覆盖对枸杞根系土壤环境和水分利用的影响

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胥生荣, 张恩和, 马瑞丽, 王琦, 刘青林, 黄钰芳. 覆盖对枸杞根系土壤环境和水分利用的影响. 草业学报, 2019,28(2): 12-22
XU Sheng-rong, ZHANG En-he, MA Rui-li, WANG Qi, LIU Qing-lin, HUANG Yu-fang. Effects of mulching on soil environment and water utilization by roots of Lycium barbarum . Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(2): 12-22 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018162
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覆盖对枸杞根系土壤环境和水分利用的影响

胥生荣^1,³, 张恩和^1,^*, 马瑞丽^1,³, 王琦², 刘青林¹, 黄钰芳¹

1.甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070

2.甘肃农业大学草业学院,甘肃兰州 730070

3.定西市农业科学研究院,甘肃定西 743000

*通信作者. E-mail: zhangeh@gsau.edu.cn

作者简介:胥生荣(1985-),男,甘肃武威人,在读博士。E-mail: xushengrong888@163.com

收稿日期: 2018-03-16

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31560380)和青海省青藏高原特色生物资源研究重点实验室开放课题(2017-ZJ-Y10)资助

摘要

耐旱枸杞作为西北干旱地区重要的经济作物,为进一步了解枸杞根系吸水特性,提高对土壤水分利用效率,在甘肃省古浪县农业示范基地(37.30° N,103.29° E)以4年生枸杞‘宁杞1号’植株为材料,设置4个处理:地布FM、地膜PM和秸秆SM,以裸地为对照CK,通过测定不同处理枸杞根系水力学特性和根际土壤含水量、电导率、有机碳以及微生物数量和多样性等土壤理化性质,了解覆盖使枸杞土壤微环境变化对植株根系水分运输利用的影响。覆盖处理使植株比导率均有不同程度的提高,地膜覆盖使冠层和根系比导率最大,达到裸地对照的109.7%和102.8%;地膜覆盖植物水分利用效率最小,秸秆覆盖水分利用效率最大;覆盖处理使土壤含水量均显著升高,其中地膜覆盖土壤含水量最高,在土层0~60 cm处比裸地对照高1.93%;随着土壤含水量升高,根系对土壤水分的利用也逐渐偏向于浅层,深层土壤水分贡献率由裸地对照的81.81%降低到地膜覆盖的47.06%;覆盖处理后土壤平均温度为地膜>地布>对照>秸秆;秸秆覆盖处理土壤有机碳含量、微生物数量和香浓指数分别为14.69 mg·g^-1、618.8×10⁶ CFU·g^-1和3.13( H),均高于其他处理;地膜覆盖使土壤微生物数量和多样性升高,但使总有机碳含量降低到裸地对照的97.98%;土壤温度和土壤含水量与植株导水率和水分利用效率具有显著的相关性,能够直接影响植株水分利用特性。根系水分利用效率与覆盖材料有关,秸秆覆盖较其他覆盖措施对植株生长和改良土壤环境的作用更显著,当前干旱地区农业生产中,可以通过秸秆覆盖提高枸杞根系水分利用效率。

关键词: 枸杞; 覆盖; 根际土壤; 根系; 导水率

Effects of mulching on soil environment and water utilization by roots of Lycium barbarum

XU Sheng-rong^1,³, ZHANG En-he^1,^*, MA Rui-li^1,³, WANG Qi², LIU Qing-lin¹, HUANG Yu-fang¹

1.Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

2.College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

3. Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Dingxi 743000, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: zhangeh@gsau.edu.cn

Abstract

Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry), is the main commercial crop in arid land in northwestern China. This research aimed to improve knowledge of the water uptake characteristics of L. barbarum, in order to increase the water use efficiency of the root system. A mulching experiment was conducted at the Gulang agricultural demonstration area, Gansu province (37.30° N, 103.29° E). The experiment included four mulching treatments: plastic mulching (PM), fabric mulching (FM), stalk mulching (SM), and an un-mulched control (CK). Hydraulic conductivity of the canopy and root, and soil micro-environment were monitored in four year old seedlings of the ‘Ningqi 1’ variety of L. barbarum. It was found that the hydraulic conductivity of the canopy and roots was increased by mulching. The greatest increase occurred with PM, which had values 109.7% and 102.8% of CK. The root system absorbed water mainly in the 30-100 cm soil depth in the CK plants. Soil moisture increase in 0-30 cm was found to decrease the utilization rate by plants of deeper soil moisture. Depletion of the deep soil moisture was 81.81% in CK, compared to 47.06% in the PM treatment. WUE was lowest in the PM treatment and highest in the SM treatment. By contrast, the soil moisture content at 0-150 cm was increased by mulching, and was highest in the PM treatment. For soil average temperature, the treatments ranked PM>FM>CK>SM. soil organic carbon, microbial biomass, and microbioal diversity index were enhanced in SM (14.69 mg·g^-1, 618.8×10⁶ CFU·g^-1 and 3.13 H, respectively), compared to other treatments, while the soil organic carbon of the PM treatment was the lowest (97.98% of CK). The soil temperature, soil moisture content with the hydraulic conductivity and water use efficiency showed significant correlations. It suggested that the root water use efficiency in L. barbarum is affected by the mulching material used. Promotion of plant growth and improvement of the soil environment was more pronounced in the SM treatment with other mulching materials, It is possible to increase the water use efficiency of roots by stalk mulching.

Keyword: Lycium barbarum; mulching; rhizosphere soil; root system; hydraulic conductivity

文章图片

我国西北地区降水量小、蒸发量大, 水资源利用率低, 植物体对土壤水分的吸收受到植株自身和土壤生长环境的影响。根系吸水是土壤水分进入植物体的最主要方式, 土壤水分亏缺环境对根系吸水具有明显的抑制作用, 因此, 了解根系对土壤水分的利用特性, 对改进植物栽培管理措施, 提高土壤水分利用效率具有重要的意义。

地面覆盖作为提高植物水分生产率的耕作措施, 在旱作农业方面具有巨大的潜力。有效覆盖措施可以提高降水入渗补给系数, 增加降水补给量和入渗深度, 降低干旱胁迫对植物的伤害^[1]。不同的覆盖材料对土壤环境有相似的影响, 但也存在差异, 地布、地膜和秸秆都能够不同程度起到集水保墒、改变土壤水热状况、提高水分利用效率的作用, 但保墒效果、土壤温度变化和水分利用效率却不尽相同, 同时对土壤养分和微生物环境都存在不同影响。地膜覆盖可以在土壤和大气之间形成一个隔离的区域, 有效防止土壤水分的散失, 也阻碍了气体交换^[2]; 秸秆覆盖可以抑制土壤水分蒸发, 有效改善土壤水分环境, 调节地温, 增强土壤蓄水保墒能力, 促进植物对土壤水分的有效利用^{[3, 4, 5]}, 随着覆盖秸秆的腐烂还田, 还能显著提高土壤有机碳含量^{[6, 7]}; 地布覆盖具有良好的渗水作用, 对保持土壤水分和改善土壤水肥气热有显著作用^[8], 相对地膜覆盖改善了气体交换环境, 但相对秸秆覆盖缺少了土壤有机质的来源。

土壤微生物影响植物对水分的吸收利用, 根系共生的真菌能够增强根系导水能力, 提高水分利用效率^{[9, 10]}, 菌根真菌的菌丝可以从植物的根系外数厘米或数米处吸收传输水分和养分^[11]; 土壤活性有机碳是植物碳循环中的主要来源, 直接影响植物体光合作用碳水化合物的形成^[12]。根际是土壤养分和土壤环境相互作用最活跃的区域, 覆盖措施对根际土壤环境的影响与根系水分利用有直接关系, 了解根际环境变化对明确根系与土壤水分之间的关系有重要作用。随着同位素技术的发展, 植株叶片δ ¹³C成为研究水分利用效率的新手段, 是目前研究植株水分利用效率的最有效的方法^{[13, 14]}。在环境同位素质量守恒的前提下, 由于水分在被植物根系吸收和从根系向植株地上部分转移时不会发生同位素分馏, 木质部δ D值没有因为蒸发或者新陈代谢导致的分馏被认为可以反映植物的水分来源^[15]。McCole等^[16]利用水中同位素研究了爱德华兹高原树木季节性水分利用模式, 发现刺柏属树木在夏季利用土壤水分的深度和冬季利用的深度不同, 但过渡的时间每年可能会有所不同。

枸杞(Lycium barbarum), 茄科(Solanaceae)多年生落叶灌木, 作为干旱地区生态农业发展的重要树种被大面积推广, 但土壤水分环境因素严重制约了枸杞产业的快速发展。近年来, 对枸杞覆盖条件下的水分利用有很多研究, 但对土壤与植物的水分关系, 尤其是枸杞土壤微环境与根系水力学特性的相关性研究仍相对较少。本研究对地布、地膜和秸秆覆盖条件下冠层、根系及各个器官的导水率, 以及根系水分利用状况与土壤环境的关系进行了探讨, 研究不同材料覆盖对枸杞根系水分运输利用的影响, 以期为枸杞抗旱节水栽培与水分高效利用研究提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验于2016年10月至2017年10月在甘肃省古浪县枸杞示范园(37.30° N, 103.29° E)进行。试验区海拔1760 m, 属干旱气候, 年平均气温5.6 ℃, 年均降水量300 mm, 无霜期140 d, 土壤有机质为14.5 g· kg^-1、速效磷28.5 mg· kg^-1、速效钾396.9 mg· kg^-1、硝态氮38.1 mg· kg^-1、铵态氮1.34 mg· kg^-1, 土壤肥力均匀。

