垄沟集雨种植对土壤水热效应及紫花苜蓿产量的影响

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周旭姣, 王琦, 张登奎, 尹鑫卫, 李晓玲, 刘青林, 贾生海. 垄沟集雨种植对土壤水热效应及紫花苜蓿产量的影响. 草业学报, 2019,28(11): 60-74
ZHOU Xu-jiao, WANG Qi, ZHANG Deng-kui, YIN Xin-wei, LI Xiao-ling, LIU Qing-lin, JIA Sheng-hai. Effects of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting on soil moisture, temperature, and alfalfa fodder yield in a semi-arid region of China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(11): 60-74 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018787
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垄沟集雨种植对土壤水热效应及紫花苜蓿产量的影响

周旭姣¹, 王琦^2,^*, 张登奎², 尹鑫卫^3,⁴, 李晓玲¹, 刘青林⁵, 贾生海¹

1.甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院,甘肃兰州 730070

2.甘肃农业大学草业学院,甘肃兰州 730070

3.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,阜康荒漠生态国家野外科学观测研究站,新疆乌鲁木齐 830011

4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

5.甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070

*通信作者. E-mail: wangqigsau@gmail.com

作者简介:周旭姣(1995-), 女, 甘肃通渭人, 在读硕士。E-mail: 1208658417@qq.com

收稿日期: 2018-12-11

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(41461062,41661059)资助

摘要

为探索和解决半干旱黄土高原区垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿的可持续性,采用完全随机设计布置大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同垄覆盖材料(土壤结皮、生物可降解地膜和塑料地膜)和不同沟垄比[沟宽(cm)∶垄宽(cm)分别为60∶30、60∶45和60∶60]对垄沟集雨种植土壤水热效应、紫花苜蓿产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿连续种植第4和5年,深度0~3.0 m土壤含水量随紫花苜蓿生育期和生育年限增加而降低,排列次序为塑料膜垄>生物可降膜垄>土垄>传统平作,土壤含水量随集雨垄宽度的增加而增加。垄沟集雨连续种植第4和5年紫花苜蓿全生育期各处理表层(0~1.2 m)土壤处于干旱胁迫状态,随生育期和生育年限延伸,干旱胁迫程度加剧,尤其传统平作。不同处理之间沟中土壤温度差异不明显,垄上土壤温度差异明显,随集雨垄宽度增加而增加。与传统平作相比,MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀(MCS、BF和PF分别代表土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄,下标分别表示垄宽为30、45和60 cm)的2年垄上平均土壤温度分别增加0.68、0.99、1.49、2.49、3.05、3.44、3.44、4.03和4.29 ℃。垄沟集雨种植具有调温保墒的作用,促进紫花苜蓿生长发育和产量形成,与传统平作相比,MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的2年紫花苜蓿全生育期平均实际干草产量分别增加7.77%、7.30%、2.11%、32.23%、29.95%、22.47%、40.88%、38.44%和28.37%,WUE分别增加17.94、26.16、29.57、17.35、19.47、17.85、20.99、22.66和20.63 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。多年生深根性豆科牧草紫花苜蓿的根系层土壤干燥化机理需要做进一步研究。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿; 垄沟集雨; 土壤水分; 土壤温度; 产量; 水分利用效率

Effects of ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting on soil moisture, temperature, and alfalfa fodder yield in a semi-arid region of China

ZHOU Xu-jiao¹, WANG Qi^2,^*, ZHANG Deng-kui², YIN Xin-wei^3,⁴, LI Xiao-ling¹, LIU Qing-lin⁵, JIA Sheng-hai¹

1.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

2.College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

3.Fukang Station for Desert Ecosystem Observation and Experiment, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

4.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

5.Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: wangqigsau@gmail.com

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the suitability of the ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system for the sustainable production of a perennial legume (alfalfa) in a semi-arid region of China. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different ridge mulching materials (manually compacted soil, MCS; biodegradable film, BF; and plastic film, PF) and different furrow-to-ridge ratios (60∶30, 60∶45, and 60∶60) on soil moisture, temperature, alfalfa forage yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in a completely randomized arrangement. Traditional flat planting (TFP) served as the control. Soil water storage at 0-3.0 m depth decreased as the alfalfa growth period progressed and the stand age increased over the consecutive alfalfa cultivation for 4-5 years. The treatments were ranked, from the highest soil water storage to the lowest soil water storage, as follows: PF>BF>MCS>TFP. The soil water storage increased with ridge width increasing. Soil desiccation in the surface layer (0-1.2 m) occurred in all treatments and aggravated as the alfalfa growth period progressed and the stand age increased, especially in TFP. The soil temperature on ridge tops differed significantly among treatments, but that at furrow bottoms did not. The soil temperature at ridge tops increased with ridge width increasing. Over the 2-year period, the average topsoil temperature on ridge tops increased by 0.68, 0.99, 1.49, 2.49, 3.05, 3.44, 3.44, 4.03 and 4.29 ℃ for MCS₃₀, MCS₄₅, MCS₆₀, BF₃₀, BF₄₅, BF₆₀, PF₃₀, PF₄₅, and PF₆₀ (where subscripts 30, 45, and 60 refer to ridge widths in cm), respectively, compared with that for TFP. Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting increased soil moisture and temperature, which promoted alfalfa growth, development, and yield. Over the 2-year period, in MCS₃₀, MCS₄₅, MCS₆₀, BF₃₀, BF₄₅, BF₆₀, PF₃₀, PF₄₅, and PF₆₀, the average annual forage yield increased by 7.77%, 7.30%, 2.11%, 32.23%, 29.95%, 22.47%, 40.88%, 38.44%, and 28.37%, respectively, and the average WUE increased by 17.94, 26.16, 29.57, 17.35, 19.47, 17.85, 20.99, 22.66, and 20.63 kg·ha^-1·mm^-1, respectively, compared with those in TFP. Further research is needed to investigate the soil desiccation mechanism in the alfalfa root zone in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting system.

Keyword: alfalfa; ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting; soil moisture; soil temperature; fodder yield; water use efficiency

文章图片

我国半干旱黄土高原区是典型的农牧交错带和生态环境脆弱带, 具有光热资源丰富、降水稀少、蒸发强烈、年积温低、作物生长期短、产量低等特点^[1]。在全球气候变暖背景下, 极端降水事件发生频率增加, 水资源短缺和水土流失严重, 加剧该区域农牧业生产危机性和不稳定性^[2]。同时, 过度放牧、坡地耕作和长期农作物连作等人类活动造成土地资源退化加快、水土流失严重和土壤水分及养分亏缺, 严重威胁该区粮食生产和食品安全^[3]。为了克服水资源短缺和水土流失严重等问题, 当地农民采取修梯田、淤堤坝、挖鱼鳞坑、垄沟集雨等措施。

垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术采用田间沟垄相间集雨和覆盖等技术改善土壤水热状况和作物生长条件, 减少土壤水分散失, 降低土壤侵蚀, 从而提高作物产量和水分利用效率(water use efficiency, WUE)等生理生态效应。垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术已成为全球干旱和半干旱区农田生态系统的一项重要农业种植模式^[4]。王琦等^[5]研究结果表明, 垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术可显著增加沟中土壤水分含量, 垄覆盖减少垄表面土壤水分无效蒸发, 增加沟中有效蒸腾, 同时, 垄覆膜增加垄上表层土壤温度, 降低沟中白天土壤温度和增加沟中夜间土壤温度。垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术增加土壤对光、热、水、气等的接受面积, 充分利用光热资源, 较大限度地拦截和汇集降水, 积蓄土壤水分, 提高农田降水利用率, 促进作物对水资源和光热资源的吸收利用^[6]。覆盖材料在大气与土壤接触面间形成隔离层, 防止水分直接散逸, 有效地积蓄自然降水; 同时, 消除土壤与外界的潜热损失, 减缓土壤温度下降速率, 有效减轻干旱和低温对作物伤害, 促进作物正常生长发育^[7]。

在我国半干旱黄土高原区, 紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是种植面积较大的多年生豆科牧草, 根系发达, 抗旱和再生能力强, 能有效截留降水, 减少地表径流和缓解水土流失^[8]。紫花苜蓿根系通常长达1.0~1.5 m, 在特殊土壤中, 紫花苜蓿根系可长达 2.4~4.5 m, 当降水和土壤水分匮乏时, 紫花苜蓿可以利用深层土壤剖面水分, 从而提高紫花苜蓿抗旱性和水分利用效率^[9]。在周期性干旱交替环境中, 深根性使紫花苜蓿得以生存, 同时, 紫花苜蓿种植可以为家畜提供营养丰富牧草。在极端降水稀少情况下, 紫花苜蓿枝叶茂盛和茎叶柔软多汁, 为野生动物、昆虫和鸟类提供食源和栖息地^[10]。紫花苜蓿根系与根瘤菌共生, 从而形成共生体固定氮素, 提高土壤肥力, 同时繁茂和耐践踏茎枝条提高土壤抗侵蚀能力^[11]。紫花苜蓿产量较高, 在适宜生长区, 生物量可达4.0× 10³~45.0× 10³ kg· hm^-2^[12]; 在半干旱地区, 紫花苜蓿生物量可达8.4× 10³~18.4× 10³ kg· h m^-2^[13]。然而, 在半干旱地区, 土壤干层和水土流失是限制紫花苜蓿可持续生产的重要因素^[14]。目前, 针对垄沟集雨种植的集雨效率、最佳垄沟比以及1年生作物增产效果等方面的研究较多, 但对多年生紫花苜蓿的土壤水热效应和产量等研究较少。

本研究结合该区域农业耕作措施发展特点和前景, 以连续种植第4和5年紫花苜蓿作为研究对象, 采用垄沟集雨种植大田试验, 研究垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿对不同生育时期和不同土层的土壤水热、干草产量和水分利用效率等的影响, 为推广垄沟集雨覆盖种植多年生紫花苜蓿提供理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验于2015年4月-2016年10月在中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地(N 35° 33', E 104° 35', 海拔1896.7 m)进行。试验区属于半干旱大陆性季风气候, 降水较少, 气候干燥。年日照时数2433.0 h, 年太阳总辐射5923.8 MJ· m^-2, 平均无霜期140 d, 年均气温6.7 ℃, 月平均最高气温和最低气温分别为18.6 ℃(7月)和-7.5 ℃(1月)。1971-2016年年均降水量为385.3 mm, 其中5-9月占79.19%。年均潜在蒸发量(1500 mm)约为年均降水量的3.89倍。试验区土壤为黄绵土, 田间持水量(以土壤质量含水量表征)为25.60%, 永久凋萎系数为6.70%, 平均土壤容重为1.38 g· cm^-3。当地耕作制度为1年1熟, 主要种植作物有春小麦(Triticum aestivum)、玉米(Zea mays)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)等, 主要种植牧草有紫花苜蓿和红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)等。

1.2 试验设计

试验以紫花苜蓿甘农3号为供试材料, 采用垄沟集雨种植技术, 垄覆盖不同材料作为集雨区, 沟无覆盖作为种植区, 共设10个处理(3个覆盖材料× 3个沟垄比+1平作), 重复3次, 小区随机排列。3个垄覆盖材料分别为塑料地膜、生物可降解地膜和土壤结皮, 3个沟垄比分别为60∶ 30、60∶ 45和60∶ 60[沟宽(cm)∶ 垄宽(cm)]。传统平作(traditional flat planting, TFP)无覆盖作为对照。土垄(ridge manually compacted soil)、生物可降解膜垄(ridge mulched with biodegradable film)和塑料膜垄(ridge mulched with plastic film)的代表符号分别为MCS、BF和PF。MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅和MCS₆₀[BF₃₀(或PF₃₀)、BF₄₅(或PF₄₅)和BF₆₀(或PF₆₀)]的垄宽分别为30、45和60 cm。根据当地种植经验, 垄长10 m, 垄高为15~20 cm, 呈半球形, 垄坡为34° ~45° 。试验处理见表1。塑料地膜由石家庄市开发区永盛塑料制品有限公司提供, 生物可降解地膜由德国BASF公司提供。塑料地膜和生物可降解地膜厚度均为0.008 mm, 宽度均为1.4 m, 土壤结皮为经人工木板拍实自然土壤和降水打击形成。除传统平作外, 每个小区包含4条垄和3条沟, 垄沟相间布置。

