阿哈水库底泥基质中3种绿化植物的生长及Cd的富集特征

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严莲英, 范成五, 刘桂华, 高翔, 秦松. 阿哈水库底泥基质中3种绿化植物的生长及Cd的富集特征. 草业学报, 2019,28(4): 203-212
YAN Lian-ying, FAN Cheng-wu, LIU Gui-hua, GAO Xiang, QIN Song. Growth and Cd accumulation characteristics of three representative plant species in artificial soils incorporating sediment substrate of the Aha Reservoir. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(4): 203-212 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2018137
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阿哈水库底泥基质中3种绿化植物的生长及Cd的富集特征

严莲英¹, 范成五^2,³, 刘桂华^2,³, 高翔¹, 秦松^2,^3,^*

1.贵阳市乌当区农业农村局,贵州贵阳 550018

2.贵州省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,贵州贵阳 550006

3.贵州省农业资源与环境工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳 550006

*通信作者Corresponding author. E-mail: qs3761735@163.com

作者简介:严莲英(1990-),女,贵州黎平人,硕士。E-mail: 651475942@qq.com

收稿日期: 2018-03-09

基金项目:贵州省科研机构服务企业行动计划项目(黔科合服企[2015]4007),贵州省农业科学院科技成果培育与人才培养项目(黔农科院CR合字(2014)/12号)和贵州省农业科学院项目(农科院创新专项[2015]01号)资助

摘要

阿哈水库底泥的重金属潜在危害程度为中等,其中以Cd的贡献最大。以阿哈水库疏浚底泥为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了70%的底泥与珍珠岩、木屑、蘑菇渣和茶园土组成的基质对种植的三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草生长情况的影响及Cd在植株内的富集特征。结果表明:1) 配制的底泥基质有机质的含量范围为78.30~95.31 g·kg^-1,速效氮为109.33~124.45 mg·kg^-1,速效磷为17.20~24.70 mg·kg^-1,速效钾为178.12~206.46 mg·kg^-1,pH为7.62~7.71,总孔隙度为42%~75%,电导率(EC)为1.47~1.62 ms·cm^-1,Cd为0.88~1.12 mg·kg^-1,满足CJ/T 340-2011的要求,同时,由于木屑、蘑菇渣的养分含量高于珍珠岩和茶园土,所以木屑、蘑菇渣所占比重较大的T₅(70%底泥+10%珍珠岩+10%木屑+10%蘑菇渣)、T₃(70%底泥+15%珍珠岩+10%蘑菇渣+5%茶园土)和T₄(70%底泥+15%珍珠岩+10%木屑+5%茶园土)养分含量大于T₂(70%底泥+30%珍珠岩)和T₁(70%底泥+30%茶园土),此外,调节孔隙度能力为珍珠岩>木屑>蘑菇渣>茶园土,经调节后,孔隙度较大的为T₂、T₅、T₃和T₄,所以,T₅为本次试验理化性质最优基质。2)种植的三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草的鲜重分别为127.63、37.51、61.02 g·盆^-1,干重为15.37、4.62、9.91 g·盆^-1,三叶草长势最好,其次是孔雀草。3)三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草地上部分Cd的含量分别为0.10~0.14 mg·kg^-1、0.21~0.31 mg·kg^-1和0.93~1.22 mg·kg^-1,地下部分Cd的含量分别为0.04~0.15 mg·kg^-1、4.32~4.98 mg·kg^-1和0.40~0.93 mg·kg^-1,除黑麦草地下部分的Cd含量超过一般植物正常Cd含量0.2~3.0 mg·kg^-1外,三叶草和孔雀草植株Cd含量均在正常范围内,同时,孔雀草的Cd累积量为7.46~12.60 μg·盆^-1,远大于三叶草和黑麦草的1.03~2.24 μg·盆^-1、2.73~3.72 μg·盆^-1。4)黑麦草地下部分的Cd富集系数为3.96~5.01,孔雀草地上和地下部分的Cd富集系数分别为0.93~1.11和0.37~1.06,而黑麦草地上部分和三叶草的Cd富集系数均小于0.31,且三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草的Cd转移系数为0.67~3.23、0.05~0.07、1.00~2.52,可见,黑麦草为Cd根富集植物,孔雀草和三叶草是Cd地上部富集植物。综上,可以利用阿哈水库底泥制成基质种植三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草,同时可利用其去除部分底泥中重金属,为阿哈水库及类似的喀斯特山区湖泊污染整治工程提供参考资料。

关键词: 底泥基质; Cd; 绿化植物; 种植; 富集特征

Growth and Cd accumulation characteristics of three representative plant species in artificial soils incorporating sediment substrate of the Aha Reservoir

YAN Lian-ying¹, FAN Cheng-wu^2,³, LIU Gui-hua^2,³, GAO Xiang¹, QIN Song^2,^3,^*

1.Wudang District Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Guiyang 550018, China

2.Guizhou Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guiyang 550006, China

3.Guizhou Province Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guiyang 550006, China

Abstract

The sediment in the Aha Reservoir has a moderate potential hazard classification, which with the largest contribution to the potential hazard being from Cd. This study comprised a pot experiment to compare the accumulation of Cd in roots and shoots of Oxalis triangularis, Lolium perenne and Tagetes patula so as to assess the potential suitability of those species for remediation applications. Sediment from the Aha Reservoir was used either alone (control) or mixed with perlite, wood sawdust, mushroom residue or tea garden soil to test a range of planting substrates. It was found that: 1) Excluding the control, the soil chemical property ranges were: organic matter content of the substrate, 78.30 to 95.31 g·kg^-1; available nitrogen, 109.33 to 124.45 mg·kg^-1; available phosphorus 17.20 to 24.7 mg·kg^-1; available potassium, 178.12 to 206.46 mg·kg^-1; pH, 7.62 to 7.71; total porosity, 42% to 75%; electrical conductivity, 1.47 to 1.62 ms·cm^-1; and Cd concentration, 0.88 to 1.14 mg·kg^-1. Those specifications exceeded the requirements of the standard, CJ/T 340-2011, and pH, total porosity and Cd were values were suitable for the growth needs of common plants. Considering all soil properties, T₅ was the substrate with the best physical and chemical plant growth environment. 2) The fresh weigh and dry weight of O. triangularis, L. perenne and T. patula were 127.63, 37.51, and 61.02 g·pot^-1 and 15.37, 4.62, and 9.91 g·pot^-1, respectively. The ranking for biomass was O. triangularis> T. patula> L. perenne. 3) The concentrations of Cd in O. triangularis, L. perenne and T. patula ranged from 0.10 to 0.14, 0.21 to 0.31 and 0.93 to 1.22 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The cumulative Cd uptake of Cd by T. patula was 7.46 to 12.60 μg·pot^-1, which was much larger than the values of 1.03 to 2.24 μg·pot^-1 and 2.73 to 3.72 μg·pot^-1 for O. triangularis and L. perenne, respectively. 4) The bioconcentration factor of L. perenne roots ranged from 3.96 to 5.01, while corresponding values for the aboveground organs and roots of T. patula were 0.93 to 1.11, and 0.37 to 1.06, respectively, and for O. triangularis and the shoots of L. perenne were less than 0.31. In addition, the translocation factors of O. triangularis, L. perenne and T. patula were 0.67 to 3.23, 0.05 to 0.07 and 1.00 to 2.52, which highlights plant species differences, with L. perenne accumulating Cd in the root system, O. triangularis and T. patula accumulating Cd in the shoot system. In conclusion, T. patula, O. triangularis and L. perenne are all capable of healthy growth and Cd extraction from a Cd-rich sediment substrate, and among the three, O. triangularis is recommended for lake sediment remediation projects, because of its higher biomass production.

