秸秆覆盖量对旱地小麦结实期抗氧化性的影响

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王贺正, 黄明, 张均, 马超, 吴金芝, 李友军, 陈明灿, 付国占. 秸秆覆盖量对旱地小麦结实期抗氧化性的影响. 草业学报, 2019,28(11): 96-104
WANG He-zheng, HUANG Ming, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao, WU Jin-zhi, LI You-jun, CHEN Ming-can, FU Guo-zhan. Effects of different quantities of straw mulch on oxidation resistance of dryland wheat at the grain-filling stage. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(11): 96-104 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018786
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秸秆覆盖量对旱地小麦结实期抗氧化性的影响

王贺正, 黄明, 张均, 马超, 吴金芝, 李友军^*, 陈明灿, 付国占

河南科枝大学农学院,河南洛阳471023

*通信作者. E-mail: kdlyj@sina.com

作者简介:王贺正(1969-),男,河南鹿邑人,副教授,博士。E-mail: wanghezh@163.com

收稿日期: 2018-12-11

基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300400),国家自然科学基金(31501258),河南科技大学高级别科研项目培育基金(015GJB022)和河南科技大学学科提升振兴A计划项目(13660002)资助

摘要

为了阐明秸秆覆盖对小麦结实期活性氧代谢的影响,筛选适宜豫西旱地小麦高产栽培的秸秆覆盖量。以豫麦49-198为材料,采用大田试验,设置5个秸秆覆盖量[不覆盖为对照(Ⅰ)、2000(Ⅱ), 4000(Ⅲ), 6000(Ⅳ)和 8000 kg·hm^-2(Ⅴ)],研究了小麦抽穗期后不同时间(0、10和20 d)旗叶主要活性氧、抗氧化酶、抗氧化物质、渗透调节物质和产量的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,秸秆覆盖降低了抽穗后小麦旗叶超氧阴离子($O^{-·}_{2}$)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,处理Ⅳ降幅最大,抽穗后20 d,两年分别比对照平均下降了43.0%、32.2%和30.4%;增加了可溶性糖、氨基酸、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,处理Ⅳ增幅最大,抽穗后20 d,两年分别比对照平均增加了28.3%、120.5%、110.5%、11.6%、44.7%、47.6%和57.5%;Ⅳ处理的各测定指标均优于其他覆盖处理且与对照差异显著。在一定秸秆覆盖量范围内(2000~6000 kg·hm^-2)各测定指标随覆盖量而增幅(降幅)明显,但覆盖量超过一定水平后,各指标增幅(降幅)不明显。试验表明,适量的秸秆覆盖能够提高活性氧清除能力,减缓活性氧积累,增加小麦产量;在豫西旱地生态条件下,6000 kg·hm^-2为最佳秸秆覆盖量。

关键词: 小麦; 秸秆覆盖; 旱地; 抗氧化性

Effects of different quantities of straw mulch on oxidation resistance of dryland wheat at the grain-filling stage

WANG He-zheng, HUANG Ming, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao, WU Jin-zhi, LI You-jun^*, CHEN Ming-can, FU Guo-zhan

College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: kdlyj@sina.com

Abstract

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of straw mulching on active oxygen metabolism in wheat at the grain-filling stage. The overall aim of this research is to identify the most suitable straw mulching method for high-yield dryland cultivation of wheat in Western Henan Province. The wheat variety Yumai 49-198 was used as the experimental material, and was mulched with straw at five different rates [no mulching as the control (I), and 2000 (II), 4000 (III), 6000 (IV) and 8000 kg·ha^-1 (V)]. We determined the reactive oxygen species content in the flag leaf, antioxidant enzyme activity, contents of antioxidant compounds and osmotic regulators, and yield at different times (0, 10, and 20 days) after the heading stage of wheat. It was found that straw mulching decreased the contents of the superoxide free radical ($O^{-·}_{2}$), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the flag leaves of wheat after heading. Treatment IV had the strongest effect; at 20 days after heading, the 2-year average decrease in $O^{-·}_{2}$, H₂O₂, and MDA contents were 43.0%, 32.2%, and 30.4%, respectively, compared with the control. The contents of soluble sugars, amino acids, glutathione, and ascorbic acid, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were increased by mulching; the highest 2-year average increases in these indexes were in treatment IV (28.3%, 120.5%, 110.5%, 11.6%, 44.7%, 47.6%, and 57.5%, respectively, compared with the control). The values of these indexes were higher in treatment IV than in the other mulching treatments, and differed significantly from the control. Within a certain range of straw mulching (2000-6000 kg·ha^-1), the increase or decrease in each index was proportional to the amount of mulching, but this relationship was less clear when the quantity of mulch exceeded a certain level. The results showed that an appropriate amount of straw mulch could improve the ability of wheat to scavenge reactive oxygen species, reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and increase yield. For wheat cultivated in the dryland ecological conditions of Western Henan, the best results were obtained by applying straw mulch at 6000 kg·ha^-1.

Keyword: wheat; straw mulching; dryland; oxidation resistance

文章图片

活性氧是植物细胞代谢过程中的副产物, 在正常生长条件下, 活性氧的产生和清除处于动态平衡, 在植物处于逆境或衰老时, 这种平衡被打破, 造成活性氧的积累^{[1, 2, 3, 4]}。已有研究表明, 植物在干旱胁迫下, 抗氧化保护酶系统和非酶类系统遭到破坏, 引发活性氧大量积累, 从而加剧细胞膜脂过氧化作用, 造成膜系统损伤, 导致植物体细胞代谢紊乱, 最终影响产量和品质^{[5, 6, 7, 8]}。因此, 研究活性氧的代谢机理和寻找降低活性氧对植物伤害途径一直为人们所关注。作物秸秆是农业生产中主要的产物之一, 是丰富的生物质资源。我国农业每年产生各类农作物秸秆约为7× 10⁸ t, 而焚烧和废弃等未利用的达到 2.15× 10⁸~3.14× 10⁸ t, 不仅造成资源的巨大浪费, 还导致了严重的环境问题。秸秆覆盖在生产上的应用为秸秆资源的利用提供了有效途径, 对秸秆资源利用和环境保护具有重要意义^{[9, 10]}。秸秆覆盖是旱作区保护性耕作关键技术之一, 大量研究证实秸秆覆盖可增加土壤含水量, 培肥地力, 改善土壤结构, 调节土温, 从而有利于作物的生长发育和产量形成^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}。小麦(Triticum aestivum)是豫西主要粮食作物之一, 但由于该区属丘陵旱区, 有机质含量低, 土地瘠薄, 年降水量少, 旱灾频繁, 严重制约着小麦产量的提高。有少数研究表明, 秸秆覆盖能增加小麦叶片可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量, 提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性, 降低丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA)的含量^{[17, 18]}, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加小麦产量^{[12, 19]}。前人较多地研究了秸秆覆盖对小麦生长发育和产量的影响, 虽对抗氧化酶类也做了一定工作, 但秸秆覆盖下小麦活性氧的产生和抗氧化酶及非酶类物质清除机制鲜见报道, 尤其是对不同秸秆覆盖量下小麦活性氧的代谢规律未见报道。本研究通过设置不同秸秆覆盖量研究了小麦结实期不同阶段的活性氧产生和清除机制, 为阐明小麦生育后期旗叶活性氧代谢对不同秸秆覆盖量的响应机制提供理论基础; 并筛选出适宜于本地区小麦高产栽培的秸秆覆盖量, 为秸秆覆盖在本地区小麦高产栽培中的推广应用提供技术参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