1.2 试验材料与设计

以4年生枸杞‘ 宁杞1号’ 植株为供试材料, 株行距为1 m× 3 m, 株高1.5 m, 选择树势均匀一致的枸杞植株作为试验材料, 试验设3种覆盖处理模式:黑色地布覆盖(FM)、地膜覆盖(PM)和玉米秸秆覆盖(SM), 以裸地作为对照(CK), 玉米秸秆覆盖前用铡刀切成长为10~20 cm的短节, 覆盖量为4500 kg· hm^-2, 覆盖于树冠周围及行间。试验采用随机区组设计, 每个处理设10 m× 10 m的小区, 每个处理设置3个重复。所有试验小区于2016年10月进行覆盖处理, 其余耕作、施肥、病虫害防治处理均相同, 覆盖次年6-10月每月取样一次, 连续取样测定5次, 分别取样测定各项指标。

每个处理随机取样3株以上, 在距离植株主干四周20~30 cm处随机选择4个点, 用直径为38 mm的土钻取样, 土壤深度0~150 cm内分15个层次, 每10 cm为一个层次混匀, 鲜样保存。挖取深20~40 cm处根系, 抖动非根际土壤, 用毛刷将根际土壤装入自封袋中, 同时将根系装入自封袋中, 重复3次。将土样分为2份, 1份鲜样, 1份风干, 去杂, 过1 mm(20目)筛, 用于土壤有机碳和微生物测定。采样时期尽量避开追肥和灌水期, 尽量减少人为干扰。

1.3 指标测定

植株直径测定:植株的茎干基部直径用精度为0.1 mm的数字游标卡尺测定。

土壤含水量和温度测定:土壤含水量用烘干法测定; 在距离树干30 cm处布置曲管地温计(DWJ-112, FJZD), 每个处理重复3次, 于早上10:00-11:00分别测定不同处理5~25 cm土壤温度。

根系活力和相对电导率测定:根系活力采用TTC染色法测定, 用单位鲜重根在单位时间内还原的 TTC毫克数来表示^[17]; 根系相对电导率测定, 将根系用蒸馏水冲洗干净, 滤纸吸干表面水分, 将根尖部分剪成约1 cm长段, 称取1 g放入试管中, 加30 mL 蒸馏水, 放入真空干燥器中抽气10 min, 缓慢放入气体后搅拌, 静止20 min后用 DDS-307A 测得电导率R₁, 然后沸水浴中煮沸20 min, 冷却至室温后测出电导率R₂, 相对电导率=(R₁/R₂)× 100%。

导水率测定:用美国Dynamax公司生产的高压流速仪(high pressure flow meter, HPFM)进行田间原位测定绝对导水率(hydraulic conductivity, K_h); 比导率(the special conductivity, K_s)为绝对导水率(K_h)除以茎干木质部横截面积(S_stem)所得的比率(K_s=K_h/S_stem); 植株导水阻力可以进行矢量运算^[18], 导水阻力(R)与相应的绝对导水率(K_h)互为倒数(R=1/K_h)。

同位素测定:早上10:00-11:00, 选取生长健壮, 无病虫害的一年生嫩枝和叶片, 嫩枝剪下除去韧皮部后迅速装入8 mL PEA样品瓶中, 叶片烘干粉碎混匀后装入样品瓶中, 密封保存; 根据Snyder等^[19]的方法, 将土样分表层土样(0~30 cm)和深层土样(30~100 cm)分别混匀后装入样品瓶中, 密封保存。样品的前处理及¹³C和D的分析均在中国林业科学研究院稳定同位素比率质谱实验室进行。木质部δ C值与植株水分利用效率呈显著相关, 利用δ C值判别水分利用效率大小变化^[15]。不同深度土壤水分贡献率利用两端线性混合模型来确定, 将δ D值较大的作为富集端, 将较小的作为贫化端。公式如下:

δ D=δ ₁D× x₁+δ ₂D× x₂, x₁+x₂=1

式中:x₁、x₂表示土壤表层和深层水分对植物水分的贡献率, δ D为植物体水分稳定同位素组成, δ ₁D和δ ₂D是土壤表层和深层水分中稳定同位素组成。

土壤有机碳测定:土壤总有机碳(TOC)测定取风干土样, 过筛, 采用TOC-SSM-5000A碳分析仪测定。土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)测定取风干土样, 过筛, 加入(NaPO₃)₆溶液制成混悬液, 用往复式振荡器震荡18 h, 震荡后过53 μ m网筛, 蒸馏水反复冲洗取网筛上的物质, 烘干后用碳分析仪测定。微生物量碳(MBC)的测定参照张林森等^[20]的测定方法。

土壤微生物测定:根区土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的计数采用平板法计数法, 细菌的分离采用牛肉膏蛋白胨琼脂培养基, 放线菌的分离采用高氏1号培养基, 真菌的分离采用PDA培养基^[21]。土壤微生物群落多样性用BIOLOG生态测试板(ECO MicroPlate, Matrix Technologies Corporation, USA)测定, BIOLOG分析在采样后48 h内进行^[20]。Shannon指数^[22], $H = - \sum P_{i} - \ln P 。$ 式中:P_i表示第i个非对照孔中的吸光值与所有非对照孔吸光值总和的比值, 即 $P_{i} = (C_{i} - R) / \sum (C_{i} - R)$ 。式中:C_i表示第i个非对照孔的光密度值, R表示对照孔的光密度值。

1.4 数据分析及处理

采用SPSS 17.0统计分析软件对所得数据进行显著性分析和相关性分析, 采用Excel 2003进行作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 覆盖对枸杞根系活力和相对电导率的影响

根系作为植株吸收土壤水分的主要方式, 其根系活力和电导率将直接影响根系对土壤水分吸收的能力。由图1可以看出, 不同覆盖处理使枸杞根系活力比CK均有不同程度的升高, 且与CK的根系活力均有显著差异, 根系活力最大的为FM, 达到CK的115.9%, PM和SM使根系活力分别增大到CK的110.2%和104.4%; PM处理使枸杞根系的相对电导率升高, 达到CK的107%; FM和SM处理使根系相对电导率降低, 并与对照具有显著差异, 分别是对照的83.7%和74.4%。PM使枸杞根系活力和相对电导率同时升高, 而FM和SM 使枸杞根系活力升高的同时可以引起相对电导率的降低。

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图1 不同覆盖对根系活力和相对电导率的影响
CK: 裸地对照 No mulching; PM: 地膜覆盖 Plastic mulching; FM: 地布覆盖 Fabric mulching; SM: 秸秆覆盖 Stalk mulching. 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P< 0.05)。下同。Fig.1 Effects of different mulching treatments on activity and relative electric conductivity of roots
Different small letters indicate significant difference at the P< 0.05 level. The same below.

2.2 覆盖对土壤含水量和地温的影响

不同覆盖材料对土壤水分蒸发和降水的下渗都具有不同程度的影响, 地膜和地布可以减少土壤水分的蒸发, 秸秆可以减少降水的蒸发和径流, 提高降水的下渗。从图2A可以看出, 各覆盖处理在0~150 cm土壤水分含量的垂直分布情况不同, 覆盖措施对土壤水分含量的影响主要在土壤0~60 cm之间, FM、PM和SM处理的平均土壤含水量分别比对照CK高出1.33%、1.93%和0.75%, 主要是因为覆盖材料的集水和保墒效果, 使得覆盖处理的表层土壤含水量均高于CK。不同覆盖措施对60 cm以下土壤含水量的影响相对较小, 覆盖处理在60~150 cm处随深度的变化土壤含水量逐渐增大, 并逐渐趋于相同。

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	图2 不同覆盖对土壤含水量和温度的影响Fig.2 Effects of different mulching treatments on soil moisture content and temperature

土壤温度是影响果树根系生长、微生物活性、土壤养分有效性的最重要因素之一。图2B为不同覆盖情况下树冠周围土壤5~25 cm处的土壤平均温度, 覆盖处理对果园土壤温度的影响明显。SM处理的5~25 cm平均土壤温度比CK降低了3.38 ℃, 而FM和PM使土壤平均温度比CK分别升高了1.52和5.22 ℃。温度过高会加快土壤水分的蒸腾散失, 加快根系老化, 酶蛋白的活性下降, 而温度过低会降低植株根系活力, 不利于植株对水分、矿质元素和营养物质等的吸收利用。

2.3 覆盖对枸杞δ ¹³C和δ D稳定同位素的影响

土壤和枝条中同位素含量的变化与植株水分利用状态具有显著的相关性, 土壤与枝条中氘同位素δ D的相关性可以表示不同土壤深度对枸杞植株水分利用贡献率的大小; 枝条碳同位素δ ¹³C值表示枸杞对土壤水分的利用效率。由表1可以看出, 不同覆盖模式下, CK枝条的δ D值与土壤30~100 cm层次δ D值相关性最大, 深层次土壤水分对植物体水分利用贡献率最高, 达到81.81%, 其次为SM处理, 土壤深度30~100 cm水分对植物体水分贡献率达到76.31%, 深层次土壤水分对植物体水分利用贡献率最低的是PM, 仅为47.06%; 不同覆盖处理条件下, 枝条碳同位素δ ¹³C值的大小依次为SM> CK> FM> PM, 根据前人有关δ ¹³C与土壤水分利用效率相关性的研究, 即SM处理下植株水分利用效率最高, PM处理的水分利用效率最低。