Keyword: sediment substrate; Cd; green plants; planting; enrichment characteristics

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阿哈水库是贵阳市的三大水缸之一, 坐落于黔中典型的喀斯特山区, 属地球化学敏感和生态环境脆弱的喀斯特碳酸盐岩区域, 由于特殊的地质环境及长期受人类活动的影响, 库底沉积物淤积。近几年, 经贵阳市政府的整治, 水库水质有所改善, 但产生了大量的疏浚底泥, 其安全处置成为一个难题。阿哈水库底泥养分丰富, 但重金属Cd污染较为严重, 不适于耕地利用, 可考虑用于园林绿地^[1]。此外, 底泥中含有丰富的腐殖质胶体, 施用于土壤中不仅能改善土壤物理性质, 还能有效提高土壤的保水保肥能力^{[2, 3]}。另有研究表明, 向底泥中添加一些改良剂制成种植基质, 更有利于植物的生长, 如张鸿龄等^[4]利用底泥、粉煤灰和锯木屑混合后种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa), 紫花苜蓿长势良好, 且能带走一些基质中的重金属, 胡雨彤等^[5]向底泥堆肥中添加珍珠岩, 能促进孔雀草(Tagetes patula)的生长。

珍珠岩能增大混合基质的孔隙度, 增强其通气、保水、保肥的性能, 蘑菇渣不仅含有丰富的养分, 而且含有大量的微生物, 与锯木屑一样具有质轻、透气保水、保肥的特点, 是代替盆土的好材料, 此外, 贵州是种茶大省, 茶园土呈酸性, 可利用其降低底泥基质的pH。三叶草(Oxalis triangularis)具有较强的氮磷去除能力, 能有效减少由于地表径流的冲刷、氮磷流失而造成的面源污染, 同时, 三叶草对含有重金属Cd污染的土壤有一定的耐受性^[6]; 黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和孔雀草是目前花坛应用的主要花草, 且对Cd具有很强的富集能力, 具备植物修复潜力^{[7, 8]}, 又有研究指出草本植物对重金属Cd转移能力、吸收能力均高于灌木和乔木^[9], 所以选择三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草来进行此次试验。因喀斯特底泥的特殊性, 目前对喀斯特地区水库底泥的资源化利用较少, 但已有研究指出草本植物在喀斯特地区红枫湖底泥基质中能正常生长, 且对重金属具有较强的吸附作用^[10]。本研究通过向阿哈水库污染底泥中添加一定比例的茶园土、木屑、蘑菇渣和珍珠岩, 制成底泥基质, 研究其对3种草本绿化植物生长的影响及3种植物对Cd的富集特征, 为阿哈水库及类似的喀斯特山区湖泊污染底泥整治工程提供参考资料。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料

试验所用底泥为贵阳市阿哈水库疏浚底泥。底泥于疏浚场地堆积自然脱水至含水量达60%左右, 装入塑料桶中运回大棚自然风干, 经筛网过滤, 剔除硕石、木屑、动植物残体和生活垃圾等异物后研磨过2 mm筛备用; 珍珠岩、木屑、蘑菇渣均取自贵州省农业科学院园艺科学研究所; 茶园土取自贵州省农业科学院茶叶研究所基地。所有配比材料采集后均放置于实验室自然风干, 过筛后测定样品的基本理化性质如表1所示。试验所用孔雀草、黑麦草和三叶草均购于当地花鸟市场。

表1 其他物料的基本理化性质 Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of other materials

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 配比实验综合考虑资源化利用成本、供试园艺植物的生长习性、底泥的特性与底泥处理量, 根据所用材料的理化特性, 本试验将底泥、珍珠岩、木屑、蘑菇渣、茶园土按照表2充分混匀装入塑料花盆(高21 cm, 直径20 cm)中, 于室温下平衡30 d, 期间每3 d翻动1次(保证其充分混匀), 以自来水浇灌, 使其保持60%的田间持水量。每盆取100 g进行各项指标的测定。

1.2.2 盆栽试验试验在贵州省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所大棚进行。综合考虑供试园艺植物的生长习性、底泥的特性与底泥处理量, 试验设置6个处理(表2), 每个处理设置3次重复。基质配制完成后, 混合均匀后倒入塑料盆, 每盆基质量控制在2 kg左右, 每盆分别移栽一棵相应的植物(对每种植物进行育苗, 然后挑选大小和长势一致的苗), 种植盆在盆栽场大棚中随机排列, 用自来水浇灌, 保证水分, 生长90 d后收获。植株地上部分于收获前测定株高, 收获时采集植株整株, 用自来水洗净后再用去离子水冲洗, 测定鲜重和干重, 然后分成地上部和地下部, 制成样品进行相关的分析, 同时采集对应的底泥生长基质样品, 于室内风干后, 制成样品进行分析。

表2 底泥基质的配比 Table 2 Ratio of sediment substrate (%)

1.3 样品分析

采样当天将植物样品用去离子水洗净, 先在 105 ℃杀青30 min, 60 ℃烘干, 用不锈钢植物粉碎机磨碎, 装入自封袋编号备用。土壤样先置于室内自然风干, 根据需要研磨、过筛, 装入自封袋编号备用。于2016年11月进行室内分析, pH 值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、电导率测定采用鲍士旦^[11]的方法测定; 采用ICP-MS(BOEN 36158)测定土壤Cd。

1.4 植物对重金属的富集能力

植物对重金属的富集能力可以用生物富集系数(bioconcentration factors, BCF)和生物转移系数(translocation factor, TF)^[12]表示。植物对重金属的富集系数(BCF)=植物重金属Cd含量/底泥基质中重金属Cd含量; 植物对重金属的转移系数(TF)=地上部分的重金属Cd含量/地下部分的重金属Cd含量。富集系数可表征底泥-植物体系中元素迁移的难易程度, 是反映植物将重金属吸收转移到体内能力大小的评价指标^[13]。

1.5 统计分析

采用 Excel、DPS 7.05和SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 底泥基质的理化性质

表3表明, 供试验植物种植前基质除对照外, 有机质的含量范围为78.30~95.31 g· kg^-1, 速效氮为109.33~124.45 mg· kg^-1, 速效磷为17.20~24.70 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾为178.12~206.46 mg· kg^-1, 均显著(P< 0.05)低于对照, 说明添加了养分含量低的珍珠岩、木屑、蘑菇渣和茶园土等调节质地的物料降低了底泥基质的养分含量, 但所有处理养分含量都远高于CJ/T 340-2011^[14]的要求, 其中处理T₁~T₅有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量为CJ/T 340-2011限值的6.53~7.94倍、2.73~3.11倍、2.15~3.09倍和2.97~3.44 倍; 基质的pH为7.62~7.71, 呈中性至弱碱性, 满足CJ/T 340-2011的要求(pH 5.50~8.30), 总孔隙度为42%~75%, 满足一般植物的生长需求(孔隙度为40%~50%), 基质的EC为1.47~1.62 ms· cm^-1, Cd含量为0.88~1.12 mg· kg^-1, EC和Cd含量分别为CJ/T 340-2011的1.23~1.35倍和0.88~1.12倍。同时, 由于木屑、蘑菇渣的养分含量高于珍珠岩和茶园土, 所以木屑、蘑菇渣所占比重较大的T₅、T₃和T₄养分含量大于T₂和T₁, 此外, 调节孔隙度能力为珍珠岩> 木屑> 蘑菇渣> 茶园土, 所以, 经调节后, 孔隙度较大的为T₂、T₅、T₃和T₄, 综上, T₅为理化性质最优基质。