表1 垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿试验设计 Table 1 Experimental design for alfalfa production with ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting

1.3 种植管理

本试验开始于2012年, 在紫花苜蓿播种前30 d开始整地、人工划分小区、起垄和覆膜, 2012年4月10日条播, 对于垄沟集雨种植, 各小区每条沟面积(10.0 m× 0.6 m=6 m²)、种植面积(3条沟× 沟面积6 m² =18 m²)和种植密度(22.5 kg· hm^-2)相同, 行距为15 cm, 每条沟种植4行紫花苜蓿, 每个小区共计种植12行紫花苜蓿, 种植示意图见图1。传统平作没有集雨区, 种植面积为36 m²(10.0 m× 3.6 m), 相对种植密度和种植行距与垄沟集雨种植相同, 每个平作小区共种植24行紫花苜蓿。在紫花苜蓿返青前10 d(2015年4月1-7日和2016年3月20-30日)维修集雨垄的形状, 用塑料地膜和生物可降解地膜覆盖集雨垄, 地膜边缘埋入集雨垄底部土壤深3~5 cm。在紫花苜蓿收获后2~3 d(2015年10月8日和2016年10月10日)回收地膜残留。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 不进行灌溉、施肥和病虫害防治, 采用人工除草, 2015年除草时间分别为5月10日、6月15日、7月28日、9月5日和10月10日, 2016年分别为5月5日、6月10日、7月20日、8月25日和10月1日。

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	图1 紫花苜蓿种植示意图Fig.1 Schematic diagram for alfalfa production with ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting

1.4 样品采集和测定

1.4.1 降水量试验期间降水量等气象数据由中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地自动气象站(WS-STD1, 英国)提供。

降水距平百分率反映某段时期水文要素偏离同期多年平均值的程度, 降水距平百分率(D_P, %)根据以下公式计算^[15]:

D_P= $\frac{P - AP}{P}$ × 100%(1)

式中: P为计算时段内降水量(mm); AP为同期多年平均降水量(mm)。

1.4.2 土壤水分及土壤干旱程度在紫花苜蓿返青前1 d(2015年4月9日和2016年4月1日)、每茬刈割后1 d(2015年3次刈割时间分别为6月12日、7月30日和10月24日, 2016年3次刈割时间分别为6月11日、7月23日和10月16日)和降水(降水量> 5 mm)后1 d, 采用烘干法(105 ℃, 10 h)测定土壤含水量, 利用直径3.5 cm土钻在平作小区内和垄沟集雨种植沟内随机采样, 测定深度为3.0 m, 其中0~0.2 m土壤的分层深度为10 cm, 0.2~3.0 m土壤的分层深度为20 cm。土壤贮水量(W, mm)计算公式为:

W=θ × BD× H× 10(2)

式中: θ 为土壤质量含水量(%); H为土壤深度(cm); BD为土壤容重(g· cm^-3), 采用环刀法测定土壤容重, 测定深度和分层与土壤含水量相同。

作物生长发育所需水分主要依靠根系获得, 土壤水分是限制作物生长发育的重要因子之一, 分析土壤干旱程度能确定作物受旱状况。根据李柏贞等^[16]的研究结果, 利用土壤相对湿度(relative soil moisture, RSM)划分土壤干旱程度, 相对湿度为0~30%、30%~40%、40%~50%、50%~60%和60%~100%的土壤分别划分为特别重度干旱、重度干旱、中度干旱、轻度干旱和无干旱。土壤相对湿度(RSM, %)计算公式为:

RSM= $\frac{θ}{FC}$ × 100%(3)

式中: θ 为土壤质量含水量(%); FC为土壤田间持水量(%), 采用威尔克斯法^[17]测定田间持水量, 测定深度和分层与土壤含水量相同。

1.4.3 土壤温度及土壤有效积温在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 采用曲管水银地温计测定各小区沟中和垄上的土壤温度, 测定深度分别为5、10、15、20和25 cm, 测定间隔为5 d, 测定时间分别为8:00 am、2:00 pm和6:00 pm。将当天3次测定土壤温度平均值作为日平均土壤温度。土壤有效积温直接影响作物生长发育过程。根据史纪安等^[18]和阿米娜· 麦图尔迪等^[19]研究结果, 紫花苜蓿的基础有效温度为5 ℃, 则土壤有效积温(A_e, ℃)计算公式为:

$A_{e} = \overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} (T_{i} - 5)$ (4)

式中: n为计算时间(d); T_i为日平均地温(℃), 当T_i< 5 ℃时, 土壤有效温度记为0 ℃。

1.4.4 干草产量及水分利用效率在紫花苜蓿初花期(2015年6月12日和7月23日, 2016年6月11日和7月23日)和生长停止期(2015年10月24日, 2016年10月16日), 手工刈割紫花苜蓿, 留茬高度为4~5 cm。将紫花苜蓿地上部分均匀平摊于垄上, 自然风干后测定干草产量。根据实测作物产量数据及农田水量平衡法推求作物耗水量, 并确定垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率(WUE), 水分利用效率计算公式如下^[20]:

垄沟集雨种植:WUE= $\frac{NFY}{ET}$ = $\frac{NFY}{P + \frac{h_{1}}{h_{2}} \times P \times R_{e} + (W_{1} - W_{2})}$ (5)

平作: WUE= $\frac{AFY}{ET}$ = $\frac{AFY}{P + (W_{1} - W_{2})}$ = $\frac{NFY}{P + (W_{1} - W_{2})}$ (6)

式中: ET为垄沟集雨种植或平作的蒸散量(mm); P为紫花苜蓿全生育期降水量(mm); R_e为集雨垄的平均径流效率(%), Wang等^[21]研究发现, 不同集雨垄的径流效率随作物生育期延伸而改变, 为简化计算, 本试验采用紫花苜蓿全生育期, 土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的平均径流效率作为R_e输入值; h₁为垄宽(cm), h₂为沟宽(cm); W₁和W₂分别为紫花苜蓿返青前1 d和最后1次刈割后1 d测定的0~3.0 m土层土壤贮水量(mm); NFY为垄沟集雨种植的紫花苜蓿净干草产量(kg· hm^-2), 反映紫花苜蓿单株生长状况, NFY等于小区干草产量除以小区沟面积; AFY为垄沟集雨种植或平作的紫花苜蓿实际干草产量(kg· hm^-2), 反映土地生产力, AFY等于小区干草产量除以小区总面积(垄面积+沟面积)。

1.5 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2010和IBM SPSS 21.0软件进行方差分析, 用Duncan法进行方差分析多重比较(P< 0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 降水分布和平均气温变化特征

2015和2016年研究区总降水量分别为298.20和311.95 mm, 与1971-2016年年均降水量(385.3 mm)相比, 2015年为枯水年(降水距平百分率为-22.61%), 2016年为偏枯年(降水距平百分率为-19.04%)(图2)。2015和2016年紫花苜蓿全生育期降水量分别为250.10和251.95 mm, 占多年均降水量的比例分别为83.87%和80.77%。在2015年紫花苜蓿全生育期, ≤ 5 mm、5~10 mm、10~20 mm、> 20 mm的降水次数分别为54、5、4和2次, 降水量分别为93.50、35.70、64.70和56.20 mm; 在2016年紫花苜蓿全生育期, ≤ 5 mm、5~10 mm、10~20 mm、> 20 mm的降水次数分别为33、11、6和1次, 降水量分别为64.50、77.15、86.80和23.50 mm。连续2 年平均无效降水(< 5 mm降水)次数(44次)约为有效降水次数(15次)的2.93倍, 但有效降水对总降水量的贡献率(68.51%)约为无效降水贡献率(31.49%)的2.18倍。同时, 2015和2016年研究区年平均气温分别为8.98和9.15 ℃, 最高气温分别为33.80和33.40 ℃, 最低气温分别为-16.20和-21.60 ℃, 与过去48年(1967-2014年)年平均气温相比, 2015和2016年的年平均气温分别升高1.88和2.05 ℃。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 2015和2016年平均气温分别为15.89和16.69 ℃, 最高气温分别为33.80 和33.40 ℃, 最低气温分别为-1.40和-0.80 ℃。

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	图2 2015和2016年降水和气温变化Fig.2 Temporal variation of rainfall and air temperature in 2015 and 2016

2.2 垄沟集雨种植对土壤水分的影响

2.2.1 土壤水分垂直分布特征在2015和2016年紫花苜蓿返青前和3茬刈割后, 比较不同处理0~3.0 m土壤剖面的土壤含水量分布特征(图3)。各处理0~3.0 m土壤剖面的土壤含水量变化规律基本一致。在降水和蒸散发等作用下, 各处理0~40 cm土层土壤水分动态变化较剧烈, 40~300 cm土层土壤水分动态变化较平缓。随土层深度增加, 各处理土壤含水量呈先减小后增加趋势, 其中60~140 cm土层的土壤含水量最低, 同时, 不同处理之间差异逐渐减小。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 2015年4-5月气温较低, 月均降水量(35.35 mm)较少, 植株蒸腾和棵间蒸发较小, 在第1茬紫花苜蓿刈割后, 各处理土壤含水量明显降低, 尤其60~140 cm土层; 2016年4-5月月均降水量(56.43 mm)较多, 较多降水补偿土壤水分消耗, 在第1茬紫花苜蓿刈割后, 各处理土壤含水量降低不明显。2015和2016年6-7月气温较高, 植株蒸腾和棵间蒸发较大, 在第2茬紫花苜蓿刈割后, 各处理土壤含水量明显降低。2015年8-10月月均降水量(23.27 mm)和2016年8-10月月均降水量(32.30 mm)较少, 气温较高, 棵间蒸发较大, 植株蒸腾较小, 在第3茬紫花苜蓿刈割后, 各处理土壤含水量变化不明显。对3次刈割后各处理土壤含水量求平均值, 2015年TFP、MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的0~3.0 m平均土壤含水量分别为9.58%、9.70%、9.87%、10.04%、10.01%、10.40%、10.37%、10.44%、10.67%和10.70%; 2016年相同处理的0~3.0 m平均土壤含水量分别为9.52%、9.63%、9.83%、10.03%、10.00%、10.14%、10.53%、9.87%、10.52%和10.80%。对同一覆盖材料不同垄宽处理的0~3.0 m土壤含水量求均值, 得到土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的平均土壤含水量。连续2年研究结果显示, 土壤含水量依次排序为塑料膜垄> 生物可降解膜垄> 土垄> 传统平作, 土壤含水量随集雨垄宽度增加而增加。与传统平作相比, 土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的平均土壤含水量分别提高3.12%、7.22%和9.93%, 垄沟集雨种植能提高紫花苜蓿3茬收获期0~3.0 m土壤含水量。

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	图3 返青前和刈割后土壤剖面含水量Fig.3 Soil water content before post dormant emergency and after cutting

2015年在紫花苜蓿返青前、第1茬刈割后、第2茬刈割后和第3茬刈割后各处理的0~3.0 m平均土壤含水量分别为11.80%、10.88%、9.84%和9.81%; 2016年在紫花苜蓿返青前、第1茬刈割后、第2茬刈割后和第3茬刈割后各处理的0~3.0 m平均土壤含水量分别为10.92%、10.58%、10.21%和9.47%。连续2年研究结果显示, 各处理不同时期0~3.0 m平均土壤含水量次序为返青期> 第1茬刈割后> 第2茬刈割后> 第3茬刈割后, 2015年为枯水年, 2016年为偏枯年, 同时, 较高气温使紫花苜蓿垄沟集雨种植0~3.0 m的平均土壤含水量随紫花苜蓿生育期和生长年限增加而下降。