供试材料为抗逆性强、适应性广的半冬性多穗型中熟小麦品种豫麦49-198。

1.2 试验方法

试验分别于2013年10月-2014年6月和2014年10月-2015年6月在河南科技大学试验农场进行, 土壤质地为壤土, 试验前耕作层土壤含有机质153 g· kg^-1, 水解氮97.4 mg· kg^-1, 速效磷15.8 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾125 mg· kg^-1。秸秆覆盖量试验设不覆盖(对照, Ⅰ )、2000(Ⅱ )、4000(Ⅲ )、6000(Ⅳ )和8000 kg· hm^-2(Ⅴ )5个处理。每处理重复3次, 小区面积15 m² (3 m× 5 m), 随机排列, 其他按田间常规管理。小麦均于当年10月15日播种, 播量为112.5 kg· hm^-2, 出苗后在行间土壤表面覆盖粉碎的玉米(Zea mays)秸秆(长5~10 cm)。氮、磷、钾肥均做基肥一次施入, 施肥量纯N为240 kg· hm^-2, P₂O₅为75 kg· hm^-2, K₂O为150 kg· hm^-2。肥料来源:N-尿素, P-过磷酸钙, K-氯化钾。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 和H₂O₂含量抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶, 按王爱国等^[20]介绍的 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 对羟胺氧化的方法测定 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 含量, 将氧化产物 N ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 在对氨基苯磺酸和α -萘胺中显色后的偶氮染料转移至等体积的乙醚中, 测定水相液 530 nm 处的吸光度, 其含量用 A₅₃₀· g^-1 FW 表示; 参照Wang等^[7]的方法测定H₂O₂含量, 0.5 g叶片加入6 mL冷丙酮研磨匀浆, 加入0.15 g活性炭处理后过滤, 取滤液1 mL, 加入0.1 mL 20% TiCl₄的浓盐酸, 0.2 mL的浓氨水, 反应后3000 r· min^-1离心 10 min, 弃去上清液, 沉淀用3 mL 1 mol· L^-1的H₂SO₄溶解后测定410 nm波长下的吸光值。

1.3.2 可溶性糖、氨基酸、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid, AsA)含量抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶, 采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖含量^[21]; 采用茚三酮比色法测定氨基酸含量^[21]; 采用硫代巴比妥酸比色法^[21]测定MDA含量; 采用卢少云等^[22]的方法进行提取和测定GSH含量; 采用二甲苯萃取比色法^[21]测定AsA含量。

1.3.3 抗氧化酶活性的测定抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶, 参照任红旭等^[23]的方法提取酶液, 酶活性按李合生^[21]的方法测定SOD、POD和CAT活性。

1.3.4 产量及穗部性状考查成熟期每小区选代表性植株3行, 每行取5株, 分别考查每穗粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重等性状。每小区按实收株数测产。

1.4 数据处理

采用Excel和SPSS软件对所测数据进行分析和处理。

2 结果与分析

2.1 秸秆覆盖量对产量及穗部性状的影响

秸秆覆盖量在2000~6000 kg· hm^-2, 覆盖处理的小麦产量均高于对照处理, 且与对照差异显著, 两年结果一致(表1)。两年分别与对照相比, 处理Ⅳ 产量增加最多, 分别增加了37.2%和33.2%, 处理Ⅲ 增加最少, 分别为23.0%和19.8%, 而处理Ⅴ 却分别下降了9.1%和1.5%。表明, 适宜秸秆覆盖量对增加小麦产量有显著的促进作用, 但秸秆覆盖量过大促进效应并不明显, 甚至有抑制作用。从产量构成因素看, 单位面积穗数和穗粒数表现基本一致, 除处理Ⅴ 与对照差异不显著外, 其他秸秆覆盖处理均与对照差异显著, 以处理Ⅳ 最高; 千粒重以处理Ⅳ 最高, 且与其他处理差异显著, 而其他处理间差异不显著。

表1 秸秆覆盖量对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of straw mulching quantities on yield and its components of wheat

2.2 秸秆覆盖量对可溶性糖和氨基酸含量的影响

抽穗后, 可溶性糖含量均呈先升后降的变化趋势, 抽穗后0~10 d上升, 第10天达到最大, 随后持续下降(图1A)。在同一测定时期, 覆盖处理均高于对照, 且差异显著(P< 0.05)。各测定时期, 可溶性糖含量均以处理Ⅳ 最高。抽穗后10 d, 与对照相比, 处理Ⅳ 可溶性糖含量两年分别增加了23.8%和33.7%。结果表明, 适宜的秸秆覆盖量能促进可溶性糖积累。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 秸秆覆盖量对小麦旗叶可溶性糖(A)和氨基酸(B)含量的影响不同字母表示同一日期不同处理差异显著(P< 0.05), 下同。Fig.1 Effect of straw mulching quantities on soluble sugar content (A) and amino acid content (B) in flag leaves Different letters indicate significant differences (P< 0.05)among different treatments on the same day, the same below.

抽穗后, 随生育期延长, 各处理氨基酸含量呈先升后降趋势, 抽穗后10 d达到峰值, 两年表现一致(图1B)。不同处理间比较, 各测定时期, 氨基酸含量总体表现为Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅴ > Ⅰ , 以处理Ⅳ 最高, 除抽穗期外均显著高于其他处理。抽穗后10 d, 氨基酸含量与抽穗期相比增幅最大的为处理Ⅳ , 两年分别增加了1.56和1.61倍, 其次为处理Ⅲ , 分别增加了1.41和1.30倍, 增幅最小的为处理Ⅰ , 分别增加了0.80和1.06倍。

2.3 秸秆覆盖量对$O^{-·}_{2}$、H₂O₂和MDA含量的影响

小麦抽穗后随生育期延长, 各处理叶片 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 含量均明显增加, 抽穗后0~10 d增幅较小, 抽穗10 d后, 增幅较大(图2A)。各测定时期, 秸秆覆盖的 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 含量均低于对照, 且差异显著(P< 0.05)。覆盖处理间比较, ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 含量以处理Ⅳ 含量最低, 处理Ⅱ 最高。抽穗后20 d, 覆盖处理与对照相比 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 含量降低幅度最大的为处理Ⅳ , 两年分别降低了35.9%和50.0%, 其次为处理Ⅲ , 分别降低了30.8%和34.5%, 降幅最小的为处理Ⅱ , 分别降低了15.4%和20.7%。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 秸秆覆盖量对小麦旗叶 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ (A)、H₂O₂ (B)和MDA(C)含量的影响Fig.2 Effect of straw mulching quantities on ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ content (A), H₂O₂ content (B) and MDA content (C) in flag leaves

抽穗后随生育推进, 各处理H₂O₂的含量持续增加。各测定时期, 不同处理H₂O₂的含量不同, 表现为Ⅰ > Ⅴ > Ⅱ > Ⅲ > Ⅳ , 秸秆覆盖处理均低于对照, 除抽穗期外均与对照差异显著(P< 0.05)(图2B)。覆盖处理间比较, 以处理Ⅳ 最低, 处理Ⅴ 最高。抽穗后20 d, 与对照相比H₂O₂含量降幅最大的为处理Ⅳ , 两年分别降低了30.3%和35.4%, 降幅最小的为处理Ⅴ , 分别为10.5%和10.6%。

抽穗后各处理MDA含量随生育进程均呈增加趋势, 0~10 d增加缓慢, 而后增加迅速(图2C)。处理间比较, 各测定时期MDA含量以处理Ⅰ 最高, 处理Ⅳ 最低。抽穗后20 d, 与对照相比, MDA含量降幅最大的为处理Ⅳ , 两年分别降低了25.0%和35.9%, 降幅最小的为处理Ⅱ , 分别降低了4.3%和13.9%。