表1 不同覆盖对稳定同位素及其水分来源百分率的影响 Table 1 Effects of different mulching treatments on stable isotope and percentage of water source

2.4 覆盖对枸杞根际微生物数量和多样性的影响

覆盖处理能够改变土壤温度、水分、有机物质含量和存在状态等土壤理化性质, 可以影响土壤微生物的生存环境, 从而影响土壤微生物的数量和多样性。表2为不同覆盖处理后土壤微生物数量和多样性的变化。不同材料覆盖处理后, 枸杞根际土壤中的细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量, 以及微生物总量均比CK有不同程度升高, 升高程度最显著的均为SM处理, 分别比CK高28.64%、287.5%、34.17%和28.71%。土壤微生物多样性指数(H)在SM 处理最高, 比CK高出8.30%。土壤微生物数量变化最小的为FM处理, 分别比CK高11.06%、75.00%、15.37%和11.13%, 微生物多样性指数比CK高4.49%, 为3种覆盖处理中最低; FM与PM之间对土壤微生物数量和多样性指数的影响作用差异不大。

表2 不同覆盖对土壤微生物数量和多样性的影响 Table 2 Effects of different mulching treatments on amount and bio-diversity of soil microorganism

2.5 覆盖对枸杞根际土壤有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳是农田碳循环的重要组成部分, 其累积和分解对含量的变化直接影响着整个系统内部的碳平衡, 对植株生长发育和土壤水分利用也有重要作用。表3为枸杞不同材料覆盖对根际土壤总有机碳(TOC)、土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物量碳(MBC)3种活性有机碳含量的影响。由表3可以看出, 在不同材料覆盖处理后, TOC和MBC含量变化趋势一致, 变化程度为SM> FM> CK> PM, 3种处理的TOC分别为CK的114.4%、100.8%和97.9%, MBC分别为CK的112.5%、104.2%和70.8%。POC的变化趋势与TOC和MBC的不同, 地膜覆盖可以使POC含量升高, 3种材料覆盖后变化程度依次为SM> PM> FM> CK, 分别为CK的132.8%、108.0%和100.8%, 变化最显著的为SM。

表3 不同覆盖对根际土壤有机碳含量的影响 Table 3 Effects of different mulching treatments on organic carbon content (mg· g^-1)

2.6 覆盖对枸杞导水率的影响

比导率是绝对导水率与茎段横截面积的比值, 反应植株器官输水系统效率。在植物茎部横截面积或叶面积一定的情况下, 比导率越大, 单位有效面积输水能力越强。从图3可以看出, 不同覆盖使叶片、茎干、冠层和根系的比导率均有不同程度的变化, PM使枸杞植株的比导水率最大, 与其他处理方式均表现显著差异; FM和SM条件下叶片、枝条和冠层的比导率均高于CK, 但根系比导率低于CK。在枸杞植株中, 根系的导水阻力在植株中占到41.69%~43.85%, 各覆盖处理根系导水阻力所占比率均大于CK, 其中所占比率最大的为SM处理, 比CK高出2.16%; 在植株冠层中, 叶片和枝条导水阻力在冠层中所占比率变化差异不显著。

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	图3 不同覆盖对比导率的影响Fig.3 Effects of different mulching treatments on the special conductivity

2.7 土壤因子与根系比导率和水分利用效率的相关性

影响植物体水分运输和利用效率的因素除植物体自身特性外, 周围环境因素也会对植物体水分的运输利用具有一定的影响。通过在不同覆盖处理下对各土壤因子平均值与根系比导率、稳定碳同位素δ ¹³C和氘同位素δ D值进行相关性分析, 由表4列出的各土壤因子与根系比导率和水分利用效率的相关系数可以看出, 各土壤因子中与根系比导率的相关系数较高的为土壤含水量(r=0.937)、稳定氘同位素δ D值(r=0.985)和根系活力(r=0.971), 且均表现显著相关, 其次为土壤温度(r=0.823), 土壤碳同位素δ ¹³C值与植株比导率存在显著的负相关性(r=-0.981); 植株稳定碳同位素δ ¹³C值与植株稳定氘同位素δ D值(r=0.988)具有最大相关系数, 与根系活力、相对电导率、土壤含水量和温度具有较大的负相关系数。土壤微生物与植株根系比导率和的土壤碳同位素δ ¹³C值相关系数较小。在一定范围内土壤含水量增大、土壤温度升高, 使土壤微生物数量增加, 使植株根系活力增大, 根系导水率增大, 水分利用效率减小。

表4 根系活性和土壤因素与根系比导率和碳同位素组成比的相关性 Table 4 Correlation coefficient between root activity and soil factors with specific conductivity of root and carbon isotope composition

3 讨论

根系是植物吸收土壤水分的主要器官, 根系活力和相对电导率反映根系的生长发育状况, 反映根系与土壤环境之间的动态关系和植株的吸收功能^[23]。地布覆盖处理枸杞根系活力最大, 而地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖均小于地布覆盖处理。土壤温度过高或过低都会影响根系活性强度, 地膜覆盖使土壤含水量升高的同时温度也显著升高, 使根系酶活性降低, 导致根系活力升高幅度减小; 秸秆覆盖在土壤含水量升高的同时使土壤温度降低, 导致根系活力升高不显著。地膜覆盖使根系相对电导率升高, 而地布覆盖和秸秆覆盖使相对电导率降低, 主要是由于土壤温度升高加快植株蒸腾作用, 降低植株体内水势, 导致细胞膜透性增大。

覆盖处理改变了地表水入渗的过程, 增加地表水入渗, 提高土壤含水量^[24]; 覆盖也会改变光辐射吸收转化和热量传导过程, 改变太阳辐射的反射率, 增加热量传输的阻力, 从而影响土壤温度^[25]。本试验处于西北干旱地区, 降水量很少, 土壤水分主要来自地下水, 减小土壤水分蒸发作用效果比提高地表水分下渗更明显。地膜和地布覆盖使土壤和大气之间形成一道隔膜, 减少土壤表层水分蒸发, 土壤含水量升高。秸秆覆盖能够形成一个类似于深松蓄水层的地表结构, 具有较少地表水的径流, 从而提高水分的入渗^[26]。地膜和地布覆盖后土壤温度比裸地对照高, 而秸秆覆盖使土壤温度低于裸地对照。由于秸秆覆盖可以阻碍光线直接辐射到地面, 通过提高土壤含水量增大土壤热容, 使覆盖后土壤温度比裸地对照低^[27]; 地膜和地布具有一定的保温保湿作用, 地表吸收到的热量通过膜下高温蒸发和保水防蒸作用使土壤表层温度升高。

覆盖处理可以改善土壤生态环境和物理性质, 缩小植物根系土壤微环境在不同条件下的变化差异, 有利于土壤微生物的活动。覆盖秸秆不断分解, 增加土壤腐殖质, 为土壤微生物提供了有机物质, 提高土壤养分, 同时分解产生的酸性物质可降低沙质土壤pH, 提高部分微生物活性^[28]。刘建新等^[29]研究发现覆草可以增加果园土壤细菌、放线菌及氨化细菌等微生物的数量。本试验覆盖处理后, 土壤微生物细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量, 以及微生物多样性指数均有提高, 尤其以秸秆覆盖后微生物数量和多样性升高最显著。土壤有机碳含量的变化与物质分配有密切关系, 覆盖材料对土壤物质能量交换也有显著影响。秸秆腐烂后可以有效转化, 被分解产生各种有机碳组分, 提高土壤有机碳含量; 地膜覆盖使地上和地下部分之间形成一道隔膜, 阻碍了物质和能量的交换, 同时对浅层土壤温度影响较大, 影响了土壤微生物的活性, 从而导致地膜覆盖后土壤部分有机碳组分含量显著降低。

植株导水率可以反映植株与环境之间水分吸收、运输的关系。覆盖处理后, 枸杞植株冠层和根系的导水率比对照均有不同程度的增大, 尤其地膜覆盖处理下比导率最大。有研究发现^[31], 环境温度降低能够减小小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗根系的导水率^[30], 美国南部松树(Pinus)根系导水率随着根区温度在一定范围内的升高而增大。秸秆覆盖使土壤温度降低, 影响根系吸水活力, 对植株导水率有消极影响, 同时提高土壤含水量, 对植株导水率有积极影响, 两方面同时作用使植株导水率相对裸地对照变化不大。地膜和地布覆盖可以使土壤温度和含水量均有不同程度增大, 植株导水率增大程度显著高于裸地对照和秸秆覆盖。枸杞植株根系导水阻力在植株整体中占40%以上, 是影响植物体水分运输利用的主要部位, 调控根系水分利用特性对提高植株水分利用效率具有重要作用。

土壤和植物体内稳定同位素含量可以反映植物体水分吸收来源和水分利用效率, 在土壤水分含量一定范围内, δ ¹³C与水分利用效率呈正相关关系, 植物水分利用效率会随着植株叶片δ ¹³C的增大而升高^[32]。覆盖改变了植物耗水模式, 降低物理过程的水分消耗, 提高生理过程的水分利用, 由无效消耗向有效消耗转化, 从而提高水分利用效率^[33]。地膜覆盖使土壤温度升高, 增大了蒸腾耗水, 加快植株体内水分散失, 使水分利用效率较低, 而秸秆覆盖使土壤含水量增大的同时降低了土壤温度, 减少植株水分的蒸腾散失, 从而提高了水分利用效率。植株木质部中的δ D一般不会受到土壤表层水分的影响, 在干旱条件下, 植物会提高对深层次土壤水分的利用^[34]。Dawson^[15]通过测定δ D和δ ¹⁸O, 运用混合模型发现在植株根系处于水分亏缺状态时, 对土壤水分的吸收趋向于土壤更深层次, 补充土壤水分供给的不足。由于裸地对照和秸秆覆盖与其他处理相比较具有相对较低的土壤含水量, 使植株对土壤水分的利用比地布和地膜覆盖更趋向于深层土壤, 这与Dawson^[15]的研究结果一致。