2.2.2 土壤贮水量及干旱程度对2015和2016年垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿不同处理土壤贮水量及干旱程度进行分析(图4)。在2015和2016年紫花苜蓿全生育期, 各处理0~1.2 m土层土壤贮水量随紫花苜蓿生育期延伸而减少。对紫花苜蓿全生育期的土壤贮水量求平均值, 2015年TFP、MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的0~1.2 m平均土壤贮水量分别为133.68、140.91、143.13、151.18、145.86、148.82、151.53、148.75、153.29和150.55 mm; 2016年相同处理的平均土壤贮水量分别为131.58、139.60、143.46、144.55、142.29、141.62、146.21、142.53、145.88和151.69 mm。随着紫花苜蓿生育期延伸, 各处理土壤干旱程度加剧。2015年, 在紫花苜蓿返青前, 各处理土壤贮水量处于土壤相对湿度40%~50%, 处于中度干旱状态; 在最后1次刈割后, 各处理土壤贮水量处于土壤相对湿度30%~40%, 处于重度干旱状态。2016年, 在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 各处理土壤贮水量处于土壤相对湿度30%~40%, 处于重度干旱状态。

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	图4 2015和2016年紫花苜蓿全生育期土壤贮水量和土壤相对湿度变化Fig.4 Dynamics of soil water storage and relative soil moisture during alfalfa growing seasons in 2015 and 2016

在2015和2016年紫花苜蓿全生育期, 各处理1.2~3.0 m土层土壤贮水量随紫花苜蓿生育期延伸而减少。对紫花苜蓿全生育期土壤贮水量求平均值, 2015年TFP、MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的1.2~3.0 m平均土壤贮水量分别为262.41、257.20、264.88、268.20、273.45、279.69、282.34、281.59、288.94和290.74 mm; 2016年相同处理的平均土壤贮水量分别为252.95、248.17、256.10、262.09、263.15、272.89、277.51、265.25、281.45和282.46 mm。随着紫花苜蓿生育期延伸, 各处理土壤干旱程度加剧。2015年, 在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 各处理1.2~3.0 m土层土壤处于中度干旱状态; 2016年, 在紫花苜蓿返青前, 各处理土壤贮水量处于土壤相对湿度40%~50%, 各处理1.2~3.0 m土层土壤处于中度干旱状态; 在最后1次刈割后, 各处理土壤贮水量处于土壤相对湿度30%~40%, 各处理1.2~3.0 m土层土壤处于重度干旱状态。

紫花苜蓿连续垄沟集雨种植第4和5年, 各处理0~1.2 m的土壤干旱程度重于1.2~3.0 m的土壤干旱程度; 在垄沟集雨种植体系中, 平作的干旱程度重于垄沟集雨种植处理, 土壤干旱程度随紫花苜蓿生育期和生长年限延伸而加剧。受降水量、大气温度、植株蒸腾和土壤蒸发等因素的交互影响, 部分降水缓解土壤干旱程度, 尤其是表层土壤的干旱程度, 但缓解土壤干旱的时间较短。长期降水不足导致紫花苜蓿消耗大量深层土壤水分, 加重土壤干化现象。

2.3 垄沟集雨种植对土壤温度的影响

2.3.1 表层土壤温度变化特征在垄沟集雨种植系统中, 地表覆盖和气候条件的交互作用影响土壤温度变化(图5)。从返青期至初夏, 垄上和沟中表层(0~25 cm)土壤温度随气温增加而增加; 在夏季和秋季, 垄上和沟中表层土壤温度随气温下降和降水而降低。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 垄上表层土壤温度明显高于沟中土壤温度。不同处理垄上土壤温度差异明显, 而沟中土壤温度差异不明显。2015年TFP、MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的紫花苜蓿全生育期垄上平均土壤温度分别为15.95、17.77、18.09、18.45、19.54、20.16、20.42、20.33、20.98和20.96 ℃, 沟中平均土壤温度分别为15.95、15.75、15.75、16.16、16.46、16.28、16.39、16.44、16.18和16.23 ℃; 2016年相同处理的垄上平均土壤温度分别为21.17、20.71、21.00、21.65、22.56、23.05、23.57、23.67、24.19和24.73 ℃, 沟中平均土壤温度分别为21.17、19.26、20.17、19.04、20.41、19.51、18.78、19.79、19.38和19.41 ℃。2015年土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的垄上平均土壤温度分别为18.11、20.04和20.75 ℃, 沟中平均土壤温度分别为15.89、16.38和16.28 ℃; 2016年土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的垄上平均土壤温度分别为21.12、23.06和24.20 ℃, 沟中平均土壤温度分别为19.49、19.56和19.53 ℃。连续2 年垄上平均土壤温度排列次序为塑料膜垄> 生物可降解膜垄> 土垄> 传统平作。与传统平作相比, 2015年MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的垄上平均土壤温度分别增加1.83、2.15、2.51、3.60、4.22、4.47、4.38、5.03和5.01 ℃; 2016年MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅的垄上平均土壤温度分别减少0.46和0.17 ℃, MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的垄上平均土壤温度分别增加0.48、1.39、1.89、2.40、2.50、3.02和3.56 ℃。2015年土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的垄上平均土壤温度分别增加2.16、4.10和4.81 ℃; 2016年土垄的垄上平均土壤温度减少0.05 ℃, 生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的垄上平均土壤温度分别增加1.89和3.03 ℃。

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	图5 2015和2016年垄上和沟中土壤温度及气温变化Fig.5 Dynamics of soil temperature and air temperature on ridge tops and at furrow bottoms in 2015 and 2016

2.3.2 土壤有效积温变化特征对垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿不同处理垄上和沟中土壤有效积温进行分析比较(图6)。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 不同处理垄上土壤有效积温差异明显, 而沟中土壤有效积温差异不明显, 且各处理垄上土壤有效积温明显高于沟中。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 2015年TFP、MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的垄上土壤有效积温分别为2162.88、2544.44、2586.33、2664.11、2868.18、2982.82、3042.10、3035.84、3143.99和3153.85 ℃, 沟中土壤有效积温分别为2162.88、2157.13、2145.90、2222.94、2307.00、2258.70、2268.80、2282.88、2246.41和2234.53 ℃; 2016年相同处理的垄上土壤有效积温分别为2993.76、3073.76、3130.00、3256.99、3425.97、3531.90、3629.70、3636.88、3746.78和3849.63 ℃, 沟中土壤有效积温分别为2993.76、2790.04、2973.40、2758.94、3020.29、2839.95、2702.85、2895.97、2815.19和2830.72 ℃。同一覆盖材料下, 紫花苜蓿全生育期沟中土壤有效积温随垄宽增加变化不明显, 而垄上土壤有效积温随集雨垄宽度增加而增加。对同一覆盖材料不同垄宽的垄上土壤有效积温求平均值, 得到土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的垄上土壤有效积温。2015年塑料膜垄的垄上土壤有效积温显著(P< 0.05)高于生物可降解膜垄, 生物可降解膜垄的垄上土壤有效积温显著高于土垄, 土垄的垄上土壤有效积温显著高于平作; 2016年塑料膜垄的垄上土壤有效积温显著高于生物可降解膜垄, 生物可降解膜垄的垄上土壤有效积温显著高于土垄和平作, 土垄与平作之间差异不显著。

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	图6 2015和2016年垄上和沟中土壤有效积温比较不同小写字母表示差异显著 (P< 0.05)。Fig.6 Comparison of soil effective accumulated temperature on ridge tops and at furrow bottoms in 2015 and 2016 Different lowercase letters mean significant differences (P< 0.05).

2.4 垄沟集雨种植对紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率的影响

各处理的净干草产量大于实际干草产量(表2)。就紫花苜蓿全生育期实际干草产量而言, 连续2年研究结果显示, 第1茬紫花苜蓿干草产量明显高于第2和3茬。就紫花苜蓿全生育期而言, 与传统平作相比, 2015年MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的实际干草产量分别增加19.94%、9.13%、5.76%、53.20%、41.83%、29.77%、62.69%、54.63%和39.82%; 2016年MCS₃₀和MCS₆₀的干草产量分别减少4.39%和1.55%, MCS₄₅、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的实际干草产量分别增加5.47%、11.26%、18.07%、15.18%、19.08%、22.24%和16.93%。同一覆盖材料下, 紫花苜蓿全生育期实际干草产量2015年随集雨垄宽度增加而减少, 2016年随集雨垄宽度增加先增加后减少。连续2年结果显示, 塑料膜垄和生物可降解膜垄的实际干草产量显著高于土垄和平作, 塑料膜垄与生物可降解膜垄之间、平作与土垄之间差异不显著。

表2 2015和2016年垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率 Table 2 Alfalfa forage yield and water use efficiency with ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting in 2015 and 2016

处理 Treatments	干草产量 Forage yield (kg· hm^-2)															水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg· hm^-2· mm^-1)
	第1茬 First cut				第2茬 Second cut				第3茬 Third cut				全生育期 Annual total
	NFY	AFY			NFY	AFY			NFY		AFY		NFY		AFY
2015
TFP	4306g		4306e	2260e			2260cd	811f		811c		7377h		7377e		23.40e
MCS₃₀	9172f		5503cd	3800d			2280cd	1774e		1065bc		14746g		8848d		43.87cd
MCS₄₅	9615ef		4807de	4411cd			2205cd	2075de		1037bc		16100g		8050e		46.95abc
MCS₆₀	11007de		4717de	4773c			2046d	2424bcde		1039bc		18204f		7802e		50.51a
BF₃₀	11317cde		6790ab	5165bc			3099ab	2354cde		1412ab		18835ef		11301a		45.63bc
BF₄₅	12469bcd		6235bc	5758ab			2879ab	2697abcd		1349ab		20924cd		10462b		45.20bc
BF₆₀	13102abc		5615cd	6149a			2635bc	3085ab		1322ab		22336bc		9573cd		40.37d
PF₃₀	12290bcd		7374a	5240bc			3144a	2471bcd		1483a		20001de		12001a		48.38ab
PF₄₅	13918ab		6959ab	5983ab			2992ab	2911abc		1455a		22812ab		11406a		48.64ab
PF₆₀	14273a		6117bc	6539a			2803ab	3253a		1394ab		24065a		10314bc		46.00bc
平均值 Mean
TFP	4306g		4306e	2260e			2260cd	811f		811c		7377h		7377e		23.40e
MCS	10184b		4845b	4504b			2143b	2197b		1041c		16885b		8028b		47.11a
BF	12622a		6021a	5866a			2795a	2832a		1344b		21320a		10160a		43.73a
PF	13895a		6631a	6148a			2925a	3014a		1431a		23057a		10987a		47.67a
2016
TFP	6611h		6611e	1593g			1593c	1454g		1454bc		9657i		9657f		32.23h
MCS₃₀	11157g		6694e	2139f			1283e	2093f		1256d		15389h		9233g		47.63f
MCS₄₅	14824d		7412d	2898e			1449d	2648de		1324cd		20370e		10185e		60.99b
MCS₆₀	15398c		6599e	3213d			1377de	3574c		1532b		22185d		9508fg		64.25a
BF₃₀	12648f		7589cd	2815e			1689bc	2444e		1467bc		17907g		10744d		44.70g
BF₄₅	15861b		7931ab	3500c			1750b	3444c		1722a		22806c		11403bc		49.36e
BF₆₀	17963a		7698bc	4037ab			1730bc	3954ab		1694a		25954a		11123c		50.95d
PF₃₀	13222e		7933ab	3037de			1822ab	2907d		1744a		19167f		11500ab		49.22e
PF₄₅	16056b		8028a	3870b			1935a	3685bc		1843a		23611b		11806a		52.30c
PF₆₀	17898a		7671c	4238a			1816ab	4213a		1806a		26349a		11292bc		50.89d
平均值 Mean
TFP	6611h		6611e	1593g			1593c	1454g		1454bc		9657i		9657f		32.23h
MCS	14672a		6971b	2954a			1399d	2998a		1409c		20623a		9778b		57.63a
BF	16438a		7789a	3663a			1734b	3560a		1681ab		23660a		11205a		48.33a
PF	16560a		7859a	3941a			1870a	3833a		1815a		24334a		11544a		50.81a

注:同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。

Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences (P< 0.05).