表3 底泥基质的理化性质 Table 3 Physical and chemical properties of sediment substrate

2.2 底泥基质对3种植物生物量的影响

生物量是表征植物生长情况的重要指标之一。以3种植物和6种基质进行二因素方差分析(表4), 结果表明, 三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草的地上部分鲜重均值为36.56~93.98 g· 盆^-1, 地下部分为0.95~33.65 g· 盆^-1, 地上部分干重均值为4.16~11.43 g· 盆^-1, 地下部分为0.46~3.94 g· 盆^-1, 其中, 三叶草表现得最好, 地上、地下部分鲜重、地上和地下部分干重分别为93.98、33.65、11.43和3.94 g· 盆^-1; 其次是孔雀草, 地上、地下部分鲜重、地上和地下部分干重分别为52.38、8.64、8.26和1.65 g· 盆^-1; 再次是黑麦草, 地上、地下部分鲜重、地上和地下部分干重分别为36.56、0.95、4.16和0.46 g· 盆^-1。CK、T₁、T₂、T₃、T₄和T₅的地上部分鲜重均值为42.00~73.92 g· 盆^-1, 地下部分鲜重均值为11.14~15.83 g· 盆^-1, 地上部分干重均值为5.91~9.73 g· 盆^-1, 地下部分干重均值为1.51~2.48 g· 盆^-1。其中, T₅表现得最好, 地上、地下部分鲜重、地上部分干重和地下部分干重, 均值分别为73.92、15.66、9.73和2.48 g· 盆^-1; 其次是T₃, 地上部分鲜重、地下部分鲜重、地上和地下部分干重, 均值分别为69.07、15.83、9.04和2.32 g· 盆^-1; 最后是CK, 均值分别为42.00、11.14、5.91和1.51 g· 盆^-1。综上, T₅处理的植物生长情况最好, 底泥基质中植物的长势为三叶草> 孔雀草> 黑麦草。

表4 不同处理对植物生物量的影响 Table 4 Effects of different treatments on plant biomass (g· pot^-1)

2.3 植物重金属Cd的富集特征

不同底泥基质处理和植物种类对植物重金属的吸收和转运影响不同(表5)。三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草地上部分Cd的含量范围分别为0.10~0.14 mg· kg^-1、0.21~0.31 mg· kg^-1和0.93~1.22 mg· kg^-1, 地下部分分别为0.04~0.15 mg· kg^-1、4.32~4.98 mg· kg^-1和0.40~0.93 mg· kg^-1, 其中, 三叶草CK、T₁和T₄处理地上部Cd含量大于地下部分, 其他处理的地上部分小于或等于地下, 黑麦草地下部分大于地上, 孔雀草的地上部分大于地下; 三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草的Cd累积量为1.03~2.24 μ g· 盆^-1、2.73~3.72 μ g· 盆^-1和7.46~12.60 μ g· 盆^-1; 可见, 对重金属的累积能力为孔雀草> 黑麦草> 三叶草。

表5 不同处理对植物体内重金属Cd含量与累积量的影响 Table 5 Effects of different treatments on Cd content and accumulation in plants

一般植物正常的Cd含量为0.2~3.0 mg· k ${g^{- 1}}^{[15]}$ , 通过比较得出, 除黑麦草地下部分Cd含量超过正常值外, 其余植物Cd含量均在植物正常含量范围内。由此可见, 不仅可以在底泥基质中种植这3种植物, 且可以借助这3种植物将底泥中重金属去除。

不同植物对重金属的吸收和转运能力不同(表6), 有研究指出当一种植物对重金属的BCF> 1和TF> 1的, 表明植物对重金属的富集能力较强, 并可同时在地上部分和地下部分累积大量重金属, 符合这种特征的植物为富集型植物^[16]。3种植物对重金属Cd的富集能力存在较大差异。三叶草地上部分的富集系数为0.09~0.13, 地下部分为0.04~0.17, 黑麦草地上部分为0.20~0.31, 地下部分为3.96~5.01, 孔雀草地上部分为0.93~1.11, 地下部分为0.37~1.06。只有黑麦草的地下部分和孔雀草CK处理的地上部分、T₂的地上部分、地下部分及T₅的地上部的BCF> 1, 由此可见, 黑麦草的地下部分对Cd具有很强的富集能力, 孔雀草的地上部分对Cd具有较强的富集作用。综合3种植物对重金属Cd的富集系数, 富集能力为黑麦草地下部分> 孔雀草地上部分> 孔雀草地下部分> 黑麦草地上部分> 三叶草地上部分> 三叶草地下部分, 总体富集能力为孔雀草> 黑麦草> 三叶草。

植物转移系数反映植物向茎、叶转移重金属的能力, 转移系数越大表明植物对重金属的转移能力越强。如TF> 1, 说明植物将地下部分的重金属元素转移至地上部分能力强; 如果TF< 1, 说明植物将重金属转移至地上部的能力较弱^[16]。三叶草的转移系数为0.67~3.23(表6), 黑麦草为0.05~0.07, 孔雀草为1.00~2.52, 可见, 黑麦草是根富集植物, 植株对重金属具有较强的根系过滤作用, 可以防止有毒污染物在植物中的过度积累导致植物的衰亡^[17], 三叶草和孔雀草是地上部富集植物。综合3种植物对重金属Cd的转移系数, 转移能力强弱为孔雀草> 三叶草> 黑麦草。

表6 不同处理下3种植物对重金属Cd的富集能力 Table 6 Enrichment ability of three plants to heavy metal Cd under different treatments

2.4 植物重金属累积量与底泥基质中重金属含量的关系

将3种植物重金属含量与底泥基质中的重金属含量进行相关性分析(表7), 3种植物的不同部位与底泥基质中的Cd含量无明显的相关性。3种植物的地上部分与地下部分的相关系数为-0.38~-0.48, 为负相关, 但不显著。原因可能是为了资源化利用底泥, 所配制的底泥基质中的Cd含量不成梯度, 基质的理化性质也不同造成的。

表7 植物Cd含量与底泥基质Cd含量的相关分析 Table 7 Correlation analysis of Cd content between plant and sediment substrate

3 讨论

生长基质的酸碱度、盐分、孔隙度和养分含量对植物的生长具有重要作用。底泥的养分含量较丰富, 施入土壤能有效增加土壤的有机质、氮、磷等含量^[2], 用底泥来配制基质可以提高基质养分含量, 同时往底泥基质中添加珍珠岩、锯木屑和蘑菇渣不仅可以增加底泥的孔隙度, 同时, 锯木屑和蘑菇渣在缓慢腐熟过程中还可以增加底泥养分的缓慢供应, 有利于重复利用^{[5, 18, 19]}, 还可以改善基质的pH、EC等性状。此外, 由于其他物料的添加, 稀释了底泥中的Cd, 使其他处理的Cd含量都低于对照^[4]。

