施氮量对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响

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何海锋, 闫承宏, 吴娜, 刘吉利, 常雯雯. 施氮量对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响. 草业学报, 2020,29(11): 141-150
HE Hai-feng, YAN Cheng-hong, WU Na, LIU Ji-li, CHANG Wen-wen. Effects of nitrogen application rate on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and dry matter accumulation in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) leaves . Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2020,29(11): 141-150 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2020007
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施氮量对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响

何海锋¹, 闫承宏¹, 吴娜¹, 刘吉利^2,^3,^*, 常雯雯²

1.宁夏大学农学院,宁夏银川 750021

2.宁夏大学资源环境学院,宁夏银川 750021

3.宁夏旱区资源评价与环境调控重点实验室,宁夏银川 750021

*通信作者. E-mail: tim11082003@163.com

作者简介:何海锋(1992-),男,陕西武功人,在读硕士。E-mail: hehf0629@163.com

收稿日期: 2020-01-07

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31860344,31560361)资助

摘要

研究施氮量对柳枝稷叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响,对提高盐碱地柳枝稷光能利用效率及生物质产量具有重要意义。在宁夏银北地区采用大田试验,以Cave-in-Rock品种柳枝稷为供试材料,在无氮添加(0 kg·hm^-2,N₀)、施低氮(60 kg·hm^-2,N₆₀)、中氮(120 kg·hm^-2,N₁₂₀)和高氮(240 kg·hm^-2,N₂₄₀)共4个施肥水平下,比较了开花期和成熟期柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光参数和干物质积累动态变化,采用灰色关联度分析法对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光参数与干物质积累量进行研究。结果表明:与N₀相比,在N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷开花期和成熟期叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率( F_v/ F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率( Φ_PSⅡ)、潜在活性( F_v/ F_o)、光化学猝灭系数( qP)、非光化学猝灭系数( NPQ)和干物质积累量均显著性提高,在N₂₄₀处理下达到峰值,而热耗散量子比率( F_o/ F_m)显著性降低。在柳枝稷开花期,随着施氮量的增加,柳枝稷叶片PSⅡ潜在活性( F_v/ F_o)显现出先上升后逐渐下降的总趋势。在N₁₂₀处理下柳枝稷叶片PSⅡ潜在活性( F_v/ F_o)最大,为3.13,较N₀处理显著提高了16.26%。柳枝稷干物质积累量随着生育时期的推进和施氮量的增加,均有不同程度的提高,其中在开花期至成熟期,干物质积累缓慢,在灌浆期达到最大,成熟后期略有降低。柳枝稷成熟期干物质积累量在N₂₄₀处理下最高,每穴干物质积累达378.13 g,较N₀、N₆₀和N₁₂₀处理显著提高了24.33%、20.09%和7.24%。灰色关联度分析结果表明,在本试验条件范围内,N₂₄₀处理下加权关联度与理想施肥水平的关联度最大,有利于促进PSⅡ的光化学活性,从而提高柳枝稷干物质积累量。

关键词: 施氮量; 柳枝稷; 叶绿素荧光; 灰色关联度分析

Effects of nitrogen application rate on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and dry matter accumulation in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) leaves

HE Hai-feng¹, YAN Cheng-hong¹, WU Na¹, LIU Ji-li^2,^3,^*, CHANG Wen-wen²

1. College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

2. College of Resources and Environmental Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

3. Key Laboratory of Resource Evaluation and Environmental Regulation in Dry-land Region of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: tim11082003@163.com