表2 2015和2016年垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率 Table 2 Alfalfa forage yield and water use efficiency with ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting in 2015 and 2016

水分利用效率(WUE)反映作物耗水与作物干物质生产之间的关系。连续2年数据显示, 垄沟集雨种植能显著提高紫花苜蓿的WUE(表2)。与传统平作相比, 2015年MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的WUE分别增加20.48、23.55、27.12、22.23、21.80、16.98、24.99、25.24和22.60 kg· hm^-2· mm^-1, 2016年相同处理的WUE分别增加15.41、28.76、32.02、12.47、17.13、18.72、16.99、20.07和18.66 kg· hm^-2· mm^-1。2015年土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的WUE分别为传统平作的2.01、1.87和2.04倍; 2016年土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的WUE分别为传统平作的1.79、1.50和1.58倍。连续2年结果显示, 塑料膜垄、生物可降解膜垄和土垄的WUE显著高于平作, 塑料膜垄与生物可降解膜垄和土垄之间差异不显著。

3 讨论

在干旱和半干旱区, 稀少和不规则的降水特征对区域农牧业发展具有较大影响, 采用垄沟集雨种植技术能适应全球气候变化和改变作物水分利用模式^[22]。垄沟集雨措施将传统平作改变为垄沟相间的地形, 垄作为集雨区, 降水在集雨垄面形成径流, 径流沿垄面汇集于种植区沟内, 增加种植区沟内土壤含水量。紫花苜蓿为多年生深根性豆科牧草, 地下根系发达, 在改善生态环境、水土保持方面具有天然优势; 同时, 紫花苜蓿具有高产、优质、适应性强、分布广等优点, 是首选家畜优质粗饲料, 然而, 日益加剧的干旱对紫花苜蓿的种植构成严重威胁。紫花苜蓿蒸散量高于其他作物, 而较高蒸散导致深层土壤经常处于水分亏缺状态, 从而产生土壤干层, 导致紫花苜蓿植被衰退, 干旱程度随紫花苜蓿生长年限增加而增加^[23]。李玉山^[24]认为在紫花苜蓿生长连续种植第3年, 土壤干层主要出现于1.0~2.1 m, 在紫花苜蓿连续生长第6年, 土壤干层导致苜蓿种群密度、茎粗和叶面积下降。本研究发现, 研究区2015和2016年分别属于枯水年和偏枯年, 降水不足和土壤水分累积消耗导致垄沟集雨种植各处理0~3.0 m土层土壤含水量均呈“ V” 字形分布, 表层(0~40 cm)和深层(140~300 cm)土壤含水量较高, 中间层(40~140 cm)土壤含水量较低。与传统平作相比, 垄沟集雨种植能提高紫花苜蓿3茬收获期0~3.0 m土壤含水量。紫花苜蓿垄沟集雨种植0~3.0 m的平均土壤含水量随紫花苜蓿生育期和生长年限增加而下降。周宏等^[25]研究表明, 垄沟集雨种植具有高效的集雨性和减少蒸散性, 能提高土壤水分潜在恢复能力, 对土壤干旱程度具有一定的缓解效应。本研究中, 与传统平作相比, MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的2年紫花苜蓿全生育期0~3.0 m平均土壤贮水量分别增加2.63、13.48、22.70、22.06、31.19、38.49、28.75、44.47和47.41 mm。垄沟集雨种植可减少土壤水分无效蒸发, 增加翌年作物返青前的土壤贮水量和缓解干旱胁迫, 具有较好集水保墒和缓解干旱等效果。本研究发现, 垄沟集雨连续种植第4和5年紫花苜蓿各处理处于干旱胁迫状态, 随生育期延伸, 各处理的干旱胁迫状态加剧, 尤其是传统平作。在降水量少和降水分布不规律的干旱和半干旱区, 垄沟集雨种植可适当缓解干旱胁迫, 但无法彻底解决多年生深根性豆科牧草紫花苜蓿种植的干旱胁迫问题。许多研究表明^{[26, 27, 28]}, 我国半干旱黄土高原区土层深厚, 紫花苜蓿草地年蒸散量大于年降水量, 浅层土壤水分不能满足植物生长需要, 较高蒸散导致土壤干化和土壤干层形成。

在垄沟集雨种植中, 垄沟相间地形可降低沟中风速, 垄面覆盖材料可提高日间土壤增温幅度和减缓夜间土壤降温幅度, 有利于土壤吸收和贮存热量。同时, 土壤积温对作物生长发育和干物质积累影响较大^{[29, 30]}。申丽霞等^[31]研究发现, 在玉米出苗关键期, 生物可降解地膜和塑料地膜能显著提高0~0.1 m土壤积温, 出苗期提前4 d。本试验发现, 在连续2年紫花苜蓿全生育期, 垄沟集雨种植对垄上表层土壤温度影响明显。与传统平作相比, 土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的2年垄上平均土壤温度分别增加1.05、2.99和3.92 ℃, 且垄上土壤温度随集雨垄宽度增加而增加。侯慧芝等^[32]研究发现, 与平作相比, 全膜覆盖垄沟种植和全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植的马铃薯全生育期≥ 10 ℃土壤有效积温分别增加482.80~616.00 ℃和401.80~550.00 ℃。本试验发现, 与传统平作相比, MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的2年垄上土壤有效积温分别增加230.78、279.84、382.23、568.76、679.04、757.58、758.04、867.06和923.42 ℃, 垄沟集雨种植未明显改变紫花苜蓿全生育期沟中土壤有效积温。在紫花苜蓿全生育期, 塑料地膜和生物可降解地膜可阻碍土壤和大气间的潜热通量和热传导, 增加垄上土壤温度和有效积温。在紫花苜蓿现蕾期和刈割期, 较高植株阻碍太阳辐射, 垄上覆盖材料对垄上土壤温度和有效积温的效果随生育期延伸而减小。在本研究中, 沟无覆盖, 作为种植区, 沟中采光面积随植株生长而减小, 垄上覆盖材料对沟中土壤温度和有效积温影响不明显。

垄沟集雨种植能汇集天然降水和径流, 增加沟中土壤水分入渗深度, 减少垄上水分蒸发损失, 提高降水资源利用率和土壤水分有效性, 从而促进作物生长发育^[33]。Li 等^[34]研究表明, 在干旱年份, 垄沟集雨种植有利于降水富集和作物生产力维持。本试验表明, 就土地生产力而言, 与传统平作相比, MCS₃₀、MCS₄₅、MCS₆₀、BF₃₀、BF₄₅、BF₆₀、PF₃₀、PF₄₅和PF₆₀的2年实际干草产量分别增加26.27%、50.33%、54.74%、49.12%、71.45%、81.99%、59.40%、78.76%和86.05%, WUE分别增加17.94、26.16、29.57、17.35、19.47、17.85、20.99、22.66和20.63 kg· hm^-2· mm^-1。在垄沟集雨种植中, 土壤水热条件是影响作物生长发育的重要因素。垄沟集雨种植改变局部微地形, 从而增大土壤比表面积和改变土壤与大气间的水热交换, 进而改善土壤水热条件。刘玉华等^[35]研究表明, 热量指标影响紫花苜蓿再生性, 相对较低温度有利于紫花苜蓿第2和3茬草产量及全年草产量的提高。本研究发现, 与传统平作相比, 垄沟集雨种植增加沟中土壤水分和缓解土壤干旱程度, 同时, 沟中地温处于相对较低水平, 避免了紫花苜蓿生长中期和后期的高温脱水等现象。在干旱和半干旱区, 垄沟集雨种植技术能潜在提高农牧业生产力, 后续有待对多年生深根性豆科牧草紫花苜蓿土壤水热平衡, 尤其根系层土壤干燥化, 做进一步深入研究。

4 结论

在紫花苜蓿连续种植第4和5年, 与传统平作相比, 垄沟集雨种植可提高0~3.0 m土层土壤含水量, 依次排序为塑料膜垄> 生物可降膜垄> 土垄> 传统平作, 且土壤含水量随集雨垄宽度增加而增加; 垄沟集雨种植明显缓解土壤干旱胁迫, 但垄沟集雨连续种植第4和5年紫花苜蓿一直处于干旱胁迫状态, 随生育期延伸, 各处理干旱胁迫程度加剧, 尤其是传统平作。不同处理之间的沟中土壤温度差异不明显, 垄上土壤温度差异明显, 且垄上的土壤温度随集雨垄宽度增加而增加; 垄沟集雨种植具有调温保墒的作用, 能提高紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率, 今后对多年生深根性豆科牧草紫花苜蓿的根系层土壤干燥化机理需要做进一步研究。

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[20]	Ren X, Wang Q, Zhang E H, et al. Effects of mulching materials and furrow-to-ridge ratios on oat grain/hay yield and water use efficiency under rainwater harvesting cultivation. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(8): 945-954. 任祥, 王琦, 张恩和, 等. 覆盖材料和沟垄比对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(8): 945-954. [本文引用:1]
[21]	Wang Q, Ren X, Song X Y, et al. The optimum ridge-furrow ratio and suitable ridge-covering material in rainwater harvesting for oats production in semiarid regions of China. Field Crops Research, 2015, 172: 106-118. [本文引用:1]
[22]	Ali S, Jan A, Zhang P, et al. Effects of ridge-covering mulches on soil water storage and maize production under simulated rainfall in semiarid regions of China. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 178: 1-11. [本文引用:1]
[23]	Wan S M, Jia Z K, Han Q F, et al. Dry soil layer forming and soil moisture restoration of alfalfa grassland in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(3): 1045-1051. 万素梅, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 等. 黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及水分恢复. 生态学报, 2008, 28(3): 1045-1051. [本文引用:1]
[24]	Li Y S. Fluctuation of yield on high-yield field and desiccation of the soil on dryland . Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2001, 38(3): 353-356. 李玉山. 旱作高产田产量波动性和土壤干燥化. 土壤学报, 2001, 38(3): 353-356. [本文引用:1]
[25]	Zhou H, Zhang H J, Mo F, et al. Ecological process of water transformation in furrow and ridge mulching system in oat field under extreme drought scenario. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(7): 1757-1771. 周宏, 张恒嘉, 莫非, 等. 极端干旱条件下燕麦垄沟覆盖系统水生态过程. 生态学报, 2014, 34(7): 1757-1771. [本文引用:1]
[26]	Huang M B, Yang X M, Li Y S. Hydro-ecological effect of the soil dry layer as affected by use in the Loess Plateau, Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2003, 11(3): 119-122. 黄明斌, 杨新民, 李玉山. 黄土高原生物利用型土壤干层的水文生态效应研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(3): 119-122. [本文引用:1]
[27]	Liu P S, Jia Z K, Li J, et al. *Moisture dynamics of soil dry layer and water restoring effects of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) grain crop rotation on soil dry layer in alfalfa farmland s in mountainous region of Southern Ningxia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(1): 183-191. 刘沛松, 贾志宽, 李军, 等. 宁南山区紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa)土壤干层水分动态及草粮轮作恢复效应*. 生态学报, 2008, 28(1): 183-191. [本文引用:1]
[28]	Luo Z Z, Niu Y N, Li L L, et al. Response of soil physical properties to alfalfa growth years in the Western Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(11): 1500-1507. 罗珠珠, 牛伊宁, 李玲玲, 等. 黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤物理性质对苜蓿种植年限的响应. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(11): 1500-1507. [本文引用:1]
[29]	Zhu W, Li X, Li H J, et al. Soil moisture and temperature for plateau plastic mulching cultivation in dryland s of Loess Plateau. Agriculture Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(6): 32-40. 朱伟, 黎晓, 李会杰, 等. 黄土旱塬垄作覆膜栽培土壤水分及温度变化研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(6): 32-40. [本文引用:1]
[30]	Hu G R, Wang Q, Song X Y, et al. Effects of furrow-mulching materials on soil temperature, crop yield and water use efficiency in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(5): 590-599. 胡广荣, 王琦, 宋兴阳, 等. 沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤温度、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(5): 590-599. [本文引用:1]
[31]	Shen L X, Wang P, Zhang L L, et al. Effects of degradable film on soil temperature, moisture and growth of maize. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(6): 25-30. 申丽霞, 王璞, 张丽丽, 等. 可降解地膜对土壤、温度水分及玉米生长发育的影响. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(6): 25-30. [本文引用:1]
[32]	Hou H Z, Wang J, Zhang X C, et al. Effects of mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges on soil water content, temperature and potato yield in rain-fed semiarid region. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(10): 1582-1590. 侯慧芝, 王娟, 张绪成, 等. 半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(10): 1582-1590. [本文引用:1]
[33]	Li J Y, Wang Y P, Han M Y, et al. Soil moisture dynamics of apple orchards in loess hilly area of Northern Shaanxi Province. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(5): 749-758. 李佳旸, 王延平, 韩明玉, 等. 陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果园的土壤水分动态研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(5): 749-758. [本文引用:1]
[34]	Li C, Wang C, Wen X, et al. Ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching practice improves maize productivity and resource use efficiency under the wheat-maize double-cropping system in dry semi-humid areas. Field Crops Research, 2017, 203: 201-211. [本文引用:1]
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2005

0.0

... 我国半干旱黄土高原区是典型的农牧交错带和生态环境脆弱带,具有光热资源丰富、降水稀少、蒸发强烈、年积温低、作物生长期短、产量低等特点^[1] ...