底泥基质的平均Cd含量已超过CJ/T 340-2011中的Ⅲ 级标准, 目前对于这3种植物的Cd毒害临界值尚未见报道, 3种植物在底泥基质中都能生长, 可能是基质中Cd的含量未达到3种植物耐性的临界点, 也可能与底泥中含量较高的有机质和pH有关, 金属离子的溶解度会随 pH 值升高而降低, 金属有机络合物的稳定性则随环境 pH 值升高而增强^[20], 重金属还能与有机质形成具有一定稳定程度的金属有机络合物, 降低重金属的生物可利用性以及植物的吸收^[21], 此外, 阿哈水库底泥的硫及钙含量非常高^{[22, 23]}, S可在细胞内形成巯基物质和促进液泡移动, 以隔离和螯合Cd离子, 减小Cd的生物有效性^[24], Ca与Cd具有相似的化学性质, 是吸附位点的主要竞争者, 当两者在溶液中同时存在时, 可显著地降低植物对Cd的吸收和积累, 从而减轻Cd的毒害^[25]。

3种植物在底泥基质中的生长情况不同, 生物量为三叶草> 孔雀草> 黑麦草, 除了与植物特性有关外, 可能的原因是CJ/T 340-2011指出, 一般植物对基质EC的适应性为 0.15~1.20 ms· cm^-1, 耐盐植物对基质EC的适应性为≤ 1.8 ms· cm^-1, 而此次配比的基质EC为1.47~1.62 ms· cm^-1, 需要耐性植物才能正常生长, 虽孔雀草和黑麦草适应性强, 更有研究指出三叶草可适应寒冷及炎热, 酸和碱性土^[26], 此外还有研究指出, 孔雀草和黑麦草是Cd累积植物, 液胞区隔化和细胞壁固持是孔雀草应对 Cd 胁迫的重要耐性机制^{[27, 28]}, 但三叶草对重金属耐性表现为少吸收, 在同等重金属胁迫条件下, 重金属含量较低, 长势较其他植物好^{[29, 30]}, 同时本研究结果也显示在同等条件下孔雀草对Cd的累积量远大于黑麦草, 黑麦草远大于三叶草。还有研究指出当Cd在植物体内含量达到1 mg· kg^-1时, 就会抑制植物生物量的累积^[31], 本研究表明, 除三叶草Cd含量约为0.10 mg· kg^-1外, 孔雀草地上部分Cd含量超过1 mg· kg^-1, 黑麦草地下部分的Cd含量甚至超过了4 mg· kg^-1, 基质中的Cd可能是影响到孔雀草和黑麦草的生长, 导致它们的生物量没有三叶草高的主要原因之一。此外, 三叶草属于豆科车轴草属, 具有固氮作用, 在提升植株氮素养分的同时, 氮素在白三叶草的重金属镉解毒机制中具有重要作用, 能够缓解镉对植株的毒害^[32]。

4 结论

1)配制的底泥基质有机质的含量范围为78.3~95.31 g· kg^-1, 速效氮为109.33~124.45 mg· kg^-1, 速效磷为17.2~24.7 mg· kg^-1, 速效钾为178.12~206.46 mg· kg^-1, pH为7.62~7.71, 总孔隙度为42%~75%, EC为1.47~1.62 ms· cm^-1, Cd为0.88~1.12 mg· kg^-1, 满足CJ/T 340-2011的要求。

2)底泥基质种植的三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草的鲜重及干重分别为127.63、15.37, 37.51、4.62和61.02、9.91 g· 盆^-1, 生物量的大小顺序为:三叶草> 孔雀草> 黑麦草。

3)种植的三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草地上部分Cd含量范围分别为0.10~0.14 mg· kg^-1、0.21~0.31 mg· kg^-1和0.93~1.22 mg· kg^-1, 地下部分为0.04~0.15 mg· kg^-1、4.32~4.98 mg· kg^-1和0.40~0.93 mg· kg^-1, 除黑麦草地下部分Cd含量超过正常值外, 其余值均在正常范围内。Cd累积量分别为1.03~2.24 μ g· 盆^-1、2.73~3.72 μ g· 盆^-1和7.46~12.60 μ g· 盆^-1, 孔雀草对Cd有较强的富集能力。

4)三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草地上部分和地下部分富集系数分别为0.09~0.13、0.04~0.17, 0.20~0.31、3.96~5.01, 0.93~1.11、0.37~1.06, 富集能力为黑麦草地下部分> 孔雀草地上部分> 孔雀草地下部分> 黑麦草地上部分> 三叶草地上部分> 三叶草地下部分。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[31]	Ni C Y, Li H, Luo Y M, et al. *The influence of copper, cadmium and their combined pollution on ultrastructure of Commelina bengalensis* Linn*. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(2): 343-348. 倪才英, 李华, 骆永明, 等. 铜、镉及其交互作用对泡泡草细胞超微结构的影响*. 环境科学学报, 2004, 24(2): 343-348. [本文引用:1]
[32]	Dong J F, Zhang F, Hu Y H, et al. Effect of nitrogen supplementation on growth of white clover under cadmium stress and alleviation of cadmium toxicity. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(9): 83-91. 董姬妃, 张帆, 胡雨寒, 等. 镉胁迫下增施氮对白三叶草生长的影响和镉毒害的缓解效应研究. 草业学报, 2017, 26(9): 83-91. [本文引用:1]

2017

0.0

... 阿哈水库底泥养分丰富,但重金属Cd污染较为严重,不适于耕地利用,可考虑用于园林绿地^[1] ...

2009

0.0

... 此外,底泥中含有丰富的腐殖质胶体,施用于土壤中不仅能改善土壤物理性质,还能有效提高土壤的保水保肥能力^[2,3] ...

... 底泥的养分含量较丰富,施入土壤能有效增加土壤的有机质、氮、磷等含量^[2],用底泥来配制基质可以提高基质养分含量,同时往底泥基质中添加珍珠岩、锯木屑和蘑菇渣不仅可以增加底泥的孔隙度,同时,锯木屑和蘑菇渣在缓慢腐熟过程中还可以增加底泥养分的缓慢供应,有利于重复利用^[5,18,19],还可以改善基质的pH、EC等性状 ...

2009

0.0

... 此外,底泥中含有丰富的腐殖质胶体,施用于土壤中不仅能改善土壤物理性质,还能有效提高土壤的保水保肥能力^[2,3] ...

2013

0.0

... 另有研究表明,向底泥中添加一些改良剂制成种植基质,更有利于植物的生长,如张鸿龄等^[4]利用底泥、粉煤灰和锯木屑混合后种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa),紫花苜蓿长势良好,且能带走一些基质中的重金属,胡雨彤等^[5]向底泥堆肥中添加珍珠岩,能促进孔雀草(Tagetes patula)的生长 ...

... 此外,由于其他物料的添加,稀释了底泥中的Cd,使其他处理的Cd含量都低于对照^[4] ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 25(7):1949-1954

Effects of different perlite additions on physical and chemical properties of sewage sludge compost and growth of Tagetes patula

不同比例珍珠岩对污泥堆肥理化性状与孔雀草生长的影响

Hu Y T , Shi L H , Liu D M

胡雨彤, 时连辉, 刘登民

( 1 National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;  2 College of Resource and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;  3 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China)

In order to resolve the problem of poor permeability of sewage sludge compost (SSC) which was used as the substitution of peat, perlite was used to regulate the permeability of the sewage. The pure SSC was used as control. The proportions of perlite in the mixtures with SSC were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% (V/V), respectively. The effects of different perlite ratios on the physical and chemical properties and the growth of Tagetes patula  were studied. The bulk density, water holding porosity and water holding porosity to aeration porosity decreased, but the total porosity and aeration porosity increased with the increasing addition of perlite to the SSC. For the chemical properties, the pH increased, and the EC and nutrient contents decreased with the increasing addition of perlite to the SSC. The aboveground biomass and flowers of  T. patula  were the highest in the 60% perlite treatment, and the lowest in the pure SSC treatment. The root morphology and activity were the best in the 40%, 60% and 80% perlite treatments. Aeration was the strongest factor to impact the maximum root length and average root diameter. Perlite promoted the growth of  T. patula  mainly through impacting the physical properties of the SSC. The addition of 60% perlite to the SSC could significantly improve the poor aeration and decrease the high salinity greatly in the SSC and regulate the growth of the root and aboveground of  T. patula .