枸杞根系活力、土壤含水量和温度, 以及稳定同位素相对量等因子都与根系导水率和植物体水分利用效率有显著相关性, 能够直接或间接影响植株水分利用状况。随着土壤含水量和温度的升高, 植株木质部导管水分运输阻力减小, 植株根系活力和吸水能力提高, 从而增大植株木质部导水率; 蒸腾作用增强, 使植物体蒸腾作用散失水分增多, 用于植物体生理活动的水分减少, 降低了植株水分利用效率, 但由于提高了土壤水分和地表降水的利用率, 使土壤-植物-大气(SPAC)循环系统的水分利用效率提高。Safir等^[35]研究发现, 真菌-植物的共生关系对细胞-细胞的水分运输关系具有积极作用, 菌丝可以提升土壤水分, 并通过细胞质或真菌内壁使水分到达皮层细胞, 从而提高植株根系水分传导能力。土壤微生物对植株根系水分运输和利用具有积极的作用, 但相关系数较小, 可能是由于土壤水分和温度对水分的运输利用具有较强的影响作用, 使土壤微生物对水分运输利用的影响作用相对偏小。由于地膜覆盖阻碍了土壤空气交换, 使土壤含氧量降低, 虽然土壤微生物数量增大, 但活性降低, 使土壤有机碳含量减少。

4 结论

枸杞植株水分利用与植株根系生理状况、土壤和自然环境都密切相关, 农业生产中常通过改变土壤和自然环境来改善植株水分利用状况。秸秆覆盖能够提高土壤含水量, 降低土壤平均温度, 使土壤微生物数量和多样性、有机碳含量显著升高, 更有利于枸杞根系利用土壤浅层水分, 减小植株导水率, 降低无效耗水, 从而提高土壤水分利用效率。地膜覆盖能够较秸秆和地布覆盖更有利于土壤含水量的升高, 使土壤平均温度也升高, 枸杞根系相对电导率和活力升高, 从而增大植株导水率和土壤水分无效耗散, 导致土壤水分利用效率减小; 使深层土壤水分贡献大于秸秆覆盖, 小于裸地对照; 地膜覆盖能够使土壤有机碳含量降低, 对土壤环境存在不利影响, 长期使用会改变土壤理化性质, 不利于植株的生长。地布覆盖根系活力高于其他覆盖处理和对照, 其他各相关指标均没有对植株生理特性和土壤环境产生显著高于或低于地膜和秸秆覆盖的影响。在当前的枸杞农业生产中, 可主要通过秸秆覆盖提高根系活力、土壤含水量和温度来提高枸杞根系水力学特性, 从而提高枸杞水分利用效率, 而如何利用调节微生物多样性的方式提高土壤水分利用效率的机理仍需进一步研究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2016

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. 2016, 36(21):6872-6878 DOI:doi:10.5846/stxb201504250853

Effects of branch mulch on soil water of pruned Caragana korshinskii forestland in the semi-arid loess hilly region

枝条覆盖对半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林地土壤水分的影响

Yan Z S , Guo Z S , Ning T

严正升, 郭忠升, 宁婷

为了研究枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响,提高土壤水分利用效率。2013年5—9月,以半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林为对象,采用中子水分仪对未覆盖和枝条覆盖林地土壤水分进行定位观测,研究了枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响。研究期间共观测到降雨28次,总降雨量达495.9 mm。未覆盖和覆盖林地降雨补给量与降雨量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。枝条覆盖使林地降水入渗补给系数由0.50增加至0.70,明显提高了林地次降水补给量和入渗深度。覆盖林地各月土壤水分消耗量均高于对照林地,整个生长季,前者比后者多消耗了37.56 mm土壤水分,仅相当于所增加的降雨补给量的1/3。在丰水年,覆盖一直表现出对林地土壤水分的正效应,剖面0—260 cm范围内土壤水分条件有明显改善。

... 有效覆盖措施可以提高降水入渗补给系数,增加降水补给量和入渗深度,降低干旱胁迫对植物的伤害^[1] ...

2008

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. 2008, 24(10):20-24 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2008.10.005

Effects of wheat yield and water use under dual-mulching mode of plastic film and straw in the dryland farming

旱地地膜和秸秆双元覆盖栽培下小麦产量与水分效应

Dang T H , Guo D , Qi L H

党延辉, 郭栋, 戚龙海

It is very important to study the mulched measure for improving water use efficiency (WUE) in dryland farming. The effects of water, nitrogen fertilizer and yield on the dry farmland with different straw and plastic film mulching modes were studied in the field experiment from 1998 to 2003. The results show that, under the dual mulching mode of plastic film and straw, the grain yield increase by 12.11%～17.65%, the WUE increase by 7.2%～30.8%, the water content in arable layer increased to 12%～16%, and the nitrate nitrogen content in arable layer increase to 4.70～10.17 mg/kg. The dual mulching mode of plastic film and straw can remarkably increase crop yield and WUE. At the same time, it can remarkably increase the water content and the nitrate nitrogen content in arable layer, so nitrate leaching and accumulation in soil profile is alleviated.

通过覆盖措施提高水分利用率对旱地农业生产具有重要意义。该文采用田间对比试验，研究了旱地冬小麦几种覆盖栽培下产量、水分利用率、土壤水分剖面和硝态氮的分布的差异。结果表明，地膜和秸秆双元覆盖模式下小麦籽粒产量比对照增产12.11%～17.65%，水分利用效率（WUE）比常规栽培提高7.2%～30.8%，土壤0～20 cm土层的含水量提高到12%～16%，硝态氮含量提高到4.70～10.17 mg/kg。地膜和秸秆双元覆盖模式能够显著的提高作物产量和水分利用率，并显著增加耕层土壤中水分含量和硝态氮含量，减轻了土壤剖面硝态氮的淋溶累积。

... 地膜覆盖可以在土壤和大气之间形成一个隔离的区域,有效防止土壤水分的散失,也阻碍了气体交换^[2] ...

2015

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. 2015, 41(6):929-937 DOI:doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00929

Effects of autumn straw mulching on physiological characteristics and water use efficiency in winter wheat grown in hilly drought region

秋季玉米秸秆覆盖对丘陵旱地小麦生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

Wu X L , Tang Y L , Li C S

吴晓丽, 汤永禄, 李朝苏

Seasonal drought during winter and spring often occurs in southwest hilly area of China, which severely influences seedling standing and yield in winter wheat. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment in Jianyang, Sichuan province in the 2012–2013 (dry) and 2013–2014 (wet) growing seasons to explore the effects of straw mulching on physiological characteristics, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat. Four treatments were designed, namely non-mulching (CK), non-mulching plus two irrigations after sowing and at jointing stage (T1), straw mulching before sowing (T2), and straw mulching before sowing and during wheat growth (T3). In the dry year (2012–2013), the yields of T1, T2, and T3 were 4151, 3926, and 3603 kg ha -1 , which were 41.96%, 34.25%, and 23.22% higher than those of CK, respectively, and the WUEs of T1, T2, and T3 increased by 27.23%, 29.59%, and 18.84% , respectively . However, in the wet year (2013–2014), the yield variation among treatment s was slight. In the dry year, irrigation or straw mulching showed the effects on enhancing dry matter accumulation from sowing to anthesis and inhibiting SPAD attenuation of flag leaf and penultimate leaf after anthesis and straw mulching increased soil moisture content in pre-sowing and whole growing period. Compared with CK, T2 significantly increased root dry matter, root-to-shoot ratio, root length density, root dry matter density, and root surface area density in some critical growth stages, and highly enhanced root system in deep soil. According to correlation analysis, grain yield was positively correlated with dry matter accumulations in the periods of sowing–tillering, tillering–jointing, jointing–anthesis, and anthesis–maturity, SPAD values of flag and penultimate leaf after anthesis, and WUE. These results indicate that straw mulch before wheat sowing can maintain soil moisture , delay leaf senescence and increase grain yield in winter wheat.

西南丘陵冬春季节干旱频繁，严重影响小麦播种立苗及产量。 2012 — 2013 ( 干旱 ) 和 2013 — 2014 年度 ( 湿润 ) , 在四川简阳开展一年两点田间试验，比较不同秸秆处理方式对旱地小麦生理性状、水分利用效率及产量的影响。试验共设 4 个处理，分别是无覆盖 (CK) 、无覆盖 + 播后和拔节期灌水 (T1) 、休闲期覆盖 (T2) 和休闲期 + 小麦生育期覆盖 (T3) 。干旱年份 T1 、 T2 和 T3 的产量分别为 4151 、 3926 和 3603 kg hm -2 ; 较 CK 增产 42.0% 、 34.3% 和 23.2%, 提高水分利用效率 27.2% 、 29.6% 和 18.8% 。湿润年份处理间产量差异较小。与 CK 相比，干旱年份灌水和覆盖提高了播种至开花阶段的干物质积累量，有效抑制了花后旗叶、倒二叶的叶绿素降解；覆盖处理有利于保持播前充足的底墒及生育期间较高的土壤含水量； T2 处理主要生育时期的根干重、根冠比、根长密度、根质量密度和根表面积密度增加，下层土壤中的根系增多。籽粒产量与各生育阶段干物质积累量、花后旗叶和倒二叶的 SPAD 及水分利用效率呈显著或极显著正相关。秋季玉米秸秆就地覆盖具有显著的纳雨保墒作用，可提高小麦立苗质量，延缓叶片衰老，进而增产。

... 秸秆覆盖可以抑制土壤水分蒸发,有效改善土壤水分环境,调节地温,增强土壤蓄水保墒能力,促进植物对土壤水分的有效利用^[3,4,5],随着覆盖秸秆的腐烂还田,还能显著提高土壤有机碳含量^[6,7] ...