2.4 秸秆覆盖量对GSH和AsA含量的影响

抽穗后, 随生育期延长, 各处理GSH含量均呈下降趋势, 抽穗后0~10 d下降幅度较小, 10 d后下降幅度较大(图3A)。不同处理间比较, 各测定时期, GSH含量表现为Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅴ > Ⅰ , 处理Ⅳ 最高, 除抽穗期外与其他处理差异显著(P< 0.05)。秸秆覆盖增加了抽穗后小麦GSH含量, 抽穗后20 d, 与对照相比增幅最大的为处理Ⅳ , 两年分别增加了96.9%和124.1%, 增幅最小的为处理Ⅴ , 分别为9.3%和10.5%。

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	图3 秸秆覆盖量对小麦旗叶GSH(A)和AsA(B)含量的影响Fig.3 Effect of straw mulching quantity on GSH content (A) and AsA content (B) in flag leaves

抽穗后, 各处理AsA含量表现与GSH含量基本相同, 均呈下降趋势, 抽穗后0~10 d下降慢, 幅度小, 10 d后下降快, 幅度大(图3B)。处理间比较, 各测定时期, AsA含量表现为Ⅳ > Ⅲ > Ⅱ > Ⅴ > Ⅰ 。与对照相比处理Ⅳ 增幅最大, 抽穗后20 d, 两年分别增加了13.6%和9.7%, 增幅最小的为处理Ⅴ , 分别为3.5%和1.5%。

2.5 秸秆覆盖量对保护性酶活性的影响

抽穗后随生育推进, 各处理保护性酶活性均呈先升后降趋势, 抽穗期0~10 d酶活性迅速增加, 第10天达到最大(图4)。同一测定时期, 秸秆覆盖处理酶活性均高于对照。秸秆覆盖处理间比较, 各测定时期酶活性均以处理Ⅳ 最高, 且显著高于其他各处理(P< 0.05), 处理Ⅱ 最低。与对照相比, 抽穗后10 d, 处理Ⅳ SOD活性两年分别提高了45.2%和44.3%, CAT活性分别提高了45.5%和49.8%, POD酶活性分别提高了35.3%和79.6%。表明, 秸秆覆盖处理能不同程度提高了小麦旗叶酶活性。

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	图4 秸秆覆盖量对小麦旗叶SOD (A), CAT (B)和POD (C)活性的影响Fig.4 Effect of straw mulching quantities on activities of SOD (A), CAT (B), POD (C) in flag leaves

3 讨论

3.1 秸秆覆盖对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

适量的玉米秸秆覆盖可提高小麦叶片光合速率^{[24, 25]}, 促进有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重提高, 从而达到增产效果^{[26, 27]}。本研究结果表明, 在一定的覆盖量范围内, 秸秆覆盖能显著提高小麦产量, 但覆盖量过大, 产量反而低于对照, 其原因可能是过高的秸秆覆盖量与温度效应相矛盾, 导致土壤温度过低, 影响干物质积累和运输, 具体原因还需深入研究, 因此, 只有适宜的覆盖量才能保证增产或稳产的目的。有研究表明, 小麦产量构成因素与产量呈极显著正相关, 以穗数相关性最大, 其次为穗粒数, 再次为千粒重, 即穗数对产量的贡献最大^[28]。本试验表明, 一定的覆盖量范围内, 秸秆覆盖能显著提高小麦的穗数和穗粒数, 从而表现出产量显著高于对照。而处理Ⅳ 的产量显著高于其他覆盖处理, 其贡献就是来源于穗数比其他处理的显著增加, 从而表明, 增加单位面积穗数是秸秆覆盖增产的原因, 这可能与秸秆覆盖改善了土壤墒情, 增加了有效分蘖, 优化了群体结构, 有利于旱地小麦生产, 与前人研究结果一致^[29]。本研究发现, 秸秆覆盖量偏高和偏低皆不利于小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的持续提高, 从而最终影响产量增加。从本试验结果看, 在豫西旱地生态条件下, 秸秆覆盖量6000 kg· hm^-2较为适宜。

3.2 秸秆覆盖对小麦渗透调节物质的影响

可溶性糖、游离氨基酸是植物细胞内重要的渗透调节物质, 能缓解水分胁迫等逆境对细胞膜系统的伤害, 延缓植物叶片衰老^{[19, 30]}。本试验结果表明, 秸秆覆盖能显著提高小麦叶片可溶性糖、氨基酸含量, 且维持较高水平, 对维持细胞的微环境、渗透平衡以及正常代谢起着重要作用。在一定秸秆覆盖量范围内, 随覆盖量增加叶片中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量增加, 但随覆盖量继续增加二者含量比其他覆盖处理有所下降, 这表明适宜的秸秆覆盖量提高了小麦叶片可溶性糖、氨基酸含量, 覆盖量过大则其增幅不明显。叶片中可溶性糖、氨基酸含量的增加, 对延缓叶片衰老速度, 提高细胞的渗透调节能力以及稳定生物大分子结构都具有重要作用, 从而更利于产量与品质的提高。

3.3 秸秆覆盖对小麦活性氧和抗氧化物质的影响

${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 、H₂O₂等活性氧是植物细胞代谢的产物, 活性氧大量积累引发膜脂过氧化作用被启动, 造成膜的损伤和破坏, 对细胞组分、结构及新陈代谢造成氧化伤害, 加速植株衰老^{[31, 32, 33]}, SOD、CAT、POD等抗氧化保护酶及AsA、GSH等抗氧化非酶类物质是植物体内重要的活性氧清除物质^{[34, 35, 36]}。高温、干旱等逆境条件以及秸秆覆盖均能提高小麦叶片的保护酶活性, 有效减轻膜脂过氧化程度^{[19, 37, 38]}。本研究发现, 秸秆覆盖能增加AsA、GSH含量以及SOD、CAT和POD酶活性, 降低 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 和H₂O₂含量, 减少MDA积累。表明, 秸秆覆盖能提高细胞内抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活性, 增强对活性氧的清除能力, 降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度, 延迟叶片衰老速度, 有利于小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成。在一定秸秆覆盖范围内, 随覆盖量的增加AsA、GSH含量以及SOD、CAT和POD酶活性增加, ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 、H₂O₂和MDA含量减少, 但覆盖量过大对活性氧和MDA含量的降低及抗氧化物质含量和酶活性的持续升高反而有抑制作用。从 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 、H₂O₂、MDA含量和保护性物质变化趋势来看, 在秸秆覆盖量为6000 kg· hm^-2水平下, 对增强小麦的抗旱和抗衰老能力, 保证较高有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, 提高产量最为有利。

4 结论

适宜的秸秆覆盖量能提高小麦旗叶可溶性糖、氨基酸、GSH、和AsA含量, 增强SOD、CAT和POD活性, 降低 ${O_{2}}^{- \cdot}$ 、H₂O₂和MDA含量, 增加小麦产量。但覆盖量超过一定水平后, 各指标增幅(降幅)不明显。处理Ⅳ 的各指标均优于其他覆盖处理并与对照有显著差异。综合分析, 在豫西旱地生态条件下, 6000 kg· hm^-2为最佳秸秆覆盖量。

参考文献

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2006

0.0

... 活性氧是植物细胞代谢过程中的副产物,在正常生长条件下,活性氧的产生和清除处于动态平衡,在植物处于逆境或衰老时,这种平衡被打破,造成活性氧的积累^[1,2,3,4] ...