为解决污泥在替代泥炭应用时存在的透气性差等问题，用珍珠岩作为污泥透气性调节材料，以纯污泥堆肥为对照，研究添加珍珠岩20%、40%、60%、80%、100%(V/V)条件下混合基质理化性状的差异以及对孔雀草植株生长的影响.结果表明：混合基质的物理性状中容重、持水孔隙和水气比随珍珠岩比例的增大而降低，总孔隙度和通气孔隙则增加；化学性状中pH值随珍珠岩比例的增大而增加，EC值和养分含量则呈下降趋势；孔雀草地上部生物量以及开花数在添加60%珍珠岩条件下最高，纯污泥堆肥中最低；根系形态和根系活力在添加珍珠岩40%、60%、80%条件下较高.通气孔隙是影响最大根长和平均根直径的最强因子.珍珠岩主要是通过影响污泥堆肥物理性状来改善孔雀草生长，添加珍珠岩60%可显著改善污泥透气性差、盐分高的问题，对孔雀草根系及地上部生长等均有良好的调节作用.

2007

0.0

. 2007, 15(3):92-96

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on heavy metal tolerance of clover in contaminated soil. Chinese Journal of

AM菌对三叶草吸收、累积重金属的影响

Kong F G , Shi Y X , Feng G

孔凡关, 史衍玺, 冯固

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on Cu，Zn，Pb and Cd uptake and distribution in red clover plant were investigated by using a four-compartment culturing system under greenhouse conditions. Cu(CuSO 4 ・5H 2 O)100mg/kg，Zn(ZnSO 4 ・7H 2 O)600mg/kg，Pb［Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ］300mg/kg，Cd(CdSO 4 ・8H 2 O)10mg/kg were added to loamy soil which was precultured for one month before sowing clover seeds. The growth of red clover is observed not to be impeded in the heavy metal contaminated soil，while inoculation rates of two AMF species Glomus intraradices and Glomus caledonium are significantly decreased by 53% and 56% respectively and hypla density of Glomus intraradices is decreased by 73%. AMF still significantly decreases the uptake of Cu，Cd and Pb，and prevents transportation and distribution of heavy metals in the shoot systems of the clover plants. The concentrations of Pb，Cd in the clover shoots decrease by 24.2%～55.3% and 65%～97.9% respectively，compared with non-inoculated clover,below the upper limits of the standards of animal feed in China. It is concluded that AMF can increase clover quality and benefit field treatment of sewage one the hand，and limit contaminants uptake through food chain on the other. AMF plays a crucial role in regulating Cu，Zn and，especially Pb，and Cd bio-recycling in the ecosystem and in alleviating the stress and transfer of heavy metals along food chain.

采用4室根箱培养系统，探讨了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属复合污染土壤中，丛枝菌根菌对三叶草生长及吸收、累积重金属的作用，结果表明：重金属Cu 100mg/kg、Zn 600mg/kg、Pb 300mg/kg、Cd 10mg/kg的复合污染对三叶草生物量影响较小，但土壤重金属处理使丛枝菌根菌 Glomus intraradices和Glomus caledonium 对三叶草的侵染率分别降低53%和56%，菌种 G.intraradice 的菌丝密度降低73%；接种菌根真菌能明显减少重金属复合污染土壤中三叶草对Cu、Cd和Pb的吸收，并强化根系在限制重金属Pb和Cd向地上部运输中的作用，地上部Pb和Cd含量分别下降24.2%～55.3%和65%～97.9%，使三叶草地上部Cd和Pb含量均低于我国牧草重金属安全含量，提高了三叶草可食部分的质量；不同菌根真菌对三叶草吸收、累积及分配重金属的影响有明显差异， Glomus intraradices 对减少三叶草对重金属的吸收及其在地上部可食部分的累积的作用大于 Glomus caledonium 。丛枝菌根菌对于强化三叶草根系对重金属的固持作用，调节生态系统中重金属的生物循环，减轻重金属对食物链的污染风险方面起着重要作用。

... 三叶草(Oxalis triangularis)具有较强的氮磷去除能力,能有效减少由于地表径流的冲刷、氮磷流失而造成的面源污染,同时,三叶草对含有重金属Cd污染的土壤有一定的耐受性^[6] ...

2010

0.0

... 黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和孔雀草是目前花坛应用的主要花草,且对Cd具有很强的富集能力,具备植物修复潜力^[7,8],又有研究指出草本植物对重金属Cd转移能力、吸收能力均高于灌木和乔木^[9],所以选择三叶草、黑麦草和孔雀草来进行此次试验 ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 29(3):587-594 DOI:10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2015.03.0587

Growth and physiology response of perennial ryegrass to Cd²+ stress

Cd 2 +胁迫下多年生黑麦草的生长与生理响应

Liu J X , Wei S Q , Zhai F F

刘俊祥, 魏树强, 翟飞飞

1. Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation, State Forestry Administration/Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091; 2. Administrative Office of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091

In order to examine the phytoremediation potentiality of perennial ryegrass to heavy metal Cd 2+ , the accumulation characteristics, growth and physiology response of perennial ryegrass to Cd 2+ stress were illustrated in this paper. The plants were treated with 0,5,10,20 mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ solution for 6 days, when 6 days after treatment(dat), the growth of perennial ryegrass was significant inhibition by Cd 2+ ,Cd content of leaf and root were significantly elevated with increasing Cd 2+ concentration, perennial ryegrass represented hyper-accumulative ability for Cd. When 6dat exposed to 5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ , the root, shoot biomass and the ratio of root to shoot were significantly decreased by 36.83%,12.17%,27.59% compared with control. The net photosynthesis rate( Pn ) was significantly decreased by 23.38% compared with control when 6dat under 5 mg/L Cd 2+ stress, whereas other gas exchange parameters, the photosynthetic pigment content and the maximum photochemical efficiency( Fv/Fm ), potential photochemical efficiency( Fv/ F o) were not affected significantly. When photosynthetically active radiation( PAR ) exceeded 580μmol ·m -2 ·s -1 after 6 days treatment by 5 mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ concentration, the effective photochemical efficiency( ΦPSII ) and relative electrons transport rate( rETR ) were lower than control, and the inhibition degree strengthened with the increasing PAR , when the PAR reached to the higest intensity(1 465μmol ·m -2 ·s -1 ), they were both significantly decreased by 15.46%.,whereas the regulatory energy dissipation [ Y(NPQ) ] was significantly higher than control all the time, this would alleviate the damage of photosynthetic agency induced by the excess excitation energy. When 6dat exposed to 5 mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ concentration, the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and ascorbic acid peroxidase(APX) were both inhibited, the activity of catalase(CAT) was promoted, and the content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased. The Pn , rETR , and SOD,APX activity could be taken as the physiological indexes to indicate the impair extent of perennial ryegrass by Cd 2+ . The conclusions of this study would provide reference for remedy plants breeding on the heavy metal pollution.