Abstract

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and dry matter accumulation of switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) is of great significance for the improvement of light use efficiency and biomass yield of switchgrass in saline-alkali land. In this research, the patterns of variation in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and dry matter accumulation in switchgrass were studied in field conditions with a range of nitrogen application treatments: no nitrogen (0 kg·ha^-1, N₀), low nitrogen application (60 kg·ha^-1, N₆₀), medium nitrogen application (120 kg·ha^-1, N₁₂₀) and high nitrogen application (240 kg·ha^-1, N₂₄₀), and the comprehensive effect of nitrogen application on chlorophyll fluorescence and dry matter accumulation in switchgrass was evaluated using a multivariate Grey relational analysis procedure. It was found that: under N₆₀, N₁₂₀ and N₂₄₀ treatments, the PSⅡ maximum photochemical efficiency ( F_v/ F_m), PSⅡ actual photochemical quantum efficiency ( Φ_PSⅡ), potential activity ( F_v/ F_o), photochemical quenching ( qP), non photochemical quenching (NPQ) and biomass yield were significantly higher, and the heat dissipation of quantum ratio ( F_o/ F_m) was significantly lower than for the N₀ treatment during the flowering and seed maturation stages of switchgrass development. During the flowering period of switchgrass, the PSⅡ potential activity ( F_v/ F_o) was initially increased and subsequently decreased across the range of nitrogen application rates, with a maximum observed value of 3.13 at N₁₂₀ (increased 16.26% compared with N₀). The effect of nitrogen application rate on dry matter accumulation differed between the crop growth stages. Dry matter accumulation was high during jointing and booting periods, reached its maximum at the seed filling stage, and decreased slightly thereafter. The maximum observed dry matter accumulation (378.13 g·hole^-1) occurred under the N₂₄₀ treatment during the post-flowering stage and was, respectively, 24.33%, 20.09% and 7.24% higher than that of the N₀, N₆₀ and N₁₂₀ treatments. Grey relational analysis showed that the association between the weighted correlation index and the ideal fertilization level was the highest under the N₂₄₀ treatment. In summary, the N₂₄₀ treatment in this study in the Yinbei saline-alkali area of Ningxia optimized the photochemical activity of PSⅡ and dry matter accumulation of switchgrass.

Keyword: nitrogen application; switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum); chlorophyll fluorescence; grey relational analysis

文章图片

氮素营养是植物生长发育必不可少的大量营养元素之一, 也是植物体内蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素和一些激素等的重要组成部分, 对植物的叶绿素荧光特性及积累量和品质具有明显的影响和调节作用^[1], 研究合理施用氮肥, 是改善植物光合特性, 促进植物生长的一项重要调控措施, 对提高氮肥利用率和作物的积累量、品质, 保护生态环境非常重要^{[2, 3, 4]}。但在实际的生产中, 由于缺乏合理的养分管理措施和技术指导, 过量施用氮肥的现象十分普遍。研究发现, 过量的氮肥投入不仅成为一种经济的消耗, 同时还会降低肥料利用效率, 甚至会对土壤、水体等产生不良的环境影响, 导致土壤硝态氮的累积, 并且加大下层土壤淋失的风险^[5]。植物体内发出的荧光与光合作用的一系列生理生化过程紧密联系, 包含了植物体光合作用的动态变化过程信息。因此, 叶绿素荧光被认为是研究植物体光合作用与环境关系的重要指标^{[6, 7]}。

叶绿素荧光参数作为光合作用的探针, 不仅能够反映植株叶片进行光合作用时光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ )对光能的吸收、传递、耗能等情况^{[7, 8]}, 而且与ATP(adenosine triphosphate)合成及CO₂固定等过程都密切相关, 几乎所有与光合作用有关的变化过程均可以通过叶绿素荧光表现出来, 能够准确反映叶片吸收光能的分配去向^[8]。当外界环境发生变化时, 叶绿素荧光参数也会发生相应的变化, 因此可在某种程度上反映环境因子对作物的影响。其中F_v/F_m代表PSⅡ 的最大光化学效率, 植物对光能的利用效率, 是反映植物在胁迫条件下光合作用受抑制程度的理想指标, 其在非胁迫条件下较稳定, 而在胁迫条件下会明显下降^{[9, 10]}; F_v/F_o代表PSⅡ 的潜在活性; F_o/F_m代表PSⅡ 的热耗散量子比率, 反映的是植株叶片衰老程度的重要指标; PSⅡ 的实际光化学量子效率(Φ _PSⅡ)为反应中心部分关闭时的实际原初光能捕获效率, 表征作用光下PSⅡ 吸收光能用于原初醌电子受体(primary quinone electron acceptor, Q_A)还原的实际运行效率, 是一个被广泛应用的荧光参数^[10]; qP(photochemical quenching)代表光化学猝灭系数, 反映了光能向光合碳同化方向转移的比率^{[10, 11]}; NPQ(none photochemical quenching)代表非光化学猝灭系数, 反映了以热的形式耗散的光能部分, 热耗散是植物PSⅡ 的一种自我保护机制, 对光合机理有一定的保护作用^{[11, 12]}。

柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)原产于美国, 是多年生禾本科C₄作物, 植株高大, 根系发达, 具有适应性广、抗逆能力强等特点, 且富含纤维素, 既可作为饲草, 也可作为水土保持和风障植物, 同时也是很好的生物燃料^[13]。相比其他多年生草本植物和传统农作物, 柳枝稷能够适应粘壤土、砂壤土等多种土壤类型, 具有较低的投入和维护成本、较高的净能源产出, 一旦建植成功可持续利用至少15年以上^{[13, 14]}, 是良好的生态修复和生物改良材料^[15]。宁夏盐碱土主要集中在银北地区, 大约1.14× 10⁵ hm², 该地区气候干燥、土壤蒸发量大、盐渍化程度高、降水稀少, 是我国西北地区最具代表性的盐碱土之一。该地区生态脆弱、植被覆盖率低, 非常适合种植柳枝稷。目前, 关于柳枝稷的研究大多集中在新品种选育、抗旱性评价及品质评估方面, 而关于施氮量对柳枝稷叶片的叶绿素荧光特性的影响的研究较少。因此, 本研究选择在柳枝稷分蘖期, 对柳枝稷进行施肥处理, 比较了不同浓度氮添加下柳枝稷叶片的叶绿素荧光差异及其与干物质积累之间的关系, 以期揭示氮添加后柳枝稷干物质积累和叶绿素荧光的响应规律, 为西北盐碱地区柳枝稷合理施肥和高产高效栽培提供理论基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验于2018-2019年在宁夏大学西大滩盐碱地综合改良试验站进行, 该试验站位于宁夏石嘴山市平罗县前进农场(海拔1150 m, 38° 50' N, 106° 24' E)。试验地块选择中度盐碱地, 研究区域属于典型的半干旱大陆性气候, 年均气温为9.5 ℃, 在-20.5~33.8 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃的积温为3350 ℃; 年降水量为205 mm, 年均蒸发量1875 mm。试验地块为典型的龟裂碱土, 耕层土壤(0~20 cm)的有机质及全盐含量分别为8.47和3.78 g· kg^-1, 碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.5 mg· kg^-1、5.8 mg· kg^-1和64.3 mg· kg^-1, 土壤碱化度为18.5%, pH值为8.93。

1.2 试验设计

本试验选取的柳枝稷材料为品种Cave-in-Rock, 其生态类型为高地型, 染色体倍性为八倍体, 原产地为Southern Illinois 38° N, 种子由北京草业与环境发展研究中心提供。采用大田试验, 进行随机区组设计, 设置4个施氮水平, 无氮(无人工施肥)、纯N 60 kg· hm^-2、纯N 120 kg· hm^-2、纯N 240 kg· hm^-2, 供试肥料为尿素, 每个水平设3次重复, 分小区种植, 共计12个小区。每个小区长8 m, 宽5 m, 小区面积为40 m², 种植行距为50 cm, 株距为20 cm。所有柳枝稷采用育苗移栽方式种植, 于2016年3月底在温室内育苗, 待幼苗长到5叶期, 挑选出长势一致、生长健壮的植株幼苗进行移栽。建植当年每hm²施60 kg纯N、50 kg P₂O₅和50 kg K₂O, 建植第2年每hm²施120 kg纯N, 从第3年起, 开始实施不同施氮量处理, 按照当地旱作物进行灌溉管理。