2015

0.0

... 在全球气候变暖背景下,极端降水事件发生频率增加,水资源短缺和水土流失严重,加剧该区域农牧业生产危机性和不稳定性^[2] ...

2014

0.0

... 同时,过度放牧、坡地耕作和长期农作物连作等人类活动造成土地资源退化加快、水土流失严重和土壤水分及养分亏缺,严重威胁该区粮食生产和食品安全^[3] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 29(8):1-17

Development and application of micro-field rain-harvesting technologies

田间微集雨技术研究及应用

Mo F , Zhou H , Wang J Y

莫非, 周宏, 王建永

Abstract: In the typical rainfed agricultural regions of China such as the Loess Plateau, average annual rainfall ranges from 300 to 550 mm. Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is extremely uneven and there is a serious dislocation between water supply and demand during critical period of crop water requirement. Developing efficient rain-harvesting farming technology is critical for local food production. Over last three decades, micro-field rain-harvesting and evaporation-preventing techniques have gradually become major tillage management approaches in rainfed agricultural areas of the Loess Plateau. Since 1980s, various micro-field rainwater-harvesting techniques have been developed with integrating mulching (film, gravel or straw) practices in the Loess Plateau. These techniques include ridge-furrow cultivation with half, whole or without mulching, and flat planting with mulching. Especially, large-area extension and application of the techniques for ridge and furrow with whole plastic mulching has played a vital supporting role to ensure the increase in grain yield per unit area in a large extent in dry areas of northwest China. Currently, this farming technique was widely recognized as an optimal pattern of micro-field rain-harvesting technology. In general, micro-field rainwater-harvesting mulching technology was designed as alternating furrow and ridge array with partly or fully mulching on the topsoil. The ridge and the furrow were used to harvest and collect runoff, respectively, and crop was planted in the furrow. This paper reviewed the evolution process of micro-field rain-harvesting and evaporation techniques and their influences on farmland ecosystem. We also summarized the effects of ridge-furrow mulching modes and sowing methods on crop yield formation, water use efficiency, crop ecophysiology, soil quality, soil microbial, weeds, plant diseases and insect pests, mulching residues and crop phenology. In addition, enhanced productivity and efficiency, potential ecological risks of these techniques and their interactions were analyzed. As for design of ridge and furrow specification, the width ratio between ridge and furrow varied from crop type, rainfall amount to air temperature. In most areas of the Loess Plateau, the optimal width ratios between ridge and furrow were 60 cm: 40 cm and 60 cm: 60 cm for potato and corn, respectively, to achieve the greatest grain yield. Among a variety of mulching materials, plastic film was the most widely used, mainly because it displayed the advantages in evaporation prevention, yield improvement and low price. Existing studies showed that plastic mulching would increase soil surface temperature and lead to better performance in grain yield and dry matter accumulation particularly in those areas with high elevation and low accumulated temperature. In the areas with annual air temperature accumulation of less than 5℃, grain yield of plastic-mulched corn was up to 11 times more in comparison with that of traditional flat planting system. In addition, this technique increased the residues of root system in soil, and accordingly enhanced population sizes and biological activities of soil bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, crop growth period was shortened by 7-15 days as a result of application of this technology in the Loess Plateau. However, plastic film mulching for years brought about increased plastic residues in soil and accordingly led to soil pollution and related environmental problem. Finally, efficiency, sustainability and developmental potential of these techniques were discussed aiming to provide theoretical guidance for sustainable management of rainfed agricultural ecosystem.

过去30 a，田间微集雨技术逐渐发展成为黄土高原雨养农业区的主要耕作技术。自上世纪八十年代以来，不同田间微集雨及覆盖（地膜、砂石和秸秆）栽培技术在黄土高原不断更新换代，先后经历了垄沟无覆盖技术、平地覆盖技术、垄沟半覆盖技术和垄沟全覆盖技术等发展过程，特别是沟垄地膜全覆盖技术大面积推广和应用，为西北旱区粮食单产大幅度提高提供了强大的支撑作用。本文综述了田间微集雨技术的演变历程及对农田生态系统的影响及机理，归纳了垄沟和覆盖模式及播种方式对作物产量形成、水分利用效率、作物生理生态、土壤质量、土壤微生物、杂草、病虫害、覆盖物残留和作物物候等的影响，并分析了该技术的高产高效和生态风险以及两者的互作关系。文章最后还对该技术的高效性、可持续性和发展潜力进行了讨论，旨在对雨养农业生态系统的可持续管理提供理论指导。

... 垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术已成为全球干旱和半干旱区农田生态系统的一项重要农业种植模式^[4] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 21(2):38-41

Optimum ratio of ridge to furrow for planting potato in micro-water harvesting system in semiarid areas

半干旱地区沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯最优沟垄比的确定

Wang Q , Zhang E H , Li F M

王琦, 张恩和, 李凤民

The ridge and furrow micro-water harvesting(RFMH) system was developed by scientists in Gansu Province over a decade ago, which was designed to increase water available for crops for higher and more stable agricultural yield on rainfed lands under semiarid condition. In the experiment there are three ridge-furrow ratios and two pad materials. The ridges covered with plastic film and ridges compacted with soil serve as rainfall harvesting zones, and furrows serve as planting zones. The field experiment(potato as an indicator crop, because potato is popular and suitable in the study region) was conducted to determine the effects of different ridge-furrow ratios and different pad materials on tuber yield and water use efficiency(WUE) in the RFMH system during the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002.The experimental results showed that the ridge-furrow ratio and pad material had significant effects on tuber yields and WUE. The WUEs in ridges covered with plastic film were 2.8 times as high as that of the controls in 2001 and 2.4 times in 2002, respectively. No differences were found in WUE between ridges compacted with soil and controls. Although the tuber yields are different because of precipitation in 2001 and 2002, the increases of tuber yields have the similar tendency. On the average the tuber yields in ridges covered with plastic film increased by 231% in 2001 and by 153% in 2002 compared with those of the controls, and the tuber yields in the ridges compacted with soil increased by 58% in 2001 and by 23% in 2002 compared with those of the controls. By straight line regression analysis, the optimum ridge-furrow ratios for ridges covered with plastic film were 60 cm∶41 cm in 2001 and 60 cm∶39 cm in 2002, respectively. Through two years' field experiments, the optimum ridge-to-furrow ratio was 60 cm∶40 cm for plastic-covered ridge in the semiarid areas in Loess Plateau of Northwest China.

采用沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯，垄作为集水区，沟作为种植区，采用三种沟垄比和两种下垫面材料。在2001～2002年的试验中，膜垄种植马铃薯平均水分利用效率分别是对照的2.8倍(2001)和2.4倍(2002)，土垄种植马铃薯水分利用效率和对照相差不大；由于降雨量和降雨高峰期出现时段的不同，虽然使2001～2002年度沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯产量有所差异，但在两年试验中，马铃薯增产趋势基本一致,膜垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高231%(2001)和153%(2002)，土垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高58%(2001)和23%(2002)。通过直线回归分析，在半干旱地区膜垄种植马铃薯最佳沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm，当沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm马铃薯产量的期望值可以达到最大，该技术是适合于半干旱地区的能较好提高降水利用率和产量的一种种植方式。

... 王琦等^[5]研究结果表明,垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术可显著增加沟中土壤水分含量,垄覆盖减少垄表面土壤水分无效蒸发,增加沟中有效蒸腾,同时,垄覆膜增加垄上表层土壤温度,降低沟中白天土壤温度和增加沟中夜间土壤温度 ...

2016

0.0

... 垄沟集雨覆盖种植技术增加土壤对光、热、水、气等的接受面积,充分利用光热资源,较大限度地拦截和汇集降水,积蓄土壤水分,提高农田降水利用率,促进作物对水资源和光热资源的吸收利用^[6] ...

2015

0.0

... 同时,消除土壤与外界的潜热损失,减缓土壤温度下降速率,有效减轻干旱和低温对作物伤害,促进作物正常生长发育^[7] ...

2017

0.0

... 在我国半干旱黄土高原区,紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是种植面积较大的多年生豆科牧草,根系发达,抗旱和再生能力强,能有效截留降水,减少地表径流和缓解水土流失^[8] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 16(3):307-312

Rooting depth of alfalfa

紫花苜蓿根系入土深度

Sun H R , Wu R X , Li P H

孙洪仁, 武瑞鑫, 李品红

Institute of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China

Factors affecting the alfalfa rooting depth and the rooting depth in several natural regions were reviewed in this paper.Factors affecting the alfalfa rooting depth include the depth of the soil layer,underground water level,the soil characteristics,ploughing,fertilization,irrigation,defoliation,growth regulators,cultivars and growing year.Depth of soil layer,underground water level,soil characteristics and growing year had a great influence on the alfalfa rooting depth.Thinner the depth of soil layer,higher the underground water level,severer the soil obstacle,shorter the growing year,the rooting depth was shallower.Deep tillage,fertilization,application of plant growth regulators could promote the root penetration.Under different irrigation patterns,the rooting depth was slightly different.The more frequent the clipping,the shallower the rooting depth was.There was a certain degree difference with the rooting depth between different varieties.Among the different natural regions and growing year,there was great difference with the rooting depth.In some situations which the depth of soil layer was thin and the underground water level was high,the rooting depth depended on the depth of the soil layer and underground water level.When the soil obstacle was severer,the rooting depth was always below 1 m,generally less than 2 m.In some situations without obvious soil obstacle,the rooting depth of one growing year alfalfa was about 1～2 m,that of 2 to 5 growing year’s was about 2～5 m.

综述了紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa L.)根系入土深度的影响因子和若干自然区域的紫花苜蓿根系入土深度,为其根系的深入研究及栽培管理提供依据.影响紫花苜蓿根系入土深度的因子包括土层厚度、地下水位、土壤特性、耕作、施肥、灌溉、刈割、生长调节剂、品种和生长年限,其中土层厚度、地下水位、土壤特性和生长年限对紫花苜蓿根系入土深度的影响较大;土层越薄、地下水位越高、土壤障碍(酸、碱、盐、粘重、紧实和贫瘠)越重、生长年限越短,根系入土深度越浅;深耕、施肥和应用生长调节剂皆可促进苜蓿根系下扎;不同灌溉模式根系入土深度略有不同;刈割频率越高,根系入土深度越浅;不同品种根系入土深度存在一定差异;不同自然区域和生长年限紫花苜蓿根系入土深度差异很大;在土层薄及地下水位高的情况下,紫花苜蓿根系入土深度取决于土层厚度和地下水位;当土壤障碍较为严重时,紫花苜蓿根系入土深度常可浅至不足1 m,一般不超过2 m;在无明显土壤障碍因子的情况下,生长1年紫花苜蓿根系入土深度约为1~2 m,生长2-5年者多在2~5 m之间.