为检验多年生黑麦草对重金属Cd 2+ 的修复潜力,本文研究了多年生黑麦草对重金属Cd 2+ 的积累特性和生长、生理响应,采用水培法对多年生黑麦草进行0、5、10、20mg ·L -1 重金属Cd 2+ 胁迫,测定了地上部和地下部的生物量、Cd浓度。结果表明,处理6d后,多年生黑麦草的生长受Cd 2+ 显著抑制,地下部、地上部的Cd 2+ 浓度均随着处理浓度的增加而显著升高,多年生黑麦草对Cd 2+ 具有超量积累能力。5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ 处理6d后,多年生黑麦草的地下部、地上部生物量和根冠比分别较对照显著下降了36.83%、12.17%和27.59%,叶片的净光合速率在5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ 处理6d后较对照显著下降了23.38%,而其他的气体交换参数、光合色素含量和PSⅡ最大、潜在光化学效率均未受到Cd 2+ 的影响;当光合有效辐射超过580μmol ·m -2 ·s -1 时,5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ 处理下的实际光化学效率和相对电子传递速率均显著低于对照,Cd 2+ 对多年生黑麦草光反应系统电子传递的抑制程度随着光合有效辐射的升高而增加;当辐射强度达到1 465μmol ·m -2 ·s -1 时,相对电子传递速率较对照显著下降了15.46%。5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ 胁迫下,多年生黑麦草叶片PSⅡ调节性能量耗散始终显著高于对照,减轻了过多激发能对光合机构的伤害。5mg ·L -1 Cd 2+ 胁迫下,多年生黑麦草叶片和根系的超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性被抑制,过氧化氢酶的活性被促进,丙二醛的含量显著提高。净光合速率、相对电子传递速率及SOD、APX活性可做为检验Cd 2+ 对多年生黑麦草毒害的生理指标。本研究得到的结论可为在草坪草中选育重金属污染的修复植物提供参考。

2016

0.0

2015

0.0

... 因喀斯特底泥的特殊性,目前对喀斯特地区水库底泥的资源化利用较少,但已有研究指出草本植物在喀斯特地区红枫湖底泥基质中能正常生长,且对重金属具有较强的吸附作用^[10] ...

2000

0.0

... 于2016年11月进行室内分析,pH 值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、电导率测定采用鲍士旦^[11]的方法测定 ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 22(2):185-192

Absorption of different sorghum accessions on heavy metals in polluted soil. Chinese Journal of

不同高粱种质对污染土壤中重金属吸收的研究

Ji G S , Yan Y L , L#cod#x000fc; P

籍贵苏, 严永路, 吕芃

Sweet sorghum, which is used to produce alcohol and energy, hardly enters human food chain. This purpose combined with powerful root uptake ability makes sweet sorghum a low-cost, safe and effective plant in removing heavy metals (HMs) from polluted soils. In this study, eight sweet, two forage and one grain sorghum accessions planted in polluted soil were evaluated and compared with those planted in unpolluted soil. Eight HMs were evaluated in different plant organs to characterize HMs uptake ability of different sorghum accessions. The results showed that contents of Hg, Cd, Mn and Zn in sweet sorghum accessions were significantly different in polluted and unpolluted soil. However, the contents of Co, Cr, Pb and Cu were not significantly different. Mn content in sweet sorghum accessions in unpolluted soil was higher than that in polluted soil. Zn content was much higher in leaves and spikes than in stems and roots of plants from unpolluted soil, much different from that of plants from polluted soil. HMs contents varied in different sweet sorghum organs. For instance, there were high contents of Hg, Cd, Co, Cr and Zn in plant root while high contents of Cu, Mn and Pb were in plant spike in polluted soil. Significant differences existed in uptake, transfer and accumulation of HMs both among different accessions and HMs. Forage sorghum 'Wancao 2' had more Cr and Zn in leaves while 'Jinzhong 0823' grain sorghum accession had more heavy metals in stems than other accessions. High HMs enrichment coefficients were existed in the root of sorghum, which ranged from 0.02 (for Pb) to 0.23 (for Cd), and transfer coefficients were 0.21 (for Co) to 3.42 (for Pb). Significant differences existed among accessions in terms of certain HM uptake. Enrichment coefficients of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in root of 'Ximeng' sweet sorghum were high. Also enrichment coefficients of Hg, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn in stem of 'Jinzhong 0823' grain sorghum were high. The ability of HMs enrichment and transfer was not consistent in sorghum accessions, such as 'Lüneng No.1' sweet sorghum had a high transfer coefficient for several HMs, only Zn had high transfer coefficient in 'Jinzhong 0823' grain sorghum. Thus the result above suggested that the enrichment and transfer of HMs varied with HM types in sweet sorghum. Sweet sorghum first absorbed Zn and then accumulated it in leaves and spikes, and then in stems and roots as Zn content of the plant was high enough. Mn uptake of sweet sorghum competed with other HMs. Hg was seldom transferred to above-ground parts after its uptake by sweet sorghum, while Cu, Mn and Pb mainly accumulated in sweet sorghum spikes. 'Ximeng' sweet sorghum had a rich accumulation of several HMs in roots, while large amounts of various HMs accumulated in stems of 'Jinzhong 0823' grain sorghum accession. There was no specific pattern of HMs uptake in forage and sweet sorghum accessions. Therefore, sorghum plant could be used to remove HMs from polluted soils. This could be more efficiently done by employing accessions with high HM enrichment and transfer ability.

利用重金属含量较高的污水污染土壤, 以未污染土壤作对照, 种植8个甜高粱品种、2个饲用高粱品种和1个粒用高粱品种, 检测8种重金属在高粱植物体内不同器官的含量, 以研究不同高粱种质对重金属的吸收特性。结果表明: 甜高粱对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的吸收在两种土壤间差异显著, 对钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)的吸收差异不显著。Mn在甜高粱体内含量表现为未污染土壤高于污染土壤; 而Zn含量在不同器官之间存在差异, 未污染土壤叶中含量远高于穗, 穗中含量远高于茎和根。不同重金属在甜高粱体内的储存部位不同, 污染土壤上Hg、Cd、Co、Cr和Zn在根中积累量较高, Cu、Mn和Pb在穗中的积累量较高。甜高粱、饲用高粱和粒用高粱对重金属的吸收、运输及储存在品种之间差异较大, 同一品种对不同重金属的吸收也存在差异。饲用高粱表现为叶部对Cr和Zn的储存量较高, 而粒用高粱'晋中0823'则显示了茎对多种重金属的储存能力。高粱根对土壤中重金属的富集系数较高, 为0.02(Pb)~0.23(Cd), 转移系数变幅为0.21(Co)~3.42(Pb)。对同一种重金属的吸收量品种间差异较大, 甜高粱'西蒙'根对Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn具有高富集系数, 粒用高粱'晋中0823'茎对Hg、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn富集系数较高。高粱对重金属的吸收能力与转移能力不同步, 甜高粱'绿能1号'具有对多种重金属的高转移能力, 粒用高粱'晋中0823'只对Zn有较高的转移能力。因此本文认为甜高粱对不同重金属的吸收和转移有选择性。对Zn吸收并转移到地上部后, 首先储存在叶和穗中, 当吸收量足够大时, 茎和根也成为储存器官; 对Mn的吸收与其他重金属的吸收存在竞争作用, Hg吸收后很少向地上部转移; 而对Cu、Mn和Pb吸收后在穗部的储存量较大。饲用高粱与甜高粱相比对重金属的吸收未显示明显的不同, 甜高粱'西蒙'根对多种重金属具有强储存能力, 而粒用高粱'晋中0823'的茎秆显示了比甜高粱更强的储存能力, 甜高粱'绿能1号'对多种重金属的转移能力较强。所以, 选择富集和转移能力均强的高粱品种能更有效地吸收土壤中的重金属, 达到修复污染土壤的目的。

... 4 植物对重金属的富集能力植物对重金属的富集能力可以用生物富集系数(bioconcentration factors,BCF)和生物转移系数(translocation factor,TF)^[12]表示 ...