2014

0.0

2016

0.0

. 2016, 24(7):874-882 DOI:doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.151371

Effect of straw strip covering on ridges on soil water content and potato yield under rain-fed semiarid conditions

半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响

Han F X , Chang L , Chai S X

韩凡香, 常磊, 柴守玺

摘　要：水分不足是限制半干旱雨养作物生长的主要因素,地表覆盖能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为明确西北半干旱雨养区不同保墒措施下旱地马铃薯的土壤水分特征及其对产量的影响,于2014—2015年设置了玉米秸秆带状覆盖种植（T1）、半膜大垄（T2）、全膜双垄（T3）和露地平作（对照,CK）4种栽培模式,研究了玉米秸秆带状覆盖、地膜覆盖种植对马铃薯产量、土壤水分变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明：不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0-200 cm土层土壤水分状况,地膜覆盖对马铃薯生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,秸秆带状覆盖对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果明显。与对照（CK）相比,3种覆盖处理均提高了土壤含水量,其中T1处理效果最好,较CK提高2.8%-7.8%,尤其在伏旱阶段的块茎形成期,0-200 cm土层土壤含水量高于地膜覆盖处理。与CK相比,T1处理马铃薯产量提高10.5%-34.2%,水分利用效率（WUE）提高8.9%-29.8%,达108.9-134.0 kg·hm（–2）·mm-（–1）,商品薯率提高14.7%-38.8%,达82.3%-92.2%。马铃薯产量与生育期耗水量（r=0.836＊＊）呈显著正相关。T1的产量和商品薯率均显著高于T2和T3（P〈0.05）。可见,玉米秸秆带状覆盖具有显著的纳雨保墒作用,促进马铃薯的生长发育,增产效果显著。其推广应用可有效提高该区降水资源的利用效率,实现马铃薯稳产高产,可作为西北雨养农业区旱地马铃薯生产的高效栽培新模式。

2010

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2012

0.0

. 2012, 23(4):1025-1030

Effects of straw mulching on the soil aggregates in dryland wheat field under notillage

免耕条件下秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦田土壤团聚体的影响

Wang H X , Sun H X , Han Q F

王海霞, 孙红霞, 韩清芳

设2个秸秆覆盖时期(全程覆盖、生育期覆盖)和3个覆盖量(3000、6000和9000kg·hm-2),以全程不覆盖为对照,研究陕西渭北旱塬免耕条件下秸秆覆盖对小麦田土壤团聚体的影响.结果表明:在0～40cm土层,随土层的加深,5mm径级的土壤团聚体含量逐渐增加,5mm径级的土壤团聚体含量逐渐减小;各覆盖处理中,0.25mm径级的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体的含量均显著大于对照,分别增加13.0%～26.4%和18.6%～45.6%,其中,6000kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖处理的增幅最大;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤有机质含量,土壤有机质含量与0.25mm径级的土壤水稳性团聚体含量呈显著正相关;各秸秆覆盖量处理均降低了土壤不稳定团粒指数,以6000kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖处理的土壤不稳定团粒指数最小.表明秸秆覆盖可显著增加0～40cm土层0.25mm径级的土壤团聚体和有机质含量,提高土壤结构稳定性,并且以6000kg·hm-2覆盖量的处理效果最佳,该覆盖量可以作为渭北旱塬小麦田合理的秸秆覆盖模式应用于农业生产中.

2015

0.0

. 2015, (24):163-166 DOI:doi:10.11937/bfyy.201524044

Effect of different mulching treatments on soil physical characteristics and leaves in apple orchard

不同覆盖方式对土壤物理性状和苹果叶片的影响

Wang R L , Wang Q , Cao X R

王荣莉, 王倩, 曹欣冉

以2年生"红富士"苹果为试材,对比分析了不同覆盖方式(园艺地布、黑地膜、秸秆覆盖及清耕对照)对土壤含水量、容重和叶片百叶重、叶绿素含量及树体净光合速率的差异.结果表明:不同处理土壤含水量明显高于清耕对照,且地布覆盖＞地膜覆盖＞秸秆覆盖.3种覆盖处理均能显著降低土壤容重,其中秸秆覆盖效果最为明显.不同覆盖处理较对照显著提高百叶干重,秸秆覆盖和地布覆盖显著提高总叶绿素含量.地布覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖的净光合速率Pn日变化曲线为单峰型,清耕对照的日变化曲线为双峰型.综合分析,旱地苹果园树盘覆盖均可以改善土壤和树体状况,其中园艺地布覆盖的效果最好.

... 地布覆盖具有良好的渗水作用,对保持土壤水分和改善土壤水肥气热有显著作用^[8],相对地膜覆盖改善了气体交换环境,但相对秸秆覆盖缺少了土壤有机质的来源 ...

2012

0.0

... 土壤微生物影响植物对水分的吸收利用,根系共生的真菌能够增强根系导水能力,提高水分利用效率^[9,10],菌根真菌的菌丝可以从植物的根系外数厘米或数米处吸收传输水分和养分^[11] ...

2008

0.0

2007

0.0

2014

0.0

. 2014, 23(10):1574-1580 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2014.10.002

Effect of different cultivation years on soil organic carbon pools in citrus orchards

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

Wang Y X , Ye J , Wang C J

王义祥, 叶菁, 王成己

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明:50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。

... 土壤活性有机碳是植物碳循环中的主要来源,直接影响植物体光合作用碳水化合物的形成^[12] ...

2010

0.0

... ¹³C成为研究水分利用效率的新手段,是目前研究植株水分利用效率的最有效的方法^[13,14] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 29(4):648-655 DOI:doi:http://ir.casnw.net/handle/362004/11383

Research progress on plant water use efficiency and its measuring methods

植物水分利用效率及其测定方法研究进展

Luo Y Y , Zhao X Y , Huang Y X

罗亚勇, 赵学勇, 黄迎新

The authors reviewed the development of concept of water use efficiency (WUE) and the research progress on water use efficiency of plant, and analyzed the significance of studying WUE. The factors influencing water use efficiency were analyzed from both botanic and environmental aspects. The botanic factors include physiological ones, the period of growth and development, approaches of photosynthesis, life forms, and characters for fixing nitrogen and invading, and breeds of plants. The environmental ones involve moisture, radiation, atmospheric CO2 concentration, air temperature, leaf temperature, planting regime, irrigation regime, fertilization, soil nutrient content and intensity of disturbance. In addition, the authors have summarized the methods to measure water use efficiency: field measurement, leaf gas change technology and stable carbon isotope technology; have further discussed their advantages and shortcomings respectively; finally, emphasized the difficulty in the study on scale extending and the necessity in arid and semi-arid zone, and brang forth a prospect of research trends on water use efficiency in the near future, especially on vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid zone.

评述了植物水分利用效率(WUE)概念的发展以及不同尺度的研究进展,分析了WUE的研究意义。从植物因子和环境因子两方面综合评述了WUE的影响因素。植物因子包括:生理因子、生育期、光合途径、生活型、植物固氮特征、入侵特性和品种特性。环境因子包括:水分、光照、CO2浓度、空气温度和叶温、植物种植方式、灌溉方式、施肥、土壤贫瘠程度和干扰强度等,但各环境因子影响程度不同。并且概括了WUE的测定方法:田间直接测定法、气体交换测定法和稳定性碳同位素技术,探讨了各自的优缺点。最后强调了目前水分利用效率研究在尺度扩展方面存在困难,在干旱区植被恢复方面的研究相对较弱,进而初步展望了WUE在干旱区植被恢复方面的研究。

... ¹³C成为研究水分利用效率的新手段,是目前研究植株水分利用效率的最有效的方法^[13,14] ...

1993

0.0

... D值没有因为蒸发或者新陈代谢导致的分馏被认为可以反映植物的水分来源^[15] ...

... C值判别水分利用效率大小变化^[15] ...

... Dawson^[15]通过测定#cod#x003b4 ...

... 由于裸地对照和秸秆覆盖与其他处理相比较具有相对较低的土壤含水量,使植株对土壤水分的利用比地布和地膜覆盖更趋向于深层土壤,这与Dawson^[15]的研究结果一致 ...