2007

0.0

. 2007, 33(1):143-148

Response of flag leaf lipid peroxidation and protective enzyme activity of wheat cultivars with different heat tolerance to high temperature stress after anthesis

不同耐热性小麦品种旗叶膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性对花后高温胁迫的响应

Jiang C M , Yin Y P , Liu X

姜春明, 尹燕枰, 刘霞

1Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Wheat Cultivation Physiology and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong; 2Institute of Maize, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China

In order to elucidate the antioxidation mechanism of wheat subjected to post-anthesis high temperature stress, changes of MDA content and protective enzyme activity under high temperature stress at different grain filling stages were studied by using two different heat-tolerance winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars SN1391 and GC8901. High temperature stresses were made from the 8th to 10th day after anthesis (T1) and from the 15th to 17th day after anthesis (T2) respectively by plastic sheds. Antioxidant system in flag leaf could be more efficiently operated in T1 to reduce lipid peroxidation, while the injury of T2 couldn’t be recovered. In T1, the activity of SOD and CAT significantly increased, the increasing time of CAT was later than that of SOD, the two enzymes cooperated with each other so that they could retard the senescence of flag leaf. On the 28th day after anthesis, the MDA content of SN1391 was lower than that of GC8901 in corresponding treatment. The SOD activity increasing extent of SN1391 was much bigger than that of GC8901, and the recovery capability of CAT activity was greater in SN1391 than in GC8901. In T2, the activity of SOD decreased. Although the activity of CAT was higher than that of CK, it couldn’t abate the degree of flag leaf lipid peroxidation efficiently. This indicated that SOD played an essential role in protective enzyme system. The ability of POD eliminating H 2 O 2 was diminished in T1 and the activity of POD significantly increased in T2, which probably damaged the leaves and accelerated their senescence. According to the results above we concluded that with the post-anthesis development, the wheat heat tolerance is deteriorated, so field management should be enhanced especially in middle and late grain filling stages in order to ease the injury of high temperature stress.

以2个耐热性不同的冬小麦品种山农1391和藁城8901为材料，用塑料薄膜制成增温棚，分别于花后8~10 d (T1)和花后15~17 d (T2)进行高温处理，研究了花后不同时期高温胁迫对小麦旗叶丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明，T1处理的旗叶内活性氧防卫系统能更有效地启动，使膜脂过氧化水平有所下降，而T2处理造成的伤害不可恢复。花后28 d，与藁城8901相比，山农1391各处理MDA含量较低。T1处理的SOD和CAT活性明显上升，但CAT活性的上升期晚于SOD，它们协同起保护作用，延缓旗叶的衰老，其中山农1391SOD活性的上升幅度较大，而且CAT活性的恢复性增加的能力较强；T2处理的SOD活性未见上升，甚至有所下降，CAT活性虽然高于对照，却未能有效减轻膜脂过氧化程度，表明SOD在酶保护系统中起核心作用。T1处理降低了POD清除H 2 O 2 的能力；T2处理的POD活性大幅上升，可能对叶片起到了伤害作用，加速了旗叶的衰老。因此，小麦的耐热性随花后生育进程而下降，应特别加强灌浆中后期的田间管理，减轻高温的伤害。

2001

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1997

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2014

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... 已有研究表明,植物在干旱胁迫下,抗氧化保护酶系统和非酶类系统遭到破坏,引发活性氧大量积累,从而加剧细胞膜脂过氧化作用,造成膜系统损伤,导致植物体细胞代谢紊乱,最终影响产量和品质^[5,6,7,8] ...

2009

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2010

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... 参照Wang等^[7]的方法测定H₂O₂含量,0 ...

2002

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2013

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... 秸秆覆盖在生产上的应用为秸秆资源的利用提供了有效途径,对秸秆资源利用和环境保护具有重要意义^[9,10] ...

2018

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... 秸秆覆盖在生产上的应用为秸秆资源的利用提供了有效途径,对秸秆资源利用和环境保护具有重要意义^[9,10] ...

2006

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... 秸秆覆盖是旱作区保护性耕作关键技术之一,大量研究证实秸秆覆盖可增加土壤含水量,培肥地力,改善土壤结构,调节土温,从而有利于作物的生长发育和产量形成^{[11,12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2010

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... 有少数研究表明,秸秆覆盖能增加小麦叶片可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性,降低丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA)的含量^[17,18],延缓叶片衰老,增加小麦产量^[12,19] ...

2011

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2009

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2013

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. 2013, 46(11):2257-2264 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.009

Effect of no-tillage with different stalk mulching on soil organic carbon and mid-Infrared spectral characteristics

免耕条件下不同秸秆覆盖量的土壤有机碳红外光谱特征

Peng Y , Xie H T , Li J

彭义, 解宏图, 李军

1.College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110886 2. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Shenyang 110164 3.Lishu Agricultural Extension Center, Siping 136500, Jilin 4.Institute of Ecological Environment, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, Jilin 5.National Field Observation and Research Station of Shenyang Agroecosystems, Shenyang 110016 6.Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang 110164

【Objective】 The effects of no-tillage on soil organic carbon components and distribution of soil organic carbon from stalk mulching at different soil depths and the mid-infrared spectral characteristics of different stalk mulching conservation tillage at different soil depths were studied. 【Method】 Soils were sampled from different soil depths in a long-term experiment of conservation tillage carried out in Lishu, Jilin province. Four treatments were set as no-stalk mulching, 33% stalk mulching, 67% stalk mulching and 100% stalk mulching. Soil mid-infrared spectra were examined using Nicolet 6700 spectrometer with 64 scans and 4 cm-1 resolution. 【Result】 The mid-infrared absorbance decreased with the increasing soil depth in all treatments. The results of spectra subtraction, i.e. the soil (neat) spectra minus the ashed soil spectra showed that the top soil (0-5 cm) had greater absorbance at the aromatic, aliphatic and alkyl bands than deeper soil (5-20 cm). 【Conclusion】 Stalk mulching could promote soil organic carbon accumulation at 0-5 cm depths and increase significantly aromatic, aliphatic and alkyl organic carbon from straw mulching. The mid-infrared spectral characteristics provide a new tool for soil organic carbon components research.

【目的】研究不同秸秆覆盖量免耕条件下不同剖面深度土壤的红外光谱特征，探讨免耕对土壤有机碳组成的影响及秸秆来源土壤有机碳在不同土层的分布特征。【方法】以吉林省梨树县黑土秸秆覆盖免耕长期定位试验区不同层次土壤为研究对象，对比分析无秸秆覆盖（CK）、33%秸秆覆盖、67%秸秆覆盖、100%秸秆覆盖4种处理土壤红外光谱特征。【结果】连续5年秸秆覆盖免耕种植后的土壤，红外光谱吸光值随着剖面层次的加深而降低；差减土壤矿物光谱后的谱图表明：0—5 cm土层土壤红外基团吸收明显增加，芳香碳、脂肪碳、烷基碳较之下层土壤具有明显的吸收峰。【结论】秸秆覆盖有利于有机碳在表层的累积，显著增加秸秆来源的芳香碳、脂肪碳及烷基碳含量。

2011

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. 2011, 27(3):43-48

Effects of different rates of straw mulch on soil moisture and yield of spring maize Weibei Highland area of China

渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分和春玉米产量的影响

Cai T Y , Jia Z K , Meng L

蔡太义, 贾志宽, 孟蕾

A field experiment (2008–2009) was conducted at the Heyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in Shaanxi Province of China to determine the effects of straw mulch rates on soil moisture and spring maize (Zea mays L.) yield. Maize straw at rates of 0 (CK ), 4 500, 9 000 and 13 500 kg/hm2 was placed on field plots. The results indicated that the average soil water storage in the 0–200 cm soil layers under the three different rates of straw mulch were 16.52, 25.52 and 34.04 mm, respectively, significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of CK, and the average field evapotranspiration (ET) in the 0–200 cm soil layers were 4.43, 8.23 and 6.96 mm, respectively, significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of CK during 0–60 days after sowing. Besides, the average grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the treatment with 9 000 kg/hm2 of straw mulch were optimal among the treatments, its grain yield and WUE increased by 11.03% (P<0.05) and 9.25% (P<0.05) compared with the CK, while it was medium with the treatment of 13 000 kg/hm2, and lowest with the treatment with 4 500 kg/hm2. It is suggested that the treatment with 9 000 kg/hm2 of straw mulch is preferable for Weibei highland area in China, as the precipitation is below than 390 mm during the maize growing season.

