状态，研究了氮肥后移对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响.设置3个氮肥处理，分别为N 1 (基肥∶拔节肥∶开花肥=10∶0∶0)、N 2 (6∶4∶0)和N 3 (4∶3∶3)，模拟冬小麦抽穗后2种水分胁迫(渍水胁迫、干旱胁迫)，设正常供水为对照.结果表明：相同供水条件下，N 2 和N 3 处理较N 1 处理显著提高冬小麦灌浆期旗叶的SPAD和光合速率，确保了收获时较高的穗数、穗粒数和地上部分生物量；氮肥后移处理显著提高了冬小麦的耗水量，但其籽粒产量和水分利用效率也显著提高.相同氮肥条件下，干旱胁迫和渍水胁迫处理较正常供水显著降低了冬小麦开花期和灌浆期旗叶的光合速率、千粒重、穗粒数和产量.与正常供水相比，各氮肥条件下干旱胁迫和渍水胁迫处理花后旗叶光合速率及籽粒产量的减小幅度均表现为N 1 ＞N 2 ＞N 3 .表明氮肥后移通过提高旗叶SPAD、减缓花后旗叶光合速率的下降幅度、增加地上部分干物质积累量，调控产量及其构成要素，以减轻逆境灾害(干旱和渍水胁迫)对产量的影响.

... 电子传递能力,缓解了植物衰老,增强了叶片对于光破坏的防御机制,有效调节了光合性能,进而增产^[26] ...

2012

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. 2012, 38(10):1884-1890 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01884

Effect of drought stress on physiological characteristics and dry matter production in maize silking stage

吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响

Zhang R H , Guo D W , Zhang X H

张仁和, 郭东伟, 张兴华

郭东伟, E-mail: gdwei1973@126.com; 薛吉全, E-mail: xjq2934@yahoo.com.cn

Maize cultivars Zhengdan 958 (drought-tolerance) and Shaandan 902 (drought-sensitive) were used to determine the responses of photosynthetic traits, protective enzyme activity and dry matter production at silking stage to in drought pool experiment. The results showed that under drought stress, the yield of drought-tolerant maize Zhengdan 958 reduced 39.10 percent compared with control, while drought-sensitive maize Shaandan 902 reduced 44.87 percent. At 15 d after anthesis, leaf ’ s net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and stomatal conductance ( G s ) decreased significantly, whereas intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) first decreased and then increased under drought stress in both cultivars. The quantum yield ( Φ PSII ), photochemical quenching ( q P ) and non-photochemical quenching ( q N ) of photosystem II decreased under drought stress in leaves of both cultivars. Meanwhile, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities first increased then decreased while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased under drought stress in both cultivars. In addition, drought stress significantly increased dry matter translocation, dry matter translocation efficiency, and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains, however, the effect was smaller in Zhengdan 958 than in Shaandan 902. Our results indicated that higher ability of oxidative enzyme defense system eliminates reactive oxygen, and the absorbed energy is effectively utilized, resulting in the greater photosynthesis capacity in Zhengdan 958, so extending the period of leaf’s photosynthesis and enhancing the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains, which may be one of the important roles in getting high yield of drought-tolerant maize Zhengdan 958 under drought conditions.

以玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料，采用抗旱池栽控水试验，研究了叶片光合特性、保护酶活性以及干物质转运对吐丝期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明，在吐丝期干旱胁迫下2个品种产量分别降低39.10%和44.87%；叶片净光合速率( P n )和气孔导度( G s )显著下降，胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )先升后降。PSII最大光化学效率( F v / F m )、实际量子产额( Φ PSII )、光化学猝灭( q P )降低，非光化学猝灭( q N )升高；抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性先升高后降低，而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高。说明吐丝期干旱胁迫增加了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量(率)及其对籽粒转运的贡献率；但郑单958受干旱影响程度小于陕单902。说明抗旱品种郑单958具高抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧，使得膜脂过氧化程度轻，维持较高的光化学效率，延长叶片光合功能期，促进花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒的贡献率。这可能是其在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一。

... 有研究报道,玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自花后光合同化物质^[27] ...

2010

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. 2010, 34(6):727-740 DOI:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.06.012

A review on modeling of responses of photosynthesis to light and CO₂

光合作用对光和CO 2 响应模型的研究进展

Ye Z P

叶子飘

Maths & Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, China

The light and CO 2 response curve of photosynthesis is an important tool to study plant physiology and plant ecology that can provide a scientific basis for the response of plant photosynthetic properties to environmental factors. This review considered the progress and potential weaknesses of light and CO 2 response models of photosynthesis and discussed research trends. Photosynthesis, which involves energy of light, absorption, energy conversion, electron transfer, ATP synthesis, CO 2 fixation etc., is a complex physical and chemical reaction process. It includes three basic steps: the primary reaction, the assimilatory power forms and the carbon assimilation, and each link may directly influence other processes. Classical models on photosynthetic light response only involve with light energy absorption, and biochemistry models do with the assimilatory power to form as well as carbon assimilation. A future direction of research of the mechanistic model of photosynthetic light response is the primary reaction of photosynthesis, namely participation the energy of light absorption, the transmission and the transformation of the harvesting light pigment member the physical parameter (e.g., the light-harvesting pigment molecules, light energy absorption cross-section of the harvesting pigment, the mean lifetime of the harvesting light pigment) unify in the biochemistry model.

光合作用对光和CO 2 响应模型是研究植物生理和植物生态学的重要工具, 可为植物光合特性对主要环境因子的响应提供科学依据。该文综述了当前光合作用对光和CO 2 响应模型的研究进展和存在的问题, 并在此基础上探讨了这些模型的可能发展趋势。光合作用涉及光能的吸收、能量转换、电子传递、ATP合成、CO 2 固定等一系列复杂的物理和化学反应过程。光合作用由原初反应、同化力形成和碳同化3个基本过程构成, 任一个过程均可对光合作用速率产生直接的影响。光合作用对光响应模型只涉及光能的转换, 而光合作用的生化模型包含了同化力形成和碳同化这两个基本过程。把光合作用的原初反应, 即把参与光能吸收、传递和转换的捕光色素分子的物理参数(如捕光色素分子数、捕光色素分子光能吸收截面、捕光色素分子处于激发态的平均寿命等)结合到生化模型中, 可能是今后光合作用对光响应机理模型的发展方向。

... 其次,植物在光下进行光合作用,经由气孔吸收CO₂,气孔必须张开,气孔开张又不可避免地发生蒸腾作用,气孔可以根据环境条件的变化来调节自己的开度而使植物在损失水分较少的条件下获取最多的CO₂,从而增大蒸腾量的同时显著增加产量,进而影响作物产量^[28] ...