2007

0.0

... McCole等^[16]利用水中同位素研究了爱德华兹高原树木季节性水分利用模式,发现刺柏属树木在夏季利用土壤水分的深度和冬季利用的深度不同,但过渡的时间每年可能会有所不同 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 42(10):3522-3529 DOI:doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.10.0018

Effect of new herbicide ZJ0273 on seedling growth and root cell viability of brassica napus

新型除草剂丙酯草醚对油菜幼苗生长与根尖细胞活性的影响

Zhang F , Tian T , Jin Z L

张帆, 田甜, 金宗来

【Objective】This paper described the response of seedling growth and root cell viability of Brassica napus L. (rapeseed) to various concentrations of ZJ0273 treatments at germination stage to define the mechanism of this novel herbicide.【Method】Effects of different ZJ0273 treatments on dry matter, morphological characters, root oxidizability and cell membrane permeability of rapeseed seedlings were investigated by various physiological measurements. Root cell viability and mitosis as affected by herbicide treatments were also studied based on FDA-PI double staining and root-tip squashing method. 【Result】The results indicated that the inhibitive effects of ZJ0273 treatments on rapeseed dry matter and morphological characters were enhanced along with the increase of treatment concentrations and durations. Both of 10 and 100 mg?L-1 ZJ0273 treatments inhibited root development significantly. There were no distinct difference among 0, 0.1 and 1 mg?L-1 ZJ0273 treatments on root oxidizability and membrane permeability, compared with treatments at 10 and 100 mg?L-1 which obviously inhibited root cell viability and induced cell membrane disintegration. Furthermore, mitotic index of root-tip cells was declined and cell division was stopped at metaphase after being treated by 100 mg?L-1 ZJ0273. 【Conclusion】Rapeseed seedlings are very sensitive to herbicide ZJ0273 at germination stage. Treatment at 10 mg?L-1 ZJ0273 can significantly inhibit rapeseed growth and root viability, and the inhibitive effect is intensified with the increase of treatment concentrations and durations. The application of 1 mg?L-1 (critical concentration) is safe for rapeseed seedling growth.

... 根系活力和相对电导率测定:根系活力采用TTC染色法测定,用单位鲜重根在单位时间内还原的 TTC毫克数来表示^[17] ...

2007

0.0

... 植株导水阻力可以进行矢量运算^[18],导水阻力(R)与相应的绝对导水率(K_h)互为倒数(R=1/K_h) ...

2000

0.0

... 根据Snyder等^[19]的方法,将土样分表层土样(0~30 cm)和深层土样(30~100 cm)分别混匀后装入样品瓶中,密封保存 ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 46(15):3180-3190 DOI:doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.012

Effects of different mulching on soil organic carbon fractions and soil microbial community of apple orchard in Loess Plateau

不同覆盖方式对黄土高原地区苹果园土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

Zhang L S , Liu F T , Zhang Y W

张林森, 刘富庭, 张永旺

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of soil total organic carbon, labile organic carbon and soil microbial community under different mulching treatments for one to three years in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau. 【Method】Long-term orchard experiments were carried out, and soil samples were taken from 0-100 cm soil layers to study the effects of different mulching treatments on various soil organic carbon fractions and soil microbial community. The experiment consists of three mulching treatments: straw mulching, black plastic-film mulching, and bare tillage. 【Result】Compared with bare tillage, straw mulching significantly increased soil total organic carbon contents, particulate organic carbon contents, light fraction organic carbon contents, dissolved organic carbon contents and readily oxidizable organic carbon content in 0-60 cm soil layers, and increased with the increased years of coverage in one to three years, in which soil total organic carbon contents increased by 1.9 g61kg-1 per year in 0-20 cm soil layers. But the microbial biomass carbon contents tended to decrease with the increased years of coverage. In the black plastic-film mulching treatment, soil total organic carbon contents were less than the control, but labile organic carbon contents were higher than the control. Soil total organic carbon contents and labile organic carbon contents both decreased with the increased years of coverage, soil total organic carbon contents decreased by 0.91 g61kg-1 in 0-20 cm soil layers after three years. The results showed that AWCD, Shannon index (H) and Richness index (S) in the straw mulching and plastic-film mulching treatments were higher than the bare tillage, and also decreased with the increased years of coverage. The plastic-film mulching decreased significantly. 【Conclusion】Straw mulching could improve soil organic carbon contents while black plastic-film mulching reduced soil organic carbon contents. Two mulching treatments both increased the diversities of soil microbial community, the utilization rate of carbon source, richness of soil microbial community, and also decreased with the increased years of coverage. But the black plastic-film mulching treatments showed more obviously.

... 微生物量碳(MBC)的测定参照张林森等^[20]的测定方法 ...

... 土壤微生物群落多样性用BIOLOG生态测试板(ECO MicroPlate,Matrix Technologies Corporation,USA)测定,BIOLOG分析在采样后48 h内进行^[20] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 35(7):1031-1038 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:0513-353X.2008.07.014

Variation of microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of lily at different developmental periods

百合生育期根际土壤微生物和酶活性的变化

Zhang L , Cheng Z H , Zhou Y L

张亮, 程智慧, 周艳丽

The experiment was conducted to study the variation of the kinds and the number of microbial biomass and enzyme (catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase) activities in the rhizosphere soil of different lily varieties at different developmental periods under nature conditions. The results showed that bacteria ranked first in the quantity of rhizosphere soil microorganism during the whole developmental periods and was the most sensitive one to lily rhizosphere effect. Fungus was the second, and actinomycete was the third place. At flower budding period,the quantity of bacteria and actinomycete in the rhizosphere soil of lily appeared at most appeared most,but their rhizosphere effect was opposite after this period. The fungi quantity and its rhizosphere effect were great at bulb substantiating period. The activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase in the soil appeared in the trend of fall, rise and fall, and reached a peak at flower budding period with a remarkable rhizosphere effect, along with the reproductive development, the activities of the two enzymes and rhizosphere effect weakened gradually. The activities of catalase appeared in the trend of rise first and then fall,but the rhizosphere effect was not obvious. The results suggested that the microbial biomass and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil are remarkably affected by the growth and development of lily in the interaction system of lily—soil—microorganisms.

在自然生长条件下，研究了不同品种百合在不同生育期根际土壤微生物种类、数量和土壤酶（过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶）活性的变化规律。结果表明：在百合生育期内，土壤微生物以细菌最多，对百合的根际效应也最敏感；其次为真菌，再次为放线菌。不同生育阶段以显蕾期根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量最多，但显蕾期以后二者根际效应方向相反；根际土壤真菌的数量和根际效应在鳞茎充实期均达到最大。土壤脲酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性在百合生育期内表现为先降、后升、再降的趋势，即在显蕾期形成峰值，根际效应显著，随生殖生长的推进其活性及根际效应均逐渐减弱；而过氧化氢酶活性则先上升后下降，根际效应不明显。在百合—土壤—微生物相互作用的体系中，根际土壤微生物的种类、数量和酶活性明显受到百合生长发育的影响。

... 土壤微生物测定:根区土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的计数采用平板法计数法,细菌的分离采用牛肉膏蛋白胨琼脂培养基,放线菌的分离采用高氏1号培养基,真菌的分离采用PDA培养基^[21] ...

2001

0.0

... Shannon指数^[22], H=-∑Pi-lnP ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 26(8):73-79 DOI:doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.08.012

Effects of alternate partial rootzone irrigation on roots activity, stem sap flow and fruit of apple

根系分区交替灌溉对苹果根系活力、树干液流和果实的影响

Yang S M , Li B G , Qi G H

杨素苗, 李保国, 齐国辉

In order to save irrigation water and improve irrigation patterns, field experiment was conducted in the Taihang Mountain gneiss orchards to evaluate the effects of different irrigation patterns, i.e, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4 alternate partial root-zone irrigation, 1/2 fixed partial root-zone irrigation, conventional border irrigation and non-irrigation on roots activity, stem sap flow, fruit yield and quality of Changfu-2 apple. The results showed that the root activities of which under irrigation area of alternate partial root zone irrigation were higher than that of conventional border irrigation in all period, the average root activity of which under 3/4 alternative irrigation was the highest, and had no significant difference with that of 1/2 alternating irrigation and conventional border irrigation; stem sap flow flux gradually decreased with the reduction of irrigation volume, the minimum irrigation volume to maintain stem sap flow was 1/2; Fruit yield per plant of 1/2 alternating irrigation had reduced by 7.10% as compared to conventional border irrigation, but had no significant difference compared with 3/4 alternative irrigation, and sugar-acid ratio of 1/2 alternating irrigation was the highest. This research suggests that 1/2 alternating irrigation has the potential for use as a high-quality efficient irrigation pattern in gneiss mountain orchards.

为了实现节水增效并不断改进苹果灌溉方式，在太行山片麻岩山区山地果园，以长富2号苹果为试材，通过3/4、1/2、1/4根系体积交替灌溉、1/2根系体积固定灌溉、常规畦灌和全根系干旱6个处理，研究了不同灌溉方式对苹果根系活力、树干液流和果实产量、品质的影响。结果表明，根系分区交替灌溉的灌溉区根系活力在各时期均高于常规畦灌，3/4交替灌溉的平均根系活力最高，与1/2交替灌溉和常规畦灌无显著差异；树干液流通量随灌溉体积的减少逐渐降低，1/2根系体积为保证液流的最小灌溉体积；1/2交替灌溉的产量比常规畦灌降低了7.10%，与3/4交替灌溉无显著差异，但糖酸比却最高。综上表明1/2根系分区交替灌溉可以作为片麻岩山地果园的有效节水灌溉方式。

... 3 讨论根系是植物吸收土壤水分的主要器官,根系活力和相对电导率反映根系的生长发育状况,反映根系与土壤环境之间的动态关系和植株的吸收功能^[23] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 29:976-983 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.02.053

Effects of straw mulching and sodding culture on soil water use and variation in citrus orchiard in dry season