为了探明不同秸秆覆盖量对渭北旱塬土壤水分及春玉米产量的影响，于2008－2009年在陕西合阳县旱农试验站进行了3个水平的秸秆覆盖量（4 500、9 000和13 500 kg/hm2）试验，以不覆盖为对照（CK）。2 a结果表明，3个处理0～200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量较CK均显著提高，分别增加16.52、25.52和34.04 mm（P＜0.05）；播后0～60 d，农田蒸散量较CK分别减少4.43、8.23（P＜0.05）和6.96 mm（P＜0.05）；9 000 kg/hm2处理2年平均籽粒产量及水分利用效率表现最优，较CK分别提高11.03%（P＜0.05）和9.25%（P＜0.05），13 500 kg/hm2处理次之，4 500 kg/hm2处理最差。本研究表明，渭北旱塬春玉米生育期降水量低于390 mm时，不同秸秆覆盖量处理蓄水保墒及增产效应明显，且以9 000 kg/hm2覆盖量为宜。

2015

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2005

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2010

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... 2 秸秆覆盖对小麦渗透调节物质的影响可溶性糖、游离氨基酸是植物细胞内重要的渗透调节物质,能缓解水分胁迫等逆境对细胞膜系统的伤害,延缓植物叶片衰老^[19,30] ...

... 高温、干旱等逆境条件以及秸秆覆盖均能提高小麦叶片的保护酶活性,有效减轻膜脂过氧化程度^[19,37,38] ...

1990

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... 1 O2-·和H₂O₂含量抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶,按王爱国等^[20]介绍的 O2-·对羟胺氧化的方法测定 O2-·含量,将氧化产物 N O2-·在对氨基苯磺酸和#cod#x003b1 ...

2000

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... 2 可溶性糖、氨基酸、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)和抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid, AsA)含量抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶,采用蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖含量^[21] ...

... 采用茚三酮比色法测定氨基酸含量^[21] ...

... 采用硫代巴比妥酸比色法^[21]测定MDA含量 ...

... 采用二甲苯萃取比色法^[21]测定AsA含量 ...

... 3 抗氧化酶活性的测定抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶,参照任红旭等^[23]的方法提取酶液,酶活性按李合生^[21]的方法测定SOD、POD和CAT活性 ...

1999

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. 1999, 13(3):161-164

Enhancement of drought resistance of rice seedlings by calcium

钙提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的研究

Lu S Y , Li Y C , Guo Z F

卢少云, 黎用朝, 郭振飞

Rice seeds were immersed in CaCl 2 soIution or water (as control ) for 18 hours, and then germinated. The seedlings treated with Ca 2+ showed higher relative water content and lower relative plasmalema permeability under osmotic stress by -0. 5 MPa, which indicated that drought resistance was increased by Ca 2+ treatment. Soaking seeds with chloropromazine (CPZ, 2 mmol/L) and CPZ (2 mmol/L) + Ca 2+ (20 mmol/L) also increased the drought resistance of rice seedlings. After treatment with osmotic stress for one day, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were activated, and the contents of ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were increased by soaking seeds with 2o0 mmol/L of Ca 2+ . These results indicated that Ca 2+ treatment increased protection against membrane lipid peroxidation and stability of membranes and therefore resulted in the increase of drought resistance of rice seedlings.

将水稻种子用CaCl 2 溶液浸种18 h后催芽、播种，培养13 d后进行渗透胁迫处理。Ca 2+ 浸种的水稻幼苗在-0.5 MPa的渗透胁迫下地上部相对含水量提高，质膜相对透性降低，表明提高了抗旱性。异丙嗪(CPZ)和CPZ + Ca 2+ 浸种亦提高了水稻抗旱性。渗透胁迫1 d后，Ca 2+ 浸种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均提高。实验结果表明，Ca2+处理提高膜脂过氧化的保护能力和膜的稳定性可能是其提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的原因。

... 采用卢少云等^[22]的方法进行提取和测定GSH含量 ...

2001

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. 2001, 27(6):729-736

Effect of CO₂ on photosynthesis and antioxidative ability of broad bean plants grown under drought condition

CO 2 浓度升高对干旱胁迫下蚕豆光合作用和抗氧化能力的影响

Ren H X , Chen X , Wu D X

任红旭, 陈雄, 吴冬秀

在CO2浓度分别为当今CO2浓度(350μmolmol-1)和倍增浓度(700μmolmol-1)的两个开顶式生长室内,研究分析了干旱胁迫下蚕豆(ViciafabaL.)植株的生长情况、光合作用和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标的变化.实验结果表明,CO2浓度倍增条件下,蚕豆的株高增加,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,气孔阻力增大,水分利用效率得以较大程度地提高;

... 3 抗氧化酶活性的测定抽穗后0、10和20 d取旗叶,参照任红旭等^[23]的方法提取酶液,酶活性按李合生^[21]的方法测定SOD、POD和CAT活性 ...

2015

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. 2015, 41(6):929-937 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00929

Effects of autumn straw mulching on physiological characteristics and water use efficiency in winter wheat grown in hilly drought region

秋季玉米秸秆覆盖对丘陵旱地小麦生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

Wu X L , Tang Y L , Li C S

吴晓丽, 汤永禄, 李朝苏

Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China

Seasonal drought during winter and spring often occurs in southwest hilly area of China, which severely influences seedling standing and yield in winter wheat. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment in Jianyang, Sichuan province in the 2012–2013 (dry) and 2013–2014 (wet) growing seasons to explore the effects of straw mulching on physiological characteristics, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat. Four treatments were designed, namely non-mulching (CK), non-mulching plus two irrigations after sowing and at jointing stage (T1), straw mulching before sowing (T2), and straw mulching before sowing and during wheat growth (T3). In the dry year (2012–2013), the yields of T1, T2, and T3 were 4151, 3926, and 3603 kg ha -1 , which were 41.96%, 34.25%, and 23.22% higher than those of CK, respectively, and the WUEs of T1, T2, and T3 increased by 27.23%, 29.59%, and 18.84% , respectively . However, in the wet year (2013–2014), the yield variation among treatment s was slight. In the dry year, irrigation or straw mulching showed the effects on enhancing dry matter accumulation from sowing to anthesis and inhibiting SPAD attenuation of flag leaf and penultimate leaf after anthesis and straw mulching increased soil moisture content in pre-sowing and whole growing period. Compared with CK, T2 significantly increased root dry matter, root-to-shoot ratio, root length density, root dry matter density, and root surface area density in some critical growth stages, and highly enhanced root system in deep soil. According to correlation analysis, grain yield was positively correlated with dry matter accumulations in the periods of sowing–tillering, tillering–jointing, jointing–anthesis, and anthesis–maturity, SPAD values of flag and penultimate leaf after anthesis, and WUE. These results indicate that straw mulch before wheat sowing can maintain soil moisture , delay leaf senescence and increase grain yield in winter wheat.