2013

0.0

... 富集系数可表征底泥-植物体系中元素迁移的难易程度,是反映植物将重金属吸收转移到体内能力大小的评价指标^[13] ...

2011

0.0

... 05)低于对照,说明添加了养分含量低的珍珠岩、木屑、蘑菇渣和茶园土等调节质地的物料降低了底泥基质的养分含量,但所有处理养分含量都远高于CJ/T 340-2011^[14]的要求,其中处理T₁~T₅有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量为CJ/T 340-2011限值的6 ...

2013

0.0

2016

0.0

... 1的,表明植物对重金属的富集能力较强,并可同时在地上部分和地下部分累积大量重金属,符合这种特征的植物为富集型植物^[16] ...

... 1,说明植物将重金属转移至地上部的能力较弱^[16] ...

2009

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... 52,可见,黑麦草是根富集植物,植株对重金属具有较强的根系过滤作用,可以防止有毒污染物在植物中的过度积累导致植物的衰亡^[17],三叶草和孔雀草是地上部富集植物 ...

2016

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2015

0.0

2008

0.0

... 级标准,目前对于这3种植物的Cd毒害临界值尚未见报道,3种植物在底泥基质中都能生长,可能是基质中Cd的含量未达到3种植物耐性的临界点,也可能与底泥中含量较高的有机质和pH有关,金属离子的溶解度会随 pH 值升高而降低,金属有机络合物的稳定性则随环境 pH 值升高而增强^[20],重金属还能与有机质形成具有一定稳定程度的金属有机络合物,降低重金属的生物可利用性以及植物的吸收^[21],此外,阿哈水库底泥的硫及钙含量非常高^[22,23],S可在细胞内形成巯基物质和促进液泡移动,以隔离和螯合Cd离子,减小Cd的生物有效性^[24],Ca与Cd具有相似的化学性质,是吸附位点的主要竞争者,当两者在溶液中同时存在时,可显著地降低植物对Cd的吸收和积累,从而减轻Cd的毒害^[25] ...

2007

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2017

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2008

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2014

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2014

0.0

. 2014, 34(5):1165-1177 DOI:10.5846/stxb201305060949

Effect of exogenous calcium (Ca) on tolerate of Allium cepa var. agrogarium L. to cadmium (Cd) stress

外源钙(Ca)对毛葱耐镉(Cd)胁迫能力的影响

Wang Q L , Zou J H , Liu D H

王巧玲, 邹金华, 刘东华

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is one of the most extensive and harmful environmental problems worldwide. Recently, coastal water pollution by Cd and other heavy metals have been becoming more serious because of continuous economic development, including mining, urban traffic, burning of fossil fuels, and production of phosphate fertilizers. Calcium (Ca) is an essential macroelement that plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. Moreover, Ca has been shown to alleviate heavy metal toxicity in many plants. Allium cepa is well known and commonly used in many laboratories primarily due to its many advantages, such as low cost, short test time, ease of storage and handling, large number of roots, and large cells with excellent chromosome conditions. In the present study, this plant was chosen as the experimental material to investigate whether the application of exogenous Ca can enhance the tolerance of A. cepa var . agrogarum L. to Cd stress (10,100 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L). In addition, the effects of various concentrations of exogenous Ca application (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L) on the vegetative growth, photosynthesis characteristics, Cd accumulation, and nutrient minerals of A. cepa var . agrogarum L. under various concentrations of Cd stress (10 μmol/L to 300 μmol/L) were analyzed. This study showed the following results: (1) Excess Cd significantly inhibited the growth of A. cepa var . agrogarum L., resulting in changes in morphological characteristics, such as stunted and bent root tips and darkened green leaves, whereas exogenous Ca significantly decreased the negative effects of Cd and alleviated growth inhibition in A. cepa var . agrogarum L. (2) Cd treatment greatly increased the chlorophyll contents and significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, whereas exogenous application of Ca markedly alleviated the increase in photosynthetic pigments and significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. (3) Cd stress induced substantial Cd accumulation, resulting in serious nutrient imbalance, such as the significant inhibition of absorption of Mg (Magnesium ) and Mn (Manganese ) in roots and Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn (Zinc ) in leaves and a massive accumulation of Ca, Fe (Iron) and Zn in roots and Fe in leaves, whereas the exogenous addition of Ca significantly decreased Cd accumulation and effectively reversed the Cd-induced imbalance of nutrients in A. cepa var . agrogarum L. Therefore, supplementing exogenous Ca with an optimal concentration can effectively relieve the phytotoxicity of Cd stress to A. cepa var . agrogarum L. by decreasing excessive Cd accumulation, maintaining high levels of photosynthesis characteristics, and maintaining the balance of water content, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient elements, among others.

以对环境敏感的毛葱（ Allium cepa var. agrogarum L.）为材料，通过水培试验分别研究不同浓度Ca（0、0.1、1、10 mmol/L）对 Cd（10 μmol/L、100 μmol/L和300 μmol/L）胁迫下毛葱幼苗生长、叶片光合特性、体内 Cd 积累和矿质营养的变化，探讨Ca 缓解敏感植物Cd 毒害的生理生化机制。结果表明：（1） Cd显著抑制了毛葱的生长并导致其根端弯曲、发黄，叶片绿色加深；外源Ca显著削弱了Cd的毒害，缓解了其对毛葱生长的抑制；（2）Cd导致毛葱叶片光合色素含量大幅度上升却显著降低了毛葱的光合作用；外源Ca延缓了光合色素上升的速度，提高了毛葱的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率；（3）Cd胁迫导致毛葱体内Cd 含量显著增加，并造成明显的矿质营养失衡，主要表现为显著降低了毛葱根中Mg、Mn，叶中Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素的含量，毛葱根中Ca、Fe、Zn，叶中Fe元素含量的显著增加，扰乱了毛葱体内矿质营养的内稳态；外源Ca削弱了毛葱对 Cd 的积累，减轻了Cd 胁迫所造成的矿质营养失衡。因此，外源Ca能通过抑制 Cd的吸收，促进叶片光合作用及气体交换速率，维持植物体的含水量、植物叶片光合色素含量及矿质营养的平衡等途径来增强毛葱对Cd 胁迫的耐性。

1998

0.0

... cm^-1,需要耐性植物才能正常生长,虽孔雀草和黑麦草适应性强,更有研究指出三叶草可适应寒冷及炎热,酸和碱性土^[26],此外还有研究指出,孔雀草和黑麦草是Cd累积植物,液胞区隔化和细胞壁固持是孔雀草应对 Cd 胁迫的重要耐性机制^[27,28],但三叶草对重金属耐性表现为少吸收,在同等重金属胁迫条件下,重金属含量较低,长势较其他植物好^[29,30],同时本研究结果也显示在同等条件下孔雀草对Cd的累积量远大于黑麦草,黑麦草远大于三叶草 ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 25(1):153-162 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2015069