1.3 测定指标与方法

1.3.1 叶绿素荧光参数的测定在柳枝稷开花期和成熟期, 选一晴天早上的9:00-11:00, 采用FMS-2型便携调制式荧光仪(Hansatech, 英国)测定叶绿素荧光参数, 选取柳枝稷叶片(从上数第2片全展叶)3片, 先测定光适应下的最大荧光(F_m')、初始荧光(F_o')及稳态荧光(F_s), 然后用荧光夹子夹住叶片使其暗反应30 min后, 拉开暗室板, 再用便携式荧光仪对准夹子接口处测定系统直接测定柳枝稷叶片的荧光参数F_o、F_m和F_v, 并计算PSⅡ 最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ 实际光化学量子效率(Φ _PSⅡ)、PSⅡ 的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、PSⅡ 的热耗散量子比率(F_o/F_m)及 PSⅡ 最大光化学效率作用光下实际的光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)。其中Φ _PSⅡ反映了与光合作用原初反应中的PSⅡ 的开闭和天线色素分子发射的荧光过程 , Φ _PSⅡ=(F_m'- F_s)/F_m'; qP反映了PSⅡ 反应中心的开放程度, qP=(F_m'-F_s)/(F_m'-F_o'); NPQ可以用来表示植物热耗散的能力变化, NPQ=(F_m-F_m')/ F_m'=F_m / F_m'-1。

1.3.2 干物质积累量和构成比例的测定在柳枝稷返青期、开花期、成熟期、开花期、灌浆期、成熟期, 分别在每个小区选取代表性植株5株进行取样, 去除灰尘后, 即刻称量鲜重, 于105 ℃鼓风干燥箱中杀青0.5 h后, 随即在80 ℃下烘干至恒重, 然后用电子天平称量其干重, 并计算每穴柳枝稷干物质积累量及成熟后茎、叶、穗各部分所占的百分比。

1.4 灰色关联度分析

1.4.1 确立评价对象与指标体系以4种不同施氮水平作为评价对象, 评价指标选取成熟期的叶绿素荧光参数:F_o/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m、qP、NPQ、Φ _PSⅡ和干物质积累量7个指标构成数据列。

1.4.2 构建数学模型第1步: 建立参考数据列和比较数据列。由各指标实测的最优值组成“ 理想施氮水平” , 从而构成参考数据列: X₀(x)={X₀(1), X₀(2), X₀(3), …, X₀(m)}, 其中x=1, 2, 3, …m, m为测定指标数; 同一施氮水平下叶绿素荧光参数的实测值构成比较数据列: X_i(k)={X_i(1), X_i(2), X_i(3) …X_i(n)}, k=1, 2, 3, …, n, n为不同的施氮水平。本研究选取柳枝稷成熟期F_o/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m、qP、NPQ、Φ _PSⅡ和干物质积累量各指标的最优值为理想施氮水平相应的特征值, 即X₀(x)={0.32, 2.11, 0.68, 0.64, 0.39, 0.33, 24.41}, 同一施氮水平相对应的实测指标构成比较数据列。第2步: 无量纲区间化。为了消除各指标量纲带来的影响, 要进行无量纲区间化, 即把各指标的实测值转化为评价值, 用X_i(k)/X₀(x)表示, 所有数值均在[0, 1]之间^[16]。第3步: 建立关联系数

ε _i (k)= $\frac{minmin Δ_{i} (k) + ρ maxmax Δ_{i} (k)}{Δ_{i} (k) + ρ maxmax Δ_{i} (k)}$ (1)

式中: Δ _i (k)=|X₀ (x)-X_i (k)|, 表示X₀和X_i在第k点的绝对差值; min minΔ _i(k)为二级最小差; max maxΔ _i (k)为最大二级差; ρ 为分辨系数, ρ 值越小, 则关联系数间的差异越大, 区分能力越强, 取值范围为[0, 1], ρ 一般取0.5^{[16, 17]}。第4步: 根据以上公式建立灰色关联度