... 5 m,当降水和土壤水分匮乏时,紫花苜蓿可以利用深层土壤剖面水分,从而提高紫花苜蓿抗旱性和水分利用效率^[9] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 30(19):5140-5150

Root morphological variation and water use in alfalfa under drought stress

干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿根系形态变化及与水分利用的关系

Li W R , Zhang S Q , Ding S Y

李文娆, 张岁岐, 丁圣彦

Great challenge in agricultural production is how to harvest more with less water consumption. Improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) for plant itself becomes increasingly more important. Root system is essential to uptake water from soil for plant growth. However, it is still a divergent topic about the regulating mechanism between root morphological variations and shoots water consumption.To clarify a relationship between WUE change and root morphological characteristics further under water deficit and understand the adaptive traits to drought stress of root morphological components, the response of biomass, water dissipation and root morphology, including root length, root surface-area, root volume, basal diameter of main root to the continual drought stress conditions were studied in potted one- and two-year old alfalfa (cultivars: Long-Dong and Algonquin). Three levels of soil moisture including (75±5)%, (55±5)% and (35±5)% of field capacity were controlled with weighing method. The plants grown in rain-proof shed were irrigated by using tap water. Tests were carried out at branching and anthesis stages of one- and two-year old alfalfa plants.The results show that root morphology of alfalfa changed remarkably among plant age, harvest times and cultivars under water stress. The inhibition of main root elongation and the enhancement of lateral roots and total root elongation were stimulated by drought stress, demonstrated by enlarged root surface area and increased numbers of lateral roots (≥1 mm), with thinner main root and declined root biomass. All these root morphological changes，which differ among different seasons, harvest times or cultivars, increasing in adaptation to drought conditions is limited. On the other hand, the biomass and water dissipation amounts declined and differed with the change of season, biomass harvesting or cultivar when subjected to drought stress. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between root morphological characteristics and WUE, which indicated that root weight had largely effected on WUE. Therefore, the increase of WUE under water stress depended on the root morphology, including total root length, root biomass and root/shoot ratio etc., and canopy water consumption. Alfalfa tolerance to drought stress was stronger compared with two-year old plants than one-year old ones, with the first harvest and the second than third harvest, with Long-Dong than Algonquin. The adaptive changes of root morphology are the main strategies to endure drought stress in alfalfa. In general, this study explored the adaptive mechanism to drought and improvement of WUE in alfalfa.

采用盆栽实验方法研究了紫花苜蓿（品种：陇东和阿尔冈金）根系形态、生物量、蒸腾耗水量等对持续干旱的反应及与水分利用效率（WUE）间的关系，以期揭示紫花苜蓿对干旱胁迫的适应机制。结果表明：干旱胁迫使得紫花苜蓿根系形态特征在年季间、茬次间和品种间发生了显著变化，主要表现为主根伸长生长受到抑制、主根直径变细、侧根和根系总长度伸长生长则被促进、根系表面积和直径≥1 mm的侧根数目显著增加、根系生物量下降，这是紫花苜蓿对干旱逆境的适应策略，但这种适应性存在限度。另一方面，干旱胁迫条件下紫花苜蓿草产量和蒸腾耗水量也因生长年限、茬次和品种的不同而呈现不同程度的降低。紫花苜蓿根系形态性状(总根长、根系生物量与根冠比) 与植株水分利用效率间具有显著的相关性，其中根重对水分效率的影响是第一位的。WUE在根系形态与冠层水分消耗的协同变化下得到有限提高。对干旱的耐性最终表现为第2年＞第1年、第1茬和第2茬＞第3茬、陇东＞阿尔冈金。

... 在极端降水稀少情况下,紫花苜蓿枝叶茂盛和茎叶柔软多汁,为野生动物、昆虫和鸟类提供食源和栖息地^[10] ...

2016

0.0

... 紫花苜蓿根系与根瘤菌共生,从而形成共生体固定氮素,提高土壤肥力,同时繁茂和耐践踏茎枝条提高土壤抗侵蚀能力^[11] ...

2016

0.0

... hm^-2^[12] ...

2018

0.0

... h m^-2^[13] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 23(9):1944-1950

A study on water restoration of dry soil layers in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau

黄土高原半干旱区土壤干层水分恢复研究

Wang Z Q , Liu B Y , Lu B J

王志强, 刘宝元, 路炳军

A dry soil layer is defined as any layer within the soil profile that maintains a persistent low water content, which generally results from negative evapo transpiration equilibrium. Nearly all soils under perennial leguminous crops and re vegetated forests on Loess Plateau contain dry soil layers, which constitutes a serious obstacle to the sustainable land use of Loess Plateau of China. The formation, properties and distribution of dry soil layers in the Loess Plateau has been extensively studied, but ...

黄土高原土壤干层是一个重要的生态环境问题,研究干层土壤水分的恢复对正确指导黄土高原退耕还林还草,实现该区土地的可持续利用具有重要意义。研究在黄土高原半干旱区的固原县,选择了将紫花苜蓿翻耕后3a、12a的坡耕地,对其土壤干层的水分恢复状况进行了分析。发现二者土壤干层水分最大恢复深度分别为3m、4.8m,但土壤水分含量在中效水及其之上的主要恢复层深度分别为2m、2.2m。苜蓿翻耕3a和12a后2m以上土层土壤平均湿度都能恢复到易效水或极易效水的水平,可以满足1年生农作物的生长需求而不会进一步恶化土壤水分生态环境。但即使苜蓿翻耕12a后土壤水分,也不能满足林木和多年生豆科牧草正常生长的水分需求。

... 然而,在半干旱地区,土壤干层和水土流失是限制紫花苜蓿可持续生产的重要因素^[14] ...

2018

0.0

... 降水距平百分率反映某段时期水文要素偏离同期多年平均值的程度,降水距平百分率(D_P, %)根据以下公式计算^[15]: ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 34(5):1043-1052 DOI:10.5846/stxb201210201457

Advance in the study on drought index

干旱指标研究进展

Li B Z , Zhou G S

李柏贞, 周广胜

Drought as one of the most common natural disaster in the world, had caused serious influence on agricultural production in China. To accurately predict the drought affecting agricultural production, this paper reviews various kinds of drought indices which are widely used at home and abroad in recent years, including meteorological index, soil moisture index, crop physiological and ecological index, and other comprehensive monitoring index. Moreover, this paper also analyzes the advantage and disadvantage of different drought indices and their adaptabilities in agriculture, and discusses the important tasks of drought index research centering on crop drought in the future, in order to mitigate and prevent the negative impact of drought on agricultural and provide reference for the manage countermeasures.

干旱作为全球最为常见的自然灾害之一，已经对我国的农业生产造成了严重影响。为更好地预测影响作物的干旱并及时采取应对措施，综述了国内外广泛应用的各类干旱指标，包括气象指标、土壤墒情指标、作物生理生态指标及其它综合监测指标等，评述了各类干旱指标的优缺点以及在农业上的适用性，探讨了未来以作物干旱为核心的干旱指标研究拟重视的方面，以为减缓和预防干旱对农业的不良影响及制订科学的政策提供依据。

... 根据李柏贞等^[16]的研究结果,利用土壤相对湿度(relative soil moisture,RSM)划分土壤干旱程度,相对湿度为0~30%、30%~40%、40%~50%、50%~60%和60%~100%的土壤分别划分为特别重度干旱、重度干旱、中度干旱、轻度干旱和无干旱 ...

2013

0.0

... FC为土壤田间持水量(%),采用威尔克斯法^[17]测定田间持水量,测定深度和分层与土壤含水量相同 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 26(8):81-86

Relationship between the aboveground dry matter accumulation of alfalfa and the effective accumulated temperature in the first cutting

紫花苜蓿第1茬地上部干物质生长过程与有效积温的关系

Shi J A , Liu Y H , Jia Z K

史纪安, 刘玉华, 贾志宽

The results of field experiments on relationship between dry matter yield of the fouryear alfalfa in the first cutting and ≥5 ℃ accumulated temperature indicated that 1) The dry matter growth pattern of different parts of alfalfa varieties was same. The order of the production potential of dry matter, maximum growth rate, average growth rate were whole plant > stem > leaf. But the ranges of the effective accumulated temperature for the maximum growth rate and average growth rate were different. The maximum growth rates of whole plant, stem and leaf were reached while the effective accumulated temperatures were 504.72 to 609.45 ℃, 574.47 to 643.91 ℃, 444.53 to 543.25 ℃ respectively. And for the average growth rates, they were 384.61 to 716.54 ℃, 424.48 to 773.36 ℃, 320.42 to 642.48 ℃; 2) The dry matter growth of different alfalfa varieties was different. For whole plant, stem and leaf of Lobo, Amerigraze 401 and Meiguozajiao, their potential dry matter growth, maximum growth rates and average growth rates in peak of growing season were higher.

对不同秋眠级数的4年生紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种第1茬干物质生长与≥5 ℃有效积温的研究结果表明：1）不同紫花苜蓿品种各器官干物质生长趋势一致，干物质生产潜力、最大生长速率、干物质生长盛期的平均生长速率均表现为全株＞茎＞叶，但是最大生长速率和平均生长速率所对应的有效积温值范围有差异。全株、茎和叶干物质最大生长速率分别出现在5 ℃初日后有效积温达504.72～609.45 ℃、574.47～643.91 ℃、444.53～543.25 ℃之时；平均生长速率转折点所对应的有效积温值范围为总干物质为384.61～716.54 ℃；茎干物质为424.48～773.36 ℃；叶干物质为320.42～642.48 ℃。2）不同苜蓿品种间干物质生长存在差异。半秋眠性品种路宝、牧歌401和美国杂交熊全株、茎、叶的干物质潜力大，最大生长速率较大，生长盛期内的平均生长速率较大，各转折点所对应的有效积温值相对较高，且其迟滞期的有效积温值也相对较高，秋眠性品种超级13R则相反。

... 根据史纪安等^[18]和阿米娜#cod#x000b7 ...

2013

0.0

... 麦图尔迪等^[19]研究结果,紫花苜蓿的基础有效温度为5 ℃,则土壤有效积温(A_e,℃)计算公式为: ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 22(8):945-954

Effects of mulching materials and furrow-to-ridge ratios on oat grain/hay yield and water use efficiency under rainwater harvesting cultivation. Chinese Journal of

覆盖材料和沟垄比对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

Ren X , Wang Q , Zhang E H

任祥, 王琦, 张恩和

In order to improve soil water content and rainwater utilization in the semiarid Northwest China region, a field experiment of a randomized complete block design was conducted in 2012 at Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station of the Institute of Arid Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration. The experiment investigated the effects of different mulching materials [biodegradable mulch film, common plastic film, no mulching (compacted soil with soil crust)] and furrow-to-ridge ratios (60 cm∶30 cm, 60 cm∶45 cm and 60 cm∶60 cm) of rainfall harvesting cultivation with ridge and furrow on soil water storage, hay yield, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of oat, with the conventional planting as the control. Also the economic benefits of rainfall harvesting cultivation with ridges and furrows were investigated. The results showed that the order of soil water storage was ridge covered with common plastic film (CMR) ≈ ridge covered with biodegradable mulch film (BMR) > ridge with compacted soil (SR) > traditional planting (TP). Also soil water storage increased with increasing ridge width. Hay yield, grain yield and WUE of oat under SR planting were respectively 12%, 18% and 27% lower than those under TP planting. While these variables were respectively 5%, 4% and 14% higher under BMR planting, they were 7%, 9% and 23% higher under CMR planting, compared with TP. In most cases, hay yield, grain yield and WUE of oat decreased with increasing ridge width. Based on regression analysis, oat grain yield under CMR planting reached the maximum of 2 213 kg・hm -2 under furrow-to-ridge width ratio of 60 cm∶38 cm. The maximum oat grain yield of 2 114 kg・hm -2 under BMR planting was for furrow-to-ridge width ratio of 60 cm∶34 cm. On average, the economic benefits of oat were respectively 5 194 Yuan・hm -2 , 4 557 Yuan・hm -2 , 4 889 Yuan・hm -2 and 5 637 Yuan・hm -2 under TP, SR, BMR and CMR planting systems. Taking grain yield, WUE and environmental protection into account, biodegradable mulch film with ridge-to-furrow width ratio of 60 cm∶34 cm was best for oat planting in the semiarid Loess Plateau regions.