覆被对桔园旱季土壤水分变化和利用的影响

Hu S , Xie X L , Wang K R

胡实, 谢小立, 王凯荣

Straw mulching and sodding culture are two kinds of effective measures to solve the problem of the seasonal drought in red soil region. An experiment of straw mulching and sodding culture impacting rainfall infiltration, soil evaporation and soil water regulation was conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Taoyuan experimental station (111 30′E, 28°55′N), which located in Hunan province. Results showed that straw mulching and sodding culture could increase rainfall infiltration and soil water storage. The infiltration depth was 40cm for straw mulching but 80cm for sodding culture in 48h since rainfall. Compared with no-mulching, the increment of water storage was 3.33mm for mulching and 1.33mm for sodding culture. These two measures also resulted in the reduction of soil evaporation of 69.10% and 36.53%, respectively. This effect was more obvious at midday under high temperature. The plant evaporation increased by 15.66％ and 7.26% while soil water consumption reduced by 20.55 mm and 4.33mm for straw mulching and sodding culture, respectively, in the whole drought season. The vertical distribution of soil water also changed obviously. Soil layer 0-20cm was greatly impacted by the outside conditions and had greater coefficient of variance (Cv) than the sub-layer. The greater water was consumed the more significant water shortage was showed in surface soil under sodding culture. The order of the average moisture in soil layer 0-20cm was: straw mulching＞no mulching treatment＞sodding culture. The variance of soil water in the layer of 20-80cm was reduced and the order was: straw mulching＞sodding culture＞no mulching treatment. The Cv in the deep layer of 120-160cm under sodding culture increased due to lacking sufficient water replenishment. However, soil water conditions in the other two treatments became more stable in the deep layer. The average values of soil moisture changed in the following order: straw mulching ＞ no mulching treatment ＞ sodding culture.

稻草覆盖和自然覆被是解决红壤丘陵区季节性干旱的有效措施。2005~2006年在桃源农业生态试验站进行了稻草覆盖和自然覆被对桔园降雨入渗、土壤蒸发、土壤水分调控和利用结构影响的研究，结果表明：稻草覆盖和自然覆被更有利于雨水的储存和向深层入渗，雨后48h分别比裸地土壤储水增量多3.33mm和1.33mm，降雨入渗深度分别为40cm和80cm。此外，稻草覆盖和自然覆被分别抑制了69.10%和36.53%的土壤蒸发，其蒸发抑制作用在午间高温时段表现尤为明显，使得更多的水分以植物蒸腾（稻草覆盖15.71％、自然覆被7.30%）和土壤蓄留的方式支出，并且分别降低了20.55mm（稻草覆盖）和14.33mm（自然覆被）的水分支出。覆被下土壤水分结构发生明显改变，0~20cm土层受外界条件影响较大，土壤水分变异系数较大，自然覆被由于覆盖的植被消耗表层水分，水分亏缺较大，平均含水量为稻草覆盖＞裸地＞自然覆被；20~80cm土壤水分变异减小，平均含水量稻草覆盖＞自然覆被＞裸地；120~160cm深土层中，自然覆被下土壤水分得不到补给，变异系数增大，稻草覆盖和裸地水分变化稳定，平均含水量稻草覆盖＞裸地＞自然覆被。

... 覆盖处理改变了地表水入渗的过程,增加地表水入渗,提高土壤含水量^[24] ...

2006

0.0

... 覆盖也会改变光辐射吸收转化和热量传导过程,改变太阳辐射的反射率,增加热量传输的阻力,从而影响土壤温度^[25] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 24(10):40-45 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2008.10.009

Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical properties and corn yield

保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响

Lei J Y , Wu F Q , Wang J

雷金银, 吴发启, 王健

Conservation tillage is a new technology for increasing crop yield in arid areas. The objective of this field experiment was to compare the effects of four tillage measurements (no-till, stalk-mulching, film-mulching and conventional tillage) on soil physical properties and crop yield in the sandy soil region of northern Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province during 2004 to 2007. A completely randomized design was used to study field location. The results showed that at early spring planting, soil temperatures were 0.1℃ lower in the stalk-mulching and no-till treatments compare with to the conventional tillage treatment. Soil temperatures were the highest under film mulch in corn grouing season. There was no significant difference in soil bulk density among the treatments before planting; however, there was a significant difference among the treatments after harvest. Soil bulk density in the 0～20 cm layer was 1.65% lower in the no-tillage treatment compared with conventional tillage; however, the bulk density in the 20～40 cm layer was 1.8% higher in the no-tillage treatment compared with conventional tillage. Soil water content was increased under the three conservation tillage in the order stalk-mulching＞film-mulching＞no-till＞conventional tillage. Water use efficiency increased by 8% in the stalk-mulching treatment, 22.0% in the film mulch treatment, and 13.3% in the no-till treatment compared with the conventional tillage treatment. Similarly, crop yield was 4.44% higher in the stalk-mulching treatment, 13.14% higher in the film mulch treatment, and 19.26% higher in the no-till treatment compared with the conventional tillage treatment. The conclusion is that conservation tillage method can improve soil physical properties and increase crop yield, and it can be implemented in the southern part of Mu Us desert.

保护性耕作措施是干旱区农田提高作物产量的新型耕作技术。为了探讨其区域适应性，在2004～2007年期间，以毛乌素沙地南缘的靖边县北部风沙区农田为研究对象，选用了免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和传统翻耕（CK）4种措施，采用完全随机试验设计进行了田间定位试验研究。结果表明，秸秆覆盖和免耕地的地温在春播初期略比传统翻耕低0.1℃，但随后迅速回升，覆膜在玉米生长期都高于其他措施。耕作措施对播种前土壤容重没有显著影响，而对收获后土壤容重影响显著，与传统翻耕相比，免耕降低了表层土壤容重1.65%，但次层20～40 cm容重增加了1.8%。3种保护性耕作措施均增加了土壤含水量，顺序依次为秸秆覆盖＞覆膜＞免耕＞翻耕，且在作物需水关键期免耕和秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量相对稳定，保证作物需水，提高水分利用率，分别为8%、22.0%和13.3%。使作物分别增产4.44%、13.14%和19.26%。因此，保护性耕作在风沙区有利于改善农田土壤物理条件，提高作物产量，适于在风沙区推广。

... 秸秆覆盖能够形成一个类似于深松蓄水层的地表结构,具有较少地表水的径流,从而提高水分的入渗^[26] ...

2006

0.0

. 2006, 22(5):70-73 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2006.05.016

Effect of crop residue cover on soil temperature in cold and dry farming areas

残茬覆盖对寒地旱作区土壤温度的影响

Zhang W , Wang C , Liang Y

张伟, 汪春, 梁远

For testing the effect of crop residue cover on soil temperature at various percentages of covered areas, the test plot was established in west rainless region of Heilongjiang Province. And, the soil temperatures of each layer underground 5, 10, 15, 20 cm were measured respectively by using WQG-16.-21-61℃ a knee bend ground thermometer. The testing results indicate there is a visible regulating effect in soil temperature with crop residue cover. Compared with uncovered soil, the soil temperatures of each layer were increased by 1.5～2.1℃, 0.9～1.2℃, 0.2～0.9℃, 0.4～0.8℃ respectively. The regulating effects in soil temperature were reduced with the increase of the depth of soil layer. From April 20 th to June 15 th , the soil temperature increased with the increase of covered amount, and decreased instead when the covered crop residue over a certain amount. After June 20 th , the soil temperature decreased with the increase of covered amount, among which, the soil temperature decreased by 1.1～1.5℃, 2～3.6℃ when the covered amount 30%, 50%～80%. The decreased range is maximum on soil surface, and less and less in the direction of depth. As a result, covering with crop residue to increase the soil temperature is advisable and feasible in northern cold farming areas, in consideration of soil temperature.

在黑龙江省西部干旱区建立不同残茬覆盖对土壤温度影响试验区，采用WQG-16.-21-61℃型曲管地温表分别测定土壤地表下5、10、15、20 cm各层温度，确定不同残茬覆盖对北方寒地旱作区土壤温度的影响规律。试验结果表明，残茬覆盖对土壤温度有明显的调节作用，5、10、15、20 cm各层有覆盖相对于无覆盖分别增温1.5～2.1℃、0.9～1.2℃、0.2～0.9、0.4～0.8℃，随着土壤层的加深，覆盖对土壤温度的调节作用越来越小。4月20日至6月15日前后，随着覆盖量的增加，土壤温度开始升高，但覆盖量增加到一定程度后，土壤温度将下降，在6月20日以后，随着覆盖量的增加，土壤温度逐渐降低，其中30%覆盖相对于无覆盖，降低1.1～1.5℃，50%～80%覆盖降低2～3.6℃，而表土层降低幅度最大，沿深度方向幅度越来越小。因此，在北方寒地农业区，考虑土壤温度这个影响因素时，完全可以进行残茬覆盖，覆盖的范围应在30%～50%之间。

... 由于秸秆覆盖可以阻碍光线直接辐射到地面,通过提高土壤含水量增大土壤热容,使覆盖后土壤温度比裸地对照低^[27] ...

2002

0.0

... 覆盖秸秆不断分解,增加土壤腐殖质,为土壤微生物提供了有机物质,提高土壤养分,同时分解产生的酸性物质可降低沙质土壤pH,提高部分微生物活性^[28] ...