$γ_{i} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k = 1} ε_{i} (k); γ_{i}' = \sum_{k = 1} ε_{i} (k) ω_{i} (k)$ (2)

式中:γ _i为等权关联度, 将ε _i (k)求平均值, 得到不同施氮水平下柳枝稷的等权关联度γ _i ; γ _i '为加权关联度; ω _i (k)为权重系数。

1.5 数据分析与处理

所有数据的处理和统计图的绘制均通过Microsoft Excel 2010进行。采用 SPSS 23.0 统计分析软件对试验数据进行One-way ANOVA方差分析与相关分析, 并使用Duncan法进行多重比较, 显著性水平设置为0.05。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同施氮水平对柳枝稷叶绿素荧光的影响

2.1.1 施氮量对柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 最大光化学效率和潜在活性的影响与不施氮处理相比, 柳枝稷叶片PSⅡ 最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)在开花期和成熟期均随着施氮量的增加而显著升高(P< 0.05) (图1A)。在开花期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理较N₀处理柳枝稷叶片的F_v/F_m分别提高了16.07%、21.42%和21.39%。N₆₀处理下, 柳枝稷叶片的F_v/F_m与其他各处理之间均存在显著差异(P< 0.05), N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。在柳枝稷成熟期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理叶片的F_v/F_m分别提高了4.23%、7.04%和2.82%, 但N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间不存在显著差异(P> 0.05)。

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图1 柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 最大光化学效率和潜在活性
不同字母表示同一生育时期不同处理之间的显著性差异, 显著水平为0.05, 下同。Fig.1 PSⅡ maximum photochemical efficiency and potential activity of P. virgatum functional leaves
Different letters indicate significant differences between different treatments in the same fertility period, with a significant level of 0.05, the same below.

在开花期和成熟期, 柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 潜在活性(F_v/F_o)随着施氮量的增加而显著提高(P< 0.05)(图1B)。在柳枝稷开花期, 与N₀相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理显著提高了叶片的F_v/F_o, 分别提高了41.09%、62.02%和63.57%, 其中, N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。在柳枝稷成熟期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理叶片的F_v/F_o显著提高(P< 0.05), 其中, N₁₂₀处理下最高, 为3.13, 与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷叶片的F_v/F_o分别提高了16.26%、27.24%和13.01%, 但N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。

2.1.2 施氮量对柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 热耗散量子比率和性能指数的影响柳枝稷开花期和成熟期叶片的PSⅡ 热耗散量子比率(F_o/F_m)随着施氮量的增加总体呈现递减的趋势(图2A)。N₀处理下, 柳枝稷开花期叶片F_o/F_m最大, 为0.44。N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理均显著降低(P< 0.05), 分别降低了20.45%、27.27%和27.31%, 但N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间差异不显著(P> 0.05), 与N₆₀处理之间均存在显著差异(P< 0.05)。在柳枝稷成熟期, N₀处理下叶片的F_o/F_m最大, 为0.28。与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理均显著降低(P< 0.05), 分别降低了7.14%、14.29%和7.15%, 其中N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。

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	图2 柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 热耗散量子比率和实际光化学量子效率Fig.2 PSⅡ quantum ratio of heat dissipation and actual photochemical efficiency of P. virgatum functional leaves

在柳枝稷开花期, 随着施氮量的增加, 叶片的PSⅡ 实际光化学量子效率(Φ _PSⅡ)呈现出递增的趋势, 与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理Φ _PSⅡ显著提高了17.86%、28.57%和42.86% (图2B)。在柳枝稷成熟期, 叶片的Φ _PSⅡ也随着施氮量的增加呈现出逐渐上升的总趋势, 其中N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下, Φ _PSⅡ不存在显著差异(P> 0.05), 但均显著高于其他各施氮处理(P< 0.05)。与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷叶片的Φ _PSⅡ分别显著提高了10.71%、14.29%和17.86%。