Response and enrichment ability of perennial ryegrass under lead and cadmium stresses

多年生黑麦草对Pb、Cd胁迫的响应及富集能力研究

Feng P , Sun L , Shen X H

冯鹏, 孙力, 申晓慧

1.Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi 154007, China; 2.Postdoctoral Workstation of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Herbin 150086, China; 3.College of Life Science, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154003, China

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of lead and cadmium stresses on growth and development of perennial ryegrass and to better understand the potential of perennial ryegrass for phytore mediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soils, and provide technical information for soil remediation planning. In a pot experiment, Pb was spiked at 0,300, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/kg, and Cd was spiked at,0,0.3, 3, 10, 50, 100 mg/kg. Further, Pb and Cd treatments were combined as follows: Pb 0 Cd 0 (CK), Pb 300 Cd 0.3 , Pb 500 Cd 0.3 , Pb 1000 Cd 0.3 , Pb 1500 Cd 0.3 , Pb 300 Cd 10 , Pb 500 Cd 10 , Pb 1000 Cd 10 , Pb 1500 Cd 10 . Measurements made included germination vigor, an establishment rate index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, water use efficiencies of seedlings, as well as photosynthetically active radiation, and light use efficiency. The Pb and Cd contents of root, stem and leaf were determined in the seedlings. Compared to CK, there was no significant difference in germination at lower concentrations (300, 500 mg/kg) of Pb stress, but there was an adverse effect at higher concentrations (1000, and 1500 mg/kg). Lower concentrations of Cd stress promoted seed germination, but where Cd concentration was more than 10 mg/kg, there was inhibition of seed germination. With increase in Pb concentration, chlorophyll content also increased, but Cd stress the opposite tendency was noted. Photosynthetic rate decreased at lower concentrations and then increased at higher concentration under Pb or Cd single stress. Photosynthetic rate peaked when Pb concentration was 1000 mg/kg or Cd concentration was 10 mg/kg. The enrichment coefficient decreased with increase in concentration of the metals Pb or Cd. The Pb and Cd combinations showed stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than single metal exposure stress. The enrichment ability of perennial ryegrass to Pb and/or Cd was root>stem>leaf. The enrichment coefficient of Cd was greater than that of Pb. Perennial ryegrass showed a better remediative effect on lightly polluted soils.

研究了铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)及Pb-Cd复合胁迫对多年生黑麦草生长发育的影响,了解多年生黑麦草修复Pb、Cd污染土壤的潜能,为农田土壤的污染修复工作提供技术支撑和应用借鉴。以人工盆栽的方法,Pb设0, 300, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/kg 5个处理,Cd设0, 0.3, 3, 10, 50, 100 mg/kg 6个处理,Pb-Cd复合胁迫设Pb 0 Cd 0 , Pb 300 Cd 0.3 , Pb 500 Cd 0.3 , Pb 1000 Cd 0.3 , Pb 1500 Cd 0.3 , Pb 300 Cd 10 , Pb 500 Cd 10 , Pb 1000 Cd 10 , Pb 1500 Cd 10 9个处理。测定Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫下,多年生黑麦草种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、简化活力指数,叶片叶绿素含量,净光合效率( P n )、蒸腾速率( T r )、光合有效辐射(PAR)、光能利用率(LUE),根、茎、叶各器官Pb、Cd含量,并计算各处理富集系数。结果表明,低浓度Pb离子(300,500 mg/kg)对多年生黑麦草种子发芽影响不显著,高浓度Pb离子(1000,1500 mg/kg)抑制种子发芽,低浓度Cd离子对种子发芽势及发芽率具有促进作用,Cd离子浓度超过10 mg/kg,则表现显著抑制种子发芽;Pb、Cd单一胁迫下,随Pb离子浓度的增加,叶片叶绿素含量呈递增趋势,随Cd离子浓度增加,叶绿素含量呈递减趋势。Pb离子浓度在0~1500 mg/kg范围,Cd离子浓度在0~100 mg/kg范围,Pb、Cd离子单一胁迫下,净光合效率均表现先降低,后升高的变化趋势,Pb浓度为1000 mg/kg时 P n 达到最大值,为21.59 μmol CO 2 /(m 2 ·s);Cd浓度为10 mg/kg时, P n 达到最大值,为22.67 μmol CO 2 /(m 2 ·s);Pb、Cd单一胁迫处理,随Pb、Cd浓度的增加,多年生黑麦草富集系数表现降低趋势。Pb-Cd复合胁迫对种子发芽抑制作用大于Pb、Cd单一元素胁迫;Pb、Cd及Pb-Cd复合胁迫,多年生黑麦草根、茎、叶吸收Pb、Cd离子顺序均为根>叶>茎;多年生黑麦草对Cd离子吸收富集效应较Pb离子更为显著,对轻度Pb、Cd污染土壤修复效果更为明显。

2010

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2012

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2016

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2004

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. 2004, 24(2):343-348

The influence of copper, cadmium and their combined pollution on ultrastructure of Commelina bengalensis Linn

铜、镉及其交互作用对泡泡草细胞超微结构的影响

Ni C Y , Li H , Luo Y M

倪才英, 李华, 骆永明

A hydroponical experiment was carried out to study the toxicity of copper, cadmium and their combined pollution on ultrastructure of Commelina bengalensis Linn. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the effect of heavy metal on ultrastructure of different parts of plants. Result showed: serious damage was found with Copper of 75μmol·L -1 and Cadmium of 50μmol·L -1 individually and also with both heavy metals present. Plasmolysis, concentrated cytoplasm, disappear ance of the cristae of mitochondria, ambiguity of framework and destruction of mitochondria envelope were all symptoms of root cells under Cu stress; hollowing cells was also found in Cd treatment, and there existed some different granule in these hollowing cells. Plasmolysis was found in all treatments in part cells of stem, but no damage was detected in cells of leaves. The damage degree to organs of Commelina bengalensis Linn was as follows: root>stem>leaves.

为了解铜、镉对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞亚显微结构的毒害及作用位点, 以期为进一步研究鸭跖草属植物的耐重金属机理提供理论基础, 本文通过透射电子显微技术研究了75μmol·L -1 铜和50μmol·L -1 镉及其交互污染对泡泡草根、茎、叶细胞超微结构的影响和铜、镉在细胞中的分布.结果表明:75μmol·L -1 铜和50μmol·L -1 镉均对泡泡草根细胞造成明显损伤.铜使根细胞产生质壁分离、细胞质浓缩、部分细胞空泡化, 使线粒体脊突消失、结构模糊、外膜破坏;镉使根细胞空泡化, 并在部分空泡化的细胞里产生大小不等的颗粒状物;铜、镉交互污染使根细胞受害程度加深, 并兼有两者的受害症状特征:线粒体结构彻底破坏、空泡化细胞里的颗粒物更大电子密度更高、质壁分离现象更普遍、质膜上的颗粒物沉淀更大.铜、镉及其交互污染使泡泡草茎细胞产生质壁分离, 对叶细胞无明显伤害.所以铜、镉及其交互作用在试验浓度下, 对泡泡草各器官的损伤程度为根>茎>叶.

... kg^-1时,就会抑制植物生物量的累积^[31],本研究表明,除三叶草Cd含量约为0 ...

2017

0.0

... 此外,三叶草属于豆科车轴草属,具有固氮作用,在提升植株氮素养分的同时,氮素在白三叶草的重金属镉解毒机制中具有重要作用,能够缓解镉对植株的毒害^[32] ...