西南丘陵冬春季节干旱频繁，严重影响小麦播种立苗及产量。 2012 — 2013 ( 干旱 ) 和 2013 — 2014 年度 ( 湿润 ) , 在四川简阳开展一年两点田间试验，比较不同秸秆处理方式对旱地小麦生理性状、水分利用效率及产量的影响。试验共设 4 个处理，分别是无覆盖 (CK) 、无覆盖 + 播后和拔节期灌水 (T1) 、休闲期覆盖 (T2) 和休闲期 + 小麦生育期覆盖 (T3) 。干旱年份 T1 、 T2 和 T3 的产量分别为 4151 、 3926 和 3603 kg hm -2 ; 较 CK 增产 42.0% 、 34.3% 和 23.2%, 提高水分利用效率 27.2% 、 29.6% 和 18.8% 。湿润年份处理间产量差异较小。与 CK 相比，干旱年份灌水和覆盖提高了播种至开花阶段的干物质积累量，有效抑制了花后旗叶、倒二叶的叶绿素降解；覆盖处理有利于保持播前充足的底墒及生育期间较高的土壤含水量； T2 处理主要生育时期的根干重、根冠比、根长密度、根质量密度和根表面积密度增加，下层土壤中的根系增多。籽粒产量与各生育阶段干物质积累量、花后旗叶和倒二叶的 SPAD 及水分利用效率呈显著或极显著正相关。秋季玉米秸秆就地覆盖具有显著的纳雨保墒作用，可提高小麦立苗质量，延缓叶片衰老，进而增产。

... 1 秸秆覆盖对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响适量的玉米秸秆覆盖可提高小麦叶片光合速率^[24,25],促进有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重提高,从而达到增产效果^[26,27] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 21(2):296-305 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0202

Effects of long#cod#x02014;term no-tillage with straw mulch on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and translocation of winter wheat in dryland

长期免耕覆盖对旱地冬小麦旗叶光合特性及干物质积累与转运的影响

Wang J B , Yan C R , Liu E K

王健波, 严昌荣, 刘恩科

Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Dry Land Agriculture,MOA, Beijing 100081, China

【Objectives】 Photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat after flowering play an important role in dry matter accumulation and transportation, and soil moisture is the most important environmental factor which affects the crop photosynthesis. Application of no-tillage could improve the soil environment and increase the crop production. To study role of water reserving and soil moisture keeping under no-tillage with straw mulch practice in a long-term experiment, and transfer characteristics of canopy photosynthetically active radiation and their effects on photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter transportation of wheat, we conducted this experiment in the long-term plots. 【Methods】 These plots were established in a silt loam soil in the Loess Plateau of China in 1992, and consisted of no-tillage with straw mulch (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) with three replications. The soil of this semi-arid area is a Chromic Cambisol, which is low in organic matter and slightly alkaline and which is subject to frequent drying and wetting cycles. The soil moisture, and photosynthetically active radiation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield components of wheat were measured during the fallow period and wheat-growing period under different tillage practices. 【Results】During the fallow period and wheat-growing period, a significant increase of water-storage capacity under the NT practice is found in 0-160 cm soil depth compared with CT, with an average increase of 12%. At its lowest point (at the pre-filling stage), soil moisture under the NT practice is 21% higher than that of the CT practice( P 2 ·s) higher than that of the CT practice at the heading and filling stages, which reaches the maximum difference (19.3%) at the pre-filling stage ( P P P <0.01). The study indicates that the ability of water reserving and soil moisture keeping under no-tillage with straw mulch practice could alleviate the decline of net photosynthesis rate in midday due to the action of water stress, and keep wheat photosynthesis at a high level. Meanwhile, the NT practice enhances the ability of dry matter accumulation after the anthesis, and the dry matter accumulation after the anthesis is the main source of dry matter accumulation into grain under the NT practice, while under the CT practice the dry matter accumulated in vegetative organs before the anthesis is the main source of dry matter accumulation into grain. 【Conclusions】The results indicate that the long-term no-tillage with straw mulch practice could significantly improve soil moisture and light interception ability, enhance wheat photosynthesis characteristics, WUE and dry matter accumulation and transportation, coordinate relationship between the yield components and increase wheat production in the dryland of the south of Shanxi Province.

【目的】小麦开花后光合特性对干物质积累和转运具有重要作用，而土壤水分是影响作物光合作用最重要的环境因子。研究长期定位试验条件下免耕覆盖的蓄水保墒作用和小麦冠层光合有效辐射传输特征，及其对小麦光合特性和干物质转运规律的影响，以期为旱区作物生产及农田高效用水提供理论依据。【方法】本文以山西临汾20年免耕覆盖和常规耕作两种耕作方式的长期定位试验为平台，于2013年休闲期和小麦生育期对土壤水分，小麦生育后期光合有效辐射、旗叶光合参数、干物质积累和产量构成因素进行了测定。【结果】在休闲期和小麦生育期，与常规耕作方式相比，免耕覆盖耕作0—160 cm土层土壤储水量显著增加，平均提高了12%，其中在土壤水分含量的最低时期(灌浆前期)比常规耕作提高 21%( P ＜0.01)。在抽穗和灌浆前期免耕覆盖处理的小麦截获的光合有效辐射比常规耕作高163μmol/(m 2 ·s)，其中在灌浆前期二者差异最大，达19.3%( P ＜0.05)，并且免耕覆盖下小麦中上层和中下层都有充分利用光能的机会。在灌浆前期免耕覆盖比常规耕作处理的小麦旗叶气孔导度平均增加39%，二氧化碳利用能力平均增加11%，瞬时水分利用效率提高了22%;小麦抽穗后到成熟期免耕覆盖处理的小麦旗叶净光合速率平均比常规耕作高39%，收获期籽粒重和植株总重分别比常规耕作高57%和46%( P ＜0.01)，并且开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率达到了64%。从产量构成因素来看，免耕覆盖的小麦穗数和千粒重分别比常规耕作高31%和10%，实收产量比常规耕作高41%( P ＜0.01)。免耕覆盖耕作方式下的土壤蓄水保墒能力缓解了因水分胁迫作用而出现的光合午休现象，保证了小麦光合速率处于较高水平;同时免耕覆盖增强了小麦开花后干物质的积累能力，并且籽粒干物质的主要来源是开花后干物质的积累，而常规耕作则是以开花前贮藏的同化物量为主要来源。【结论】在晋南旱区，采用长期免耕覆盖的耕作方式可提高土壤水分的保蓄能力和光能截获能力，增强冬小麦的净光合效率、瞬时水分利用效率及干物质积累与转运，协调产量构成因素之间的关系，提高小麦产量。

2015

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2016

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2015

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. 2015, 34(4):1004-1012

Effects of mulching in fallow period on soil moisture and yield components of dryland wheat

旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水与产量构成因素的关系

Zhang J C , Sun M , Gao Z Q

张锦朝, 孙敏, 高志强

(College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China)

In order to explore the technology for soil water storage and yield improvement of dryland wheat by mulching, an experiment was carried out in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2012. The effects of mulching methods and time on water storage and yield formation of dryland wheat were studied through whole mulching, half mulching and no mulching at 30 and 60 days after wheat harvest. The results showed that the soil water storage from sowing stage to booting stage significantly increased by mulching. Especially, the soil water storage of 140-200 cm layer at sowing stage, 160-300 cm layer at wintering stage and turning green stage, 80-160 cm layer at elongation stage, 0-120 cm and 200-300 cm layers at booting stage increased obviously. The overall effect of whole mulching at 30 days after wheat harvest was best. The tiller number increased from wintering stage to booting stage, and dry matter significantly increased at mature stage. The ear number was significantly improved, with an increase of 3%-14%. Furthermore, the yield of wheat dramatically increased by 171-815 kg·hm -2 . The percentage of earbearing, economic coefficient, yield and its component factors with whole mulching were higher than those with half mulching, with a better effect for whole mulching at 30 days after wheat harvest. The results also showed that the soil water storage at sowing stage was closely related to ear number, grain number per spike and yield, especially for the deep water storage. Until the booting stage, the water storage of 200-300 cm layer was still closely associated with dry matter, ear number and yield. To sum up, early mulching during fallow period is beneficial to storing the rainfall, especially improving the water storage in deeper layers up to the depth of 300 cm; early mulching is also beneficial to building a reasonable community and enhancing the yield through improving the ear number, with a better effect for the whole mulching.