为改善半干旱地区土壤水分状况和提高降雨资源利用率, 在中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地布置田间试验, 采用完全随机设计, 以无覆盖平作为对照, 研究不同覆盖材料垄作(普通地膜、生物可降解地膜和无覆盖土垄)及垄作不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对燕麦土壤贮水量、干草产量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等的影响。结果表明, 就同一覆盖处理的平均值而言, 土壤贮水量的排列次序为普通地膜≈生物可降解地膜>土垄>平作, 在同一覆盖处理下, 土壤贮水量随沟垄比减小而增加。土垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别降低12%、18%和27%; 生物可降解膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高5%、4%和14%; 普通膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高7%、9%和23%。就大多数情况而言, 燕麦干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率随沟垄比减小而减小。对垄宽和实际籽粒产量的回归分析表明, 当沟垄比为60 cm∶38 cm时, 普通膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 213 kg hm -2 ; 当沟垄比为60 cm∶34 cm时, 生物可降解膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 114 kg hm -2 。平作、土垄、生物可降解膜垄和普通膜垄燕麦经济效益分别为5 194元 hm -2 、4 557元 hm -2 、4 889元 hm -2 和5 637元 hm -2 。从燕麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和环保等方面考虑, 在我国半干旱黄土高原区沟垄集雨种植燕麦, 覆盖材料应采用生物可降解膜, 沟宽∶垄宽为60 cm∶34 cm。

... 根据实测作物产量数据及农田水量平衡法推求作物耗水量,并确定垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率(WUE),水分利用效率计算公式如下^[20]: ...

2015

0.0

... R_e为集雨垄的平均径流效率(%),Wang等^[21]研究发现,不同集雨垄的径流效率随作物生育期延伸而改变,为简化计算,本试验采用紫花苜蓿全生育期,土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄的平均径流效率作为R_e输入值 ...

2016

0.0

... 3 讨论在干旱和半干旱区,稀少和不规则的降水特征对区域农牧业发展具有较大影响,采用垄沟集雨种植技术能适应全球气候变化和改变作物水分利用模式^[22] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28(3):1045-1051

Dry soil layer forming and soil moisture restoration of alfalfa grassland in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及水分恢复

Wan S M , Jia Z K , Han Q F

万素梅, 贾志宽, 韩清芳

Soil water variations at the 0-1000 cm layers in alfalfa grassland with different years of growth (3a, 4a, 6a, 8a, 12a,14a,18a, 26a), dry soil layer formation and soil moisture restoration were investigated in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. The study resealed that dry soil occurred in different soil layers of wild and alfalfa lands in a varying degree. Thus, slightly dry soil layer occurred in 80-100 cm soil of wild land; slightly dry soil layer appeared in 250-350 cm soil of the grassland with alfalfas growing for 8 years and less, and moderately dry soil layer appeared in the grassland with alfalfas growing for more than eight years and expanded beyond 500 cm deep below ground, indicating that as the alfalfa growth period prolonged, dry soil layer extended its lower boundary downward and got intensified. The grasslands with alfalfa growing for more than eighteen years began to recover their soil water contents in 0-200 cm upper soil at an average annual rate of 1.49%. The grasslands with alfalfa growing for eighteen and twenty-six years had soil water content of only 10.20% in 200-1000 cm deep soil showing the occurrence of soil drying through the soil layer.

研究了黄土高原地区不同生长年限苜蓿草地0~1000 cm土层土壤水分消耗规律。结果表明，荒地与苜蓿草地土壤干层出现的区域及发生的程度不同：荒地在80~100 cm土层深度，出现轻度干层；生长年限低于8a（含8a）的苜蓿草地，在250~350 cm土层出现轻度干层，生长年限超过8a，出现中度干层，干层范围延至500 cm土层以下。苜蓿生长超过18a，0~200 cm上层土壤水分开始恢复，年均恢复1.49%；但在200~1000 cm土壤深层，18、26年生苜蓿草地土壤含水量仅为1020%，深层土壤通体干化，水分难以恢复。

... 紫花苜蓿蒸散量高于其他作物,而较高蒸散导致深层土壤经常处于水分亏缺状态,从而产生土壤干层,导致紫花苜蓿植被衰退,干旱程度随紫花苜蓿生长年限增加而增加^[23] ...

2001

0.0

... 李玉山^[24]认为在紫花苜蓿生长连续种植第3年,土壤干层主要出现于1 ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 34(7):1757-1771 DOI:10.5846/stxb201306101580

Ecological process of water transformation in furrow and ridge mulching system in oat field under extreme drought scenario

极端干旱条件下燕麦垄沟覆盖系统水生态过程

Zhou H , Zhang H J , Mo F

周宏, 张恒嘉, 莫非

Extreme arid climate plays a critical role in affecting farmland hydrological process and crop yield in semiarid rainfed agricultural area. However, relevant field studies on this issue are not enough documented and the related solution to this issue is so far not well defined. Since 1990s, micro-field rain-harvesting farming technology has been developed and extended to a large area in semiarid Loess Plateau of northwest China, however, its functional role as a solution to cope with extreme climate change is not well recognized. In this study, we designed a two-year field experiment to address the issues of field water productivity and hydrological processes by applying ridge and furrow system under the condition of extreme weather. Oat cultivar, Bayou 3 was used as research material in this study. Field experiment was conducted at the Arid Meteorology and Ecological Experimental Station, Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration (Dingxi County, Gansu Province) in both years of 2010 and 2011, respectively. Five farming treatments including micro-field rain-harvesting mulching technology were designed as follows: control with full irrigation, flat planting, furrow and ridge without mulching planting, furrow and ridge with film mulching planting and bare field without irrigation, respectively. Some critical parameters were systematically measured and recorded including rainfall amount, soil moisture in 0-140cm soil profile, crop growth and yield formation during whole growth period. Least significant difference (LSD) was used to detect mean differences between treatments ( P -2 · mm -1 and 0.4 kg · hm -2 · mm -1 in 2010 and 6.5 kg · hm -2 · mm -1 and 9.8 kg · hm -2 · mm -1 in 2011 in comparison with those of control group respectively. The performance of RFM treatment was significantly superior to that of other treatments. It showed that RFM technology significantly enhanced the transformation efficiency from natural rainwater to soil water and crop water. On the other hand, above-ground biomass in RFM group was declined by 30.5% in 2010 and 67.42% in 2011 compared to that of control group, but the harvest index of RFM group was increased by 33.4% in 2010 and 55.6% in 2011 in comparison with that of control group, respectively. Furthermore, RFM treatment played a positive role in optimizing architecture traits of spike, increasing seed weight, kernels per spike and grain weight per spike. Our study indicated that the RFM system can optimize water resources distribution, mitigate temporal and spatial contradiction between water supply and water demand for oat crop production, and transform more photosynthates from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. In conclusion, the RFM system displayed great potential to relieve the occurrence of dry soil layer and improve water field productivity in rainfed oat field in 2010 and 2011. It can be argued that the RFM system could serve as an important ecological strategy in response to extreme climate events and improve food security in arid region.

围绕极端气候条件下沟垄沟覆盖系统水文过程和水生产力变化问题开展两年的大田试验研究。以裸燕麦坝莜3号品种为材料，于2010年和2011年在甘肃定西进行，以充分灌溉为对照组，设置平地无种植、垄沟无覆膜种植、垄沟覆膜种植、裸地4个处理（此4个处理均无灌溉），测定生育期降雨、气温、0-140 cm土壤剖面水分变化、作物生长和产量等指标。结果表明，2010年和2011年分别为阶段性极端干旱和全生育期极端干旱两个类型，均导致所有处理组中土壤剖面60-100 cm的“土壤干层”现象，垄沟覆膜处理对“土壤干层”现象具有显著的缓解效应。与对照组相比，垄沟覆膜处理显著促进了收获期土壤剖面贮水量的回升，其贮水量分别提高了41.2 mm（2010年）和22.4 mm（2011年），全生育期水分利用效率和水生产力分别提高了1.7、0.4 kg · hm -2 · mm -1 （2010年）和6.5、9.8 kg · hm -2 · mm -1 （2011年）。另外，垄沟覆膜处理组的地上生物量比对照组降低了30.5%（2010年）和67.42%（2011年），但收获指数较对照分别提高了33.4%（2010年）和55.6%（2011年）。研究表明，垄沟覆膜处理促进了降水向土壤水和作物水的转化效率，显著地缓解了作物水分供需矛盾，是应对极端气候变化的重要生态策略。

... 周宏等^[25]研究表明,垄沟集雨种植具有高效的集雨性和减少蒸散性,能提高土壤水分潜在恢复能力,对土壤干旱程度具有一定的缓解效应 ...

2003

0.0

... 许多研究表明^[26,27,28],我国半干旱黄土高原区土层深厚,紫花苜蓿草地年蒸散量大于年降水量,浅层土壤水分不能满足植物生长需要,较高蒸散导致土壤干化和土壤干层形成 ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28(1):183-191

Moisture dynamics of soil dry layer and water restoring effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grain crop rotation on soil dry layer in alfalfa farmlands in mountainous region of Southern Ningxia

宁南山区紫花苜蓿( Medicago sativa )土壤干层水分动态及草粮轮作恢复效应

Liu P S , Jia Z K , Li J

刘沛松, 贾志宽, 李军

In two consecutive years, the study measured the soil water contents in the farmlands on which alfalfa had grown for different periods and the soil water contents in the farmland on which alfalfa had grown for ten years and then rotated with other crops in different years and then compared the soil water contents with those in different croplands. The study indicated that while alfalfa growth was prolonged the depth and thickness of soil dry layer firstly increased and then declined. The depth of soil dry layer was 720cm in the farmland with alfalfa growing for three years , at most 1000cm in the farmland with alfalfa growing for six years , and 920cm in the farmland with alfalfa growing for ten years and soil dry layer spanned nearly 0-700cm soil in the farmlands with alfalfa growing for 3-12 year. In alfalfa farmlands, the Average humilities declined in 0-800cm soil as the growth of alfalfa was prolonged. In 2004, the average soil water contents were measured to be 5.30%,5.22% and 5.01% 0-700cm soil in the farmlands, with alfalfa growing for 4, 7 and 12 year, respectively; in 2005, the soil humidities were measured to be 6.26%、5.60% and 5.27% in 0-800cm soil in farmlands with alfalfa growing for 3,6 and 10 year, respectively; But the soil humidities tended to rebound in 800-1000cm after alfalfa grew for a certain period. 300cm is the maximum soil depth to which the rainwater could infiltrate down, and thus soil dry layer , tended to stay permanently once it formed in soil below 300 cmm deep., the soil humidity remained only 40% in 300-700cm soil in the farmlands with alfalfa growing for 7-12 year. the thickness and humidities of Soil dry layer differed greatly between alfalfa farmland and cropland, but alfalfa-crop rotation made the soil humidities of soil dry layer recover to those of the croplands and its such effect was intensified in different soil layers as the rotation was prolonged ..furthermore, the 18 year alfalfa-crop rotation made the farmland with alfalfa growing for 18 years recover its soil water content to that of cropland.