2005

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. 2005, 19(4):93-95 DOI:doi:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2005.04.022

Effects of covering straw in orchard on humus composition and biological characteristic

覆草对果园土壤腐殖质组成和生物学特性的影响

Liu J X , Wang X , Yang J X

刘建新, 王鑫, 杨建霞

The experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of covering wheat straw in apple orchard and apricot orchard on soil humus composition, microflora and soil enzyme activities. The results showed that after covering wheat straw, the contents of soil humus, humic acid(HA) and the rate of HA to fulvic acid(FA) were increased effectively; Contents of heavy fraction, loosely combined, tightly combined humus were also increased, and especially, the relative rate of loosely combined humus compared with heavy fraction humus and tightly combined humus was also increased obviously. The amounts of bacterium, antinomyces, ammonifying bacteria and cellulose-utilizing bacteria were increased, the nitrobacteria amount was decreased; the activities of polyhenol oxidase, sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and cellulose were increased, but it didnt take much effect on the activity of catalase.

在杏园和苹果园覆盖麦草，研究其对土壤腐殖质组成、微生物区系及土壤酶活性变化的影响。结果表明：覆草显著提高了土壤腐殖质的含量，褐腐酸（HA）含量及褐腐酸与黄腐酸比值（HA／FA）增大；重组腐殖质和松结态、紧结态腐殖质含量增高，尤其是松结态腐殖质不仅绝对含量提高，而且与重组腐殖质及紧结态腐殖质的相对含量也明显提高。覆草增加了土壤细菌、放线菌及氨化细菌和纤维分解菌的数量，降低了硝化细菌数量；同时提高了土壤多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性，对过氧化氢酶活性影响不大。

... 刘建新等^[29]研究发现覆草可以增加果园土壤细菌、放线菌及氨化细菌等微生物的数量 ...

2005

0.0

... 有研究发现^[31],环境温度降低能够减小小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗根系的导水率^[30],美国南部松树(Pinus)根系导水率随着根区温度在一定范围内的升高而增大 ...

2005

0.0

2017

0.0

. 2017, 28(7):2149-2154 DOI:doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201707.020

Foliar water use efficiency of Platycladus orientalis sapling under different soil water contents

不同土壤含水量下侧柏幼树叶片水分利用效率

Zhang Y E , Yu X X , Chen L H

张永娥, 余新晓, 陈丽华

摘　要：对植物水分利用效率的研究，可以揭示植物的内在耗水机制，为区域森林生态系统经营与维护提供依据．本研究以侧柏幼树为研究对象，通过室内控制试验设置不同的土壤水分梯度，分别用气体交换法和稳定同位素法对其不同土壤含水量条件下的瞬时水分利用效率（WUEga）和短期水分利用效率（WUEcp）进行研究．结果表明：受气孔导度（gs）的影响，叶片净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（t）随土壤含水量的增加呈现相同的变化趋势，均在土壤含水量为70％～80％田间持水量（FC）时达到最大值；叶片WUEgs则在土壤含水量最低（35％～45％FC）时达到最大值（7．26mmol·m^-2·s^-1）．叶片可溶性糖、枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ13C都在土壤含水量最低（35％～45％FC）条件下达到最大值，且叶片可溶性糖的δ13C明显高于枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ13C，未产生明显分馏；而叶片WUEcp也在土壤含水量最低（35％～45％FC）时达到最大值（7．26mmol·m^-2·s^-1）．相同条件下，叶片WUEga和WUEcp存在一定差异（平均相差0．52mmol·m^-2·s^-1），WUE。。时空变异性较大，而WUEcp更具有代表性．侧柏幼树通过降低生理生态活动和提高水分利用效率来适应干旱的土壤条件．

... ¹³C的增大而升高^[32] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 27:123-128

Study on microclimate characters and yield-increasing mechanism in straw mulching field

秸秆覆盖农田的小气候特征和增产机理研究

Fang W S , Zhu Z X , Liu R H

方文松, 朱自玺, 刘荣花

利用2000～2002年的试验资料和2002～2003年的示范推广资料,对秸秆覆盖的农田小气候和增产机理进行分析.结果表明:秸秆覆盖对农田近地层气温、空气湿度和地温均产生明显影响,但对风速的影响不明显;秸秆覆盖可使地表层显热通量增大,潜热通量和土壤热通量减小,从而使土壤蒸发受限;由于覆盖抑制土壤表面蒸发,使土壤水分无效消耗减少,增加前期土壤水分积累,有利于植株后期蒸腾,使水分消耗从物理过程向生理过程转化,从无效消耗向有效消耗转化,从而增加作物产量,提高水分利用效率.秸秆覆盖可使冬小麦增产8.08%～10.71%,水分利用效率提高3.5%～8.4%;夏玉米增产6.08%～11.97%,水分利用效率提高7.8%～14.4%. Abstract： Taking use of experimental data from 2000 ～ 2002 and demonstration & popularization information from 2002 ～ 2003, the paper analyzed the microclimate feature and its yield-promoting mechanism under straw mulching. The results showed that: straw mulching had dramatic effects on temperature of field's surface layer, air humidity and soil temperature, but wind speed. Straw mulching increased surface sensible heat flux, but decreased latent heat flux and soil heat flux, so the soil evaporation was restricted. As soil surface evaporation was restricted by covering, the ineffective consumption of soil water was decreased, and accumulation was increased accordingly. This was helpful for plant transpi-ration in later stage, and for water consumption transforming from physical process to physiological process, and from in-valid consumption to availability. So straw mulching could increase yield and advance water use efficiency. For winter wheat, straw mulching enabled yield increasing and water use efficiency by 8.08% ～ 10.71% and 3.5%～8.4% re-spectively, and for summer maize, it promoted yield and water use by 6.08% ～ 11.97% and 7.8% ～ 14.4% respec-tively.

... 覆盖改变了植物耗水模式,降低物理过程的水分消耗,提高生理过程的水分利用,由无效消耗向有效消耗转化,从而提高水分利用效率^[33] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 35(24):8174-8183 DOI:10.5846/stxb201406231300

Variations in water use for Achnatherum splendens in Lake Qinghai watershed, based on #cod#x003b4;D and #cod#x003b4;¹⁸O

基于 #cod#x003b4;D 和 #cod#x003b4; 18 O 的青海湖流域芨芨草水分利用来源变化研究

Wu H W , Li X Y , Jiang Z Y

吴华武, 李小雁, 蒋志云

Water availability is a key ecological factor for plant growth in arid and semi-arid regions. We identified the characteristics of water-uptake patterns by Achnatherum splendens and how it responds to changes in water conditions in typical steppe ecosystem (Lake Qinghai watershed). We analyzed stable isotopes of plant stem water and potential water sources including soil water, groundwater, and precipitation via direct comparison with differences among potential water sources and a multi-source mixing model calculating the plant-use proportions from diverse soil depths under natural and drought treatment areas. The results showed that there were large fluctuations in the soil moisture and the isotopic contents ( δ D) of soil water in the surface soil layers, directly influenced by precipitation and evaporation. The slope and intercept of the evaporative soil water line were evidently smaller than those of the meteoric water line, indicating that the isotopic contents from soil water experienced stronger evaporation fractionation processes. The isotopic contents ( δ D and δ 18 O) of the stem were scattered along the soil evaporative water line indicating that the possible water sources were extracted from diverse soil water depths. A. splendens absorbed mainly surface soil water (the proportion from 0-10cm was 45.1% in June) at the early growth stage. Large precipitation events significantly affected the soil water content and isotopic contents and infiltrated into deep soil layers. Differences in plant water use proportions were minimal during August and September, which revealed that the roots of A. splendens extracted water from various depths when soil water availability was high. Under the drought treatment conditions, A. splendens used mostly surface soil water (0-30 cm) in early July. The absorption water depth shifted to deep soil layers when the surface soil water became drier. However, the absorption depth again shifted from deep to surface soil layers when surface soil moisture sharply increased after irrigation. Groundwater was not a main water source for A. splendens during the entire growing season.

水分条件是限制干旱半干旱地区植物生长重要的生态因子,为了揭示青海湖流域典型生态系统下芨芨草植物的水分利用来源及其如何响应水分条件的变化,选择了自然和干旱控制条件下芨芨草植物,通过测定芨芨草植物茎水和各潜在水源(土壤水、地下水及降水)中 δ D、 δ 18 O组成,并利用直接比较分析法和多源混合模型计算芨芨草植物对土壤水的利用比例。研究结果表明:表层土壤水分和土壤水中 δ D、 δ 18 O值表征出较大波动范围,其直接受降水和蒸发作用影响,土壤蒸发线的斜率和截距明显小于大气水线斜率和截距,表明土壤水中同位素组成经历了强烈的蒸发分馏过程,而芨芨草茎水中 δ D、 δ 18 O值都集中分布土壤水蒸发线附近,说明芨芨草根系主要利用不同深度的土壤水。自然条件下芨芨草在生长季初期(6月)利用表层土壤水(0-10cm,45.1%),8-9月份大降水事件影响土壤含水量和同位素组成,降水入渗深度较深且芨芨草根系对土壤水分吸收的比例相差不大,表明根系在土壤含水量较高时均能吸水不同深度土壤水。在干旱控制条件下芨芨草在7月初主要利用表层土壤水(0-30cm),随着表层土壤水分的减少,根系吸收深度转向较深土壤层,而灌溉后表层土壤水分明显增加,其吸收深度又转向表层,表明芨芨草根系吸收深度能敏感地响应土壤水分的变化。另外还发现芨芨草在生长季内并未直接利用地下水。

... D一般不会受到土壤表层水分的影响,在干旱条件下,植物会提高对深层次土壤水分的利用^[34] ...

1985

0.0

... Safir等^[35]研究发现,真菌-植物的共生关系对细胞-细胞的水分运输关系具有积极作用,菌丝可以提升土壤水分,并通过细胞质或真菌内壁使水分到达皮层细胞,从而提高植株根系水分传导能力 ...