为探索旱地小麦休闲期覆盖保水、增产技术途径，于2011—2012年在山西省闻喜县进行了前茬小麦收获后30 d或60 d深翻后进行地面全覆盖、半覆盖、不覆盖的大田试验，研究休闲期覆盖时间和覆盖方式对土壤水分和小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明：休闲期覆盖后，播种-孕穗期土壤蓄水量显著提高，尤其播种期140～200 cm，越冬期和返青期160～300 cm，拔节期80～160 cm，孕穗期0～120 cm、200～300 cm土层效果明显，且以前茬小麦收获后30 d采用全覆盖效果较好；覆盖后，越冬-孕穗期群体分蘖数增加，成熟期植株干物质量显著提高，穗数显著提高（3%～14%），产量显著提高（171～815 kg·hm -2 ）；全覆盖处理成穗率、经济系数、产量及其构成因素均高于半覆盖，且以麦收后30 d覆盖效果较好；播种期土壤水分与穗数、穗粒数和产量关系密切，尤其是深层土壤水分，且直至孕穗期200～300 cm土壤水分与干物质量、穗数和产量关系仍密切；休闲期提早覆盖有利于蓄保休闲期降水于深层，且至孕穗期300 cm深处土壤水分仍有提高；有利于构建合理群体，主要通过提高穗数实现增产，且以全覆盖效果最好。

... 有研究表明,小麦产量构成因素与产量呈极显著正相关,以穗数相关性最大,其次为穗粒数,再次为千粒重,即穗数对产量的贡献最大^[28] ...

2016

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. 2016, 25(2):47-57 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2015395

Effect of different mulching materials and methods on soil moisture and temperature and grain yield of dryland spring wheat in northwestern China

不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响

Cheng H B , Niu J B , Chai S X

程宏波, 牛建彪, 柴守玺

1.College of Bioscience and Technology, Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2.Gansu Province Yuzhong County Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Yuzhong 730100, China; 3.College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

This study determined effects of different mulching materials and methods on soil water, soil temperature, grain yield ( GY ) and important agronomic parameters of spring wheat in a semi-arid rain fed area of northwestern China. A total of 8 mulching treatments were tested in this study. These included straw mulching, plastic film mulching such as flatten culture and whole mulching, micro-ridge and whole mulching, large ridge and half mulching, compared with a non-covered treatment as control (CK). There were significant differences in soil moisture, soil temperature and GY among the various treatments. Compared to the CK, mulching significantly increased GY by 7.7% to 44.9%, with the maximum yield increase occurring in micro-ridge and whole mulched plastic film treatments. The spikes per unit area ( SPUA ) were the main factor responsible for difference in GY . There was a highly positive correlation ( r =0.788 * ) between SPUA and GY . Compared to the CK, mulching increased the average soil moisture in the 0-200 cm soil layer during the entire growth period by 0.3%-1.7%, and the highest soil moisture levels were those of micro-ridge and whole mulched white film (C 1 ) and large ridge and half mulched black film (D 2 ). Both mulching with wheat straw (A 1 ) and large ridge and half mulched black film (D 2 ) decreased average soil temperature in the 0-25 cm soil layer during entire growth period by 1.4 and 0.9℃, while soil temperatures of the other 6 mulching treatments were increased by 0.3-1.8℃. The maximum warming occurred in flatten culture and whole mulched white film (B 1 ) treatments. However, more detailed analysis of spatio-temporal differences in soil temperature and soil moisture revealed that the various treatment effects were most strongly seen in different soil layers or in different growth periods. Soil moisture data were recorded at 48 time points in each treatment. Each mulching treatment had 26-40 points with soil moisture higher than the CK, and 8-22 points lower than the CK. During the entire growth period, mulching predominantly increased soil moisture at the flower-filling stage, and decreased soil moisture in the booting stage. Mulching-induced soil moisture increases were most evident in the 20-40 cm soil layer, and mulching tended to decrease moisture in the 60-90 cm soil layer. Soil temperatures were measured and recorded at 25 time points in each treatment, and each of the mulching treatments varied in numbers of points higher (range 0 to 24 points) or lower (range 1 to 25 points) than CK plots. The maximum warming was observed in the 25 cm soil layer.

在西北半干旱雨养条件下,研究了不同覆盖材料、覆盖方式对春小麦土壤水分、土壤温度、产量及重要农艺指标的影响。试验以无覆盖栽培为对照(CK),设置了秸秆覆盖及地膜覆盖(平作全地面覆膜、微垄全地面覆膜、大垄半覆膜),共8个覆盖处理。结果表明:处理间土壤水分、土壤温度、产量等都存在显著差异;各覆盖处理均较CK显著增产7.6%~44.9%,其中以微垄全地面覆膜增产最显著,处理间单位面积穗数的差异是引起产量差异的主要结构因素;与CK相比,全生育期0~200 cm土壤水分含量各覆盖处理均高于CK 0.3%~1.7%,其中以平作黑膜全覆盖(B 2 )和微垄白膜全覆盖(C 1 )最高;比较全生育期025 cm土壤平均温度差异,除小麦秸秆覆盖(A 1 )和大垄黑膜半覆盖(D 2 )较CK分别降低1.4和0.9℃外,其他6个覆盖处理较CK提高0.3~1.8℃,其中以平作白膜全覆盖(B 1 )增温幅度最大;但进一步分时期、分土层比较发现,各覆盖处理在不同生育时期和土层,基本出现较CK增墒与降墒、增温与降温的双重效应。各处里增墒点次比例为54.2%~83.3%,相应降墒点次比例为16.7%~45.8%,时期上,增墒效应以开花期和灌浆期最明显、降墒效应以孕穗期最明显;土层上,增墒效应以20~40 cm土层最明显、而降墒效应以60~90 cm土层最明显。各处理较CK增温的点次比例为4%~100%,时期上,覆盖增温效果以灌浆期最明显,降温效果以均分蘖期和开花期最高;从土层来看,以土壤25 cm处增温幅度最高。

... 的产量显著高于其他覆盖处理,其贡献就是来源于穗数比其他处理的显著增加,从而表明,增加单位面积穗数是秸秆覆盖增产的原因,这可能与秸秆覆盖改善了土壤墒情,增加了有效分蘖,优化了群体结构,有利于旱地小麦生产,与前人研究结果一致^[29] ...

2014

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. 2014, 47(22):4380-4391 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.22.004

Analysis of physiological characteristics about ABA alleviating rice booting stage drought stress