以各类作物农田水分为对照，连续两年对宁南山区不同生长年限苜蓿深层土壤水分以及10年生苜蓿地耕翻后轮作不同年份作物农田的水分进行了测定。结果表明，随着苜蓿生长年限的增加，干层深度与厚度先增加后减小。3年生苜蓿干层深度为720cm，6年生干层最深可达1000cm以下，10年生干层深度为920cm，3~12年生苜蓿地0~700cm土层基本上均属于土壤干层范围。苜蓿地0~800cm土壤湿度随生长年限增加而降低，2004年测定的4、7年生和12年生苜蓿地0~700cm土层平均含水率分别为5.30%、5.22%和5.01%；2005年测定的3、6年生和10年生苜蓿地0~800cm土层湿度分别为6.26%、5.60%和5.27%；而800~1000cm土层湿度在一定年限后有恢复趋势。300cm为苜蓿地降水下渗的最大临界深度，300cm以下土壤干层一旦形成，将长期存在，7~12年生苜蓿300~700cm土层湿度仅维持在4.0%左右。苜蓿地和农田的土壤干层厚度与湿度有较大差异，草粮轮作可使苜蓿土壤干层水分基本恢复到农田湿度，而且轮作年份越长，土壤各层次水分恢复效果越好，10年生苜蓿轮作18年后土壤水分基本恢复到农田状态。

2016

0.0

2016

0.0

... 同时,土壤积温对作物生长发育和干物质积累影响较大^[29,30] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 24(5):590-599

Effects of furrow-mulching materials on soil temperature, crop yield and water use efficiency in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems. Chinese Journal of

沟覆盖材料对垄沟集雨种植土壤温度、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

Hu G R , Wang Q , Song X Y

胡广荣, 王琦, 宋兴阳

To find suitable environmental protection mulching materials of crop cultivation, improve soil temperature and soil moisture, and to increase rainwater resource utilization in semiarid regions in Northwest China, a randomized complete design field experiment was conducted. The experiment determined the effects of different furrow mulching methods (no-mulching, liquid film mulching, straw mulching, biodegradable film mulching, and no mulching as the control) on soil temperature, soil moisture, crop yield (maize and sorghum) and water use efficiency (WUE) in western hilly region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that compared with no mulching, top soil (025 cm) temperature at furrow bottom profile increased by 0.2 ℃ and 1.0 ℃, respectively, for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing season, and by 0.2 ℃ and 1.1 ℃ during sorghum growing season. It also decreased by 1.1 ℃ and 1.3 ℃ for straw mulching during maize and sorghum growing seasons, respectively. Soil water storage increased by 0.4 mm, 21.5 mm and 8.6 mm for liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing seasons, respectively. It also increased by 2.3 mm, 21.0 mm and 10.9 mm for the three mulching modes during sorghum growing season, respectively. Maize silage yield increased by 0.4% and 10.4% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then maize grain yield increased by 1.6% and 11.3% and aboveground dry matter increased by 0.7% and 7.3% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Sorghum silage yield increased by 0.2% and 10.9% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then sorghum grain yield increased by 1.1% and 11.8% and aboveground dry matter increased by 1.6% and 9.4% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Whereas, under straw mulching condition, the silage yield, grain yield and aboveground dry matter decreased, respectively, by 2.9%, 2.2% and 1.9% for maize planting, and decreased by 0.7%, 1.1% and 1.0% for sorghum planting, respectively, compared with those under no-mulching treatment. The WUE of maize increased by 0.9 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 , 0.5kg.hm -2 .mm -1 and 4.9 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 , respectively, and sorghum WUE increased by 0.3 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 , 0.4kg.hm -2 .mm -1 and 2.7 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 , respectively, under liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching modes, compared with those under the control. Based on the results of crop yield, WUE and environmental protection benefits, the biodegradable film was a suitable furrow mulching material in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems in the semiarid Loess Plateau regions.

为寻求半干旱地区垄沟集雨环保的沟覆盖材料, 改善土壤水分和温度状况, 提高降雨资源利用效率, 采用完全随机设计大田试验, 以玉米和高粱作为供试作物, 以沟无覆盖作为对照, 研究垄沟集雨不同沟覆盖方式(无覆盖、液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖)对土壤温度、土壤水分、作物产量、水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明, 与沟无覆盖相比, 液体地膜和生物可降解地膜覆盖种植玉米的沟中作物全生育期表层(0~25 cm)土壤温度分别提高0.2 ℃和1.0 ℃, 种植高粱的沟中表层土壤温度分别提高0.2 ℃和1.1 ℃, 秸秆覆盖种植玉米和高粱的沟中表层土壤温度分别降低1.1 ℃和1.3 ℃; 液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖0~140 cm土壤贮水量种植玉米分别提高0.4 mm、21.5 mm和8.6 mm, 种植高粱分别提高2.3 mm、21.0 mm和10.9 mm。液体地膜覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖玉米青贮产量分别提高增加0.4%和10.4%, 玉米籽粒产量分别增加1.6%和11.3%, 玉米地上生物量分别增加0.7%和7.3%; 高粱青贮产量分别增加0.2%和10.9%, 高粱籽粒产量分别增加1.1%和11.8%, 高粱地上生物量分别增加1.6%和9.4%; 秸秆覆盖的玉米青贮产量、玉米籽粒产量、玉米地上生物量、高粱青贮产量、高粱籽粒产量和高粱地上生物量分别减少2.9%、2.2%、1.9%、0.7%、1.4%和1.0%。液体地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖种植玉米的水分利用效率分别提高0.9 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 、0.5 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 和4.9 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 , 种植高粱分别提高0.3 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 、0.4 kg.hm -2 .mm -1 和2.7kg.hm -2 .mm -1 。综合分析表明, 生物可降解地膜适宜作为半干旱黄土高原区垄沟集雨沟覆盖材料。

... 同时,土壤积温对作物生长发育和干物质积累影响较大^[29,30] ...

2011

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. 2011, 27(6):25-30

Effects of degradable film on soil temperature, moisture and growth of maize

可降解地膜对土壤、温度水分及玉米生长发育的影响

Shen L X , Wang P , Zhang L L

申丽霞, 王璞, 张丽丽

Aiming at reducing agricultural pollution caused by plastic film, effect of degradable film on soil temperature, soil moisture, maize growth and development, maize yield and relevant characteristics were studied through comparing with the plastic film and open field. The results indicated that soil temperature at surface and 10 cm depth in two months after sowing, soil moisture in 0-20 and >20-40 cm profile from sowing to big trumpet stage, were all higher for degradable film covering than open field. Growth progress, seedling rate, root number during shooting stage, plant height, leaf area and dry weight of maize in different stages were all higher for degradable film covering. Kernel number, thousand-grain weight, and yield of maize under degradable film covering were increased by 9.6%, 20.9%, 35.1% respectively. Degradable film did not show significant difference with plastic film, and it could be applied to agriculture instead of plastic film.

针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田土壤污染现象，进行了可降解地膜、普通地膜覆盖及露地栽培玉米对比试验，探讨可降解地膜对土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米生长发育、产量及相关农艺性状的影响。结果表明，与露地栽培相比，可降解地膜覆盖能明显提高玉米播种后2个月的地表和地下10 cm的土壤温度，增加玉米播种至大喇叭口期0～20 cm、>20～40 cm的土壤水分含量，使玉米生育进程加快，出苗率和拔节期节根层数及条数增加，玉米不同生育时期株高、叶面积及地上部干物质积累量增加，玉米穗粒数增加9.6%，千粒质量增加20.9%，产量增加35.1%。可降解地膜和普通地膜间差异不显著。研究认为，以可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产是可行的。

... 申丽霞等^[31]研究发现,在玉米出苗关键期,生物可降解地膜和塑料地膜能显著提高0~0 ...

2015

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. 2015, 41(10):1582-1590 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.01582

Effects of mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges on soil water content, temperature and potato yield in rain-fed semiarid region

半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

Hou H Z , Wang J , Zhang X C

侯慧芝, 王娟, 张绪成

1 Institute of Dryland Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2 Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi 743000, China

It is necessary to investigate the effects of the regulation of furrow and ridge regulated according to the potato growing characteristics on soil thermal-moisture status and potato productivity, A three-year (2012 to 2014) field trial was conducted at Dingxi Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (35º35' N, 104º36' E), in northwest Loess plateau. Potato cultivar Xindaping ( Solanum tuberosum ) was selected as test material. With three treatments: 1) mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges (RMF), 2) ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching (RF), and 3) field flat planting (CK). The soil temperature, soil water content and potato yield were determined, as well as soil accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ , water consumption, soil water storage, water use efficiency and other parameters were calculated. The results showed that RMF and RF significantly increased ≥10 ℃ soil accumulated temperature at different growth periods and the whole growth period in normal rainfall years (2012 and 2014) , as compared with CK, but there was no significant difference of the temperature between plastic mulching treatments and CK in the abundant rainfall year (2013). The soil water storage of RMF in 0–80 cm soil was 28.20–31.61 mm lower, but in 80–200 cm soil higher than those of RF and CK. As compared with CK, RMF and RF significantly increased number of basal stems, number of branches and dry weight of stem, resulting in 60.78%–89.37% and 41.91%–73.33% increment of potato tube yield, and 49.46%–82.55% and 35.62%–65.66% increment of potato water use efficiency, respectively. Although the soil moisture and crop evapotranspiration were not varied significantly in RMF, the soil water consumption from 0 to 200 cm soil layer of RMF was 66.52% more than that of CK, and 14.19% more than that of RF in seasonal drought years, resulting in the higher tuber yield and water use efficiency.

根据马铃薯的生长习性调节起垄造沟方式，年进行大田定位试验，设置全膜覆盖垄上微沟垄上营造高，宽的微沟，马铃薯种植在微垄顶部，、全膜覆盖垄沟种植和露地平作个处理，测定土壤温度、土壤含水量和马铃薯产量，计算 ≥ 地积温、作物生育期耗水量、贮水量、水分利用效率等参数，研究全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热环境和马铃薯水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，和在平水年年和年可显著提高各生育期和全生育期 ≥ 积温，在丰水年年则与无差异。块茎膨大期的土壤贮水量比低，的土壤贮水量高于和。与相比，和明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重；马铃薯产量分别比提高和，水分利用效率分别比提高和。块茎膨大期的耗水量比增加；在季节性干旱年份，土层的土壤耗水量比增加，从而显著提高产量和水分利用效率。

... 侯慧芝等^[32]研究发现,与平作相比,全膜覆盖垄沟种植和全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植的马铃薯全生育期#cod#x02265 ...

2017

0.0

... 垄沟集雨种植能汇集天然降水和径流,增加沟中土壤水分入渗深度,减少垄上水分蒸发损失,提高降水资源利用率和土壤水分有效性,从而促进作物生长发育^[33] ...

2017

0.0

... Li 等^[34]研究表明,在干旱年份,垄沟集雨种植有利于降水富集和作物生产力维持 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 26(8):101-106

Grey connection analysis of alfalfa yield and climate factors

气候因子与苜蓿草产量的灰色关联度分析

Liu Y H , Shi J A , Jia Z K

刘玉华, 史纪安, 贾志宽

By using grey connection analysis, the connection degree between alfalfa yield (allyear yield and each stubble yield) and climate factors (including accumulated temperature above 5 ℃, precipitation, sunshine hours, mean temperature, mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature and relative humidity) was studied in the rainfed farming area. Results were as follows: association degree of yield of the first stubble with precipitation was the biggest, which was in the first ten day of May, the first and middle ten days of April, with effective accumulated temperature above 5 ℃ was the bigger, which was in the first and last ten days of March, and the first ten day of May; Climate factors of affecting on regrowth hay yield were primarily temperature index; Climate factors of affecting on total year hay yield was maximum temperature and minimum temperature most, which was in June, July and August, and precipitation, which was in April, May and June. Primary and lesser climate factors affecting on total year hay yield and every cutting hay yield, and effect of time period were different, therefore, corresponding measures were adopted in practice.

利用灰色关联度分析法，分别以紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa全年干草产量、各茬次干草产量作参考数列，以紫花苜蓿生长期内≥5 ℃积温、降水量、日照时间、平均温度、平均最高温度、平均最低温度及相对湿度为参比数列，对旱作条件下紫花苜蓿干草产量与气候因子的关联程度作相关分析。结果表明：第1茬草产量与5月上旬、4月上旬、4月中旬的降水量和3月上旬、3月下旬、5月上旬的≥5 ℃积温关联度最大；影响再生草产量的气候因子主要是热量指标；影响全年产草量的气候因子主要是6-8月的最高温度和最低温度，以及4、5、6月的降水量。因此，影响紫花苜蓿全年及各茬草产量的主、次气象因子及其时段效应都是有差异的，生产上应采取相应的措施。

... 刘玉华等^[35]研究表明,热量指标影响紫花苜蓿再生性,相对较低温度有利于紫花苜蓿第2和3茬草产量及全年草产量的提高 ...