ABA 缓解水稻孕穗期干旱胁迫生理特性的分析

Guo G H , Liu H Y , Li G H

郭贵华, 刘海艳, 李刚华

College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095

【Objective】The objective of the study is to reveal the drought tolerance mechanisms of different rice varieties and the physiological mechanisms about ABA reliving rice drought stress.【Method】Japonica drought tolerance rice Zaoyuxiangjing and conventional japonica rice Nanjing44 were pot planted until booting stage, and 150 mg·kg -1 of abscisic acid (ABA) was sprayed on leaf to study the influence on rice antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA) content, net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), transpiration rate ( T r ), chlorophyll and soluble sugar(SS)content, biomass accumulation, yield per pot and yield components. Finally, their different biological and physiological drought resistance and response to ABA treatment were compared.【Result】During drought stress, rice maintained higher SOD and CAT activities, leading to a lower MDA content to a certain extent. They synthesized higher soluble sugar content to maintain cell osmotic adjustment. The leaf net P n decreased consistently. G s also showed a downward trend with increasing water stress, and T r consistented with the G s . Chlorophyll a synthesis was inhibited, and the content decreased. The result showed that dry matter accumulation and yield per pot were decreased significantly compared with CK. Two varieties showed significant differences in response to drought stress, and Zaoyuxiangjing was more drought resistant than Nanjing44. When ABA treated, P n and dry matter accumulation were reduced in short time. While SOD activity was further improved, leading to reduction of MDA accumulation. Meanwhile, exogenous ABA induced stomatal closure during drought stress and reduced transpiration rate, the excessive water consumption was reduced and water use efficiency was improved, thus having a significant protective effect on rice, reduced the metabolic function of drought on rice physiological damage, and accelerated functional recovery after rehydration, keeping higher content of chlorophyll a to prevent leaf premature. The effect of ABA treatment was more significant on Zaoyuxiangjing. Its P n , G s and T r recovered quickly after rehydration and a significant increase in chlorophyll a content. ABA also promoted its soluble sugar synthesis and dry matter accumulation more faster under drought stress, then improved its grains of per panicle, filled grain rate, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per pot significantly. ABA effect was weaker on Nanjing44 because of its general drought resistance. Nanjing44 was susceptible to drought stress, less sensitive to ABA, slow physiological and growth characteristics recovery. Although ABA significantly increased Nanjing 44 grains per panicle, filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight, it did not significantly increase the yield per pot.【Conclusion】The short-term “dormancy” effect on rice of ABA could relieve the physiological metabolic function damage of riceunder booting stage stress effectively, promote its functional recovery after rehydration, and mitigate the effects of drought on yield. There were differences in the response to ABA between different drought resistance varieties. The stronger drought resistance variety was more sensitive to ABA and displayed better result to exogenous ABA.

【目的】明确不同耐旱性水稻品种抗旱机理、研究ABA缓解水稻干旱胁迫生理机制。【方法】以粳型旱稻品种早玉香粳和常规粳稻品种南粳44为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究孕穗期干旱胁迫下喷施150 mg·kg -1 的脱落酸（ABA）对2个抗旱性不同水稻品种抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT）活性、膜脂过氧化程度（MDA含量）、净光合速率（ P n ）、气孔导度（ G s ）、蒸腾速率（ T r ）、叶绿素含量及可溶性糖（SS）含量生理特性和生物量积累、产量及产量结构的影响,并比较两个品种抗旱性不同的生物学及生理原因和对ABA响应的差异。【结果】与正常水分管理相比,干旱胁迫下水稻超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性升高,一定程度上抑制丙二醛积累；大量合成可溶性糖,维持细胞渗透调节；净光合速率持续下降；气孔导度随着干旱胁迫加剧,亦呈现下降趋势；蒸腾速率表现与气孔导度较一致；叶绿素a合成受抑制,含量下降；水稻干物质积累和每盆产量下降,两品种对干旱胁迫响应差异明显,早玉香粳抗旱性显著强于南粳44。喷施ABA,短期内降低了水稻净光合速率与干物质积累,但进一步提高了水稻干旱胁迫时叶片SOD活性、降低MDA含量；同时诱导干旱胁迫时气孔关闭和降低蒸腾速率,减少水分过度消耗,提高水分利用率；对干旱胁迫时水稻有明显的保护作用,减轻干旱对水稻生理代谢功能损伤,加快复水后功能修复,保持较高叶绿素a含量,防止叶片早衰。其中对抗旱性强的品种早玉香粳作用更为明显,复水后 P n 、 G s 、 T r 快速恢复,叶绿素a含量显著上升,促进干旱胁迫时可溶性糖合成,干物质积累更迅速,最终显著提高其干旱胁迫时单盆产量。外源ABA对南粳44的影响相对较弱,南粳44本身耐旱性弱,受干旱胁迫影响大,生理及生长特性恢复慢；对ABA较钝感,ABA虽显著提高南粳44干旱胁迫时穗粒数、结实率与千粒重,但未显著提高每盆产量。【结论】ABA对水稻具有短期“休眠”的效果,能够有效缓解孕穗期干旱胁迫对水稻生理代谢功能的损伤,促进复水后的功能修复,减轻干旱对产量的影响。抗旱性不同的水稻对ABA的响应存在差异性,抗旱性越强的品种,对ABA越敏感,喷施ABA作用越明显。

2015

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... 3 秸秆覆盖对小麦活性氧和抗氧化物质的影响O2-·、H₂O₂等活性氧是植物细胞代谢的产物,活性氧大量积累引发膜脂过氧化作用被启动,造成膜的损伤和破坏,对细胞组分、结构及新陈代谢造成氧化伤害,加速植株衰老^[31,32,33],SOD、CAT、POD等抗氧化保护酶及AsA、GSH等抗氧化非酶类物质是植物体内重要的活性氧清除物质^[34,35,36] ...

2009

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2016

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2016

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2001

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2013

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2016

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. 2016, 42(4):561-573 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2016.00561

Effects of ethylene-chlormequat-potassium on characteristics of leaf senescence at different plant positions after anthesis under different planting densities

乙矮合剂对不同密度夏玉米花粒期不同部位叶片衰老特性的影响

Lu L , Dong Z Q , Dong X R

卢霖, 董志强, 董学瑞

Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Beijing 100081, China

In order to explore the effects of ethylene-chlormequat-potassium(ECK) on leaf aging and early senescence in summer maize, and provide a theoretical basis for high and stable yields of summer maize under high planting density by chemical regulation technology in North China Plain,a field experimentwas conducted using two types of maize hybrids (Zhongdan909 and Xundan20)with treatments of ethylene-chlormequat-potassium under different planting densities. The results showed that the increase d planting density significantly decreased leaf area (LA) per plant and increased LA reduction rate. With the increase of planting density decreased SPAD value, soluble protein content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) of ear leaf, the third leaf above ear, and the third leaf below ear,while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. The above indexes had differences among varieties andleaf positions. ECK treatment significantly increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), SPAD value and soluble protein content in leaves at different positions, decreased LA reduction rate, delayedand alleviatedleaf senescence. Under the density of ≥7.5×10 4 plant ha -1 , the yield of Zhongdan909 and Xundan20, compared with their own controls, increased by 5.59% −6.63% and 6.73%−8.10%, respectively. ECK treatment significantly prevented early senescence under higher planting densities , therefore increased yield. Thus, adopting an appropriate planting density combined with ECK application could be an important technique for achieving high grain yield in summer maize production in North China Plain.

为探讨乙矮合剂对密植夏玉米叶片衰老及后期早衰的调控机制, 建立华北夏玉米区密植高产稳产化学调控技术, 以中单909和浚单20为材料, 设置乙矮合剂(ECK)和密度梯度处理, 研究密度梯度对夏玉米花粒期不同部位叶片衰老特性的影响与ECK的调控效应。结果表明, 随密度增加, 两品种花粒期单株叶面积减小且降幅增大; 各叶位叶片的叶绿素相对含量和可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势; 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈降低趋势; 丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈增高趋势; 上述指标在叶位和品种间存在差异。ECK处理显著提高各密度不同部位叶片SOD、CAT、POD活性和叶绿素相对含量及可溶性蛋白含量, 显著降低MDA含量; 单株绿叶面积降幅减小, 叶片衰老进程延缓, 衰老程度减轻。ECK处理后, 较高密度群体下(7.5~10.5万株 hm -2 ), 中单909和浚单20较各自对照分别增产5.59%~6.63%和6.73%~8.10%。因此, 采用合理的种植密度结合喷施乙矮合剂可作为华北夏玉米区高产栽培的重要技术措施。

... 高温、干旱等逆境条件以及秸秆覆盖均能提高小麦叶片的保护酶活性,有效减轻膜脂过氧化程度^[19,37,38] ...

2018

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... 高温、干旱等逆境条件以及秸秆覆盖均能提高小麦叶片的保护酶活性,有效减轻膜脂过氧化程度^[19,37,38] ...