2.1.3 施氮量对柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数的影响柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 光化学猝灭系数(qP)随着施氮量的增加而呈现递增的趋势(图3A)。在开花期, 柳枝稷叶片qP在N₂₄₀处理下最大, 为0.64, 显著高于其他各施氮处理(P< 0.05)。N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理分别提高了3.45%、3.46%和10.34%, 其中N₆₀和N₁₂₀处理之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。在柳枝稷成熟期, 叶片的qP在N₂₄₀处理下最大, 为0.66, 显著高于其他各施氮处理(P< 0.05)。N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理分别提高了3.23%、3.24%和6.45%, 其中N₆₀和N₁₂₀处理之间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。

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	图3 柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数Fig.3 PSⅡ photochemical quenching coefficient and none photochemical quenching coefficient of P. virgatum functional leaves

柳枝稷叶片的PSⅡ 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着施氮量的增加而显著升高(P< 0.05) (图3B)。在开花期, 柳枝稷叶片的NPQ在N₂₄₀处理下最大, 为0.39, 显著高于N₀和N₆₀处理(P< 0.05)。与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀柳枝稷叶片的NPQ分别提高了13.33%、16.67%和30.01%, 其中N₀和N₆₀处理之间与N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理之间均没有显著差异(P> 0.05)。在柳枝稷成熟期, 叶片的NPQ在N₂₄₀处理下最大, 为0.45, 显著高于其他各施氮处理(P< 0.05)。N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀较N₀处理分别提高了5.56%、8.33%和25.02%。

2.2 不同施氮水平对柳枝稷干物质积累及构成比例的影响

随着生育时期的推进, 柳枝稷地上部干物质积累量逐渐上升(表1)。除N₆₀处理外, 均在灌浆期达到最大值, 之后趋于平稳, 然后略有下降; 而干物质积累随着施氮量的增加均有不同程度的提高。其中, 干物质积累量均在N₂₄₀处理下达到峰值, 分别为25.32(返青期)、134.13(拔节期)、263.56(孕穗期)、331.45(开花期)、378.13(灌浆期)和372.47 g· 穴^-1(成熟期), 均显著高于N₀处理(P< 0.05)。返青期, 与N₀处理相比, N₆₀和N₁₂₀处理下柳枝稷干物质积累量略有提高, 但是三者之间均未达到显著水平(P> 0.05); 拔节期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下, 柳枝稷干物质积累较N₀均显著提高(P< 0.05), 且分别提升了9.26%、19.63%和39.15%; 孕穗期, 与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷干物质积累均显著增加(P< 0.05), 分别提高了7.30%、17.60%和21.24%; 开花期, 与N₀处理相比, N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷干物质积累均显著增加(P< 0.05), 分别提高了12.41%和16.28%, 其中N₆₀与N₀处理之间差异不显著(P> 0.05); 灌浆期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下, 柳枝稷干物质积累较N₀处理均显著增加(P< 0.05), 分别提高了3.53%、15.93%和24.33%; 成熟期, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下, 柳枝稷干物质积累与N₀处理相比均显著增加(P< 0.05), 分别提高了6.35%、15.70%和24.52%。

表1 不同施氮水平下柳枝稷干物质积累 Table 1 Dry matter accumulation of P. virgatum under different nitrogen application rate (g· hole^-1)

随着施氮量的增加, 柳枝稷茎对其地上部干物质积累的贡献逐渐降低, 叶和穗对其干物质积累的贡献逐渐升高, 但不同施氮量下, 柳枝稷茎、叶和穗对其地上部干物质积累的贡献之间没有显著性差异(P> 0.05) (图4)。其中N₀处理下, 柳枝稷茎对其地上部干物质积累的贡献最大, 为62.17%。N₁₂₀处理下柳枝稷叶对其地上部干物质积累的贡献最大, 为22.36%。N₂₄₀处理下, 柳枝稷穗对其地上部干物质积累的贡献最大, 为11.42%。

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	图4 柳枝稷干物质构成比例Fig.4 Dry matter proportion of P. virgatum

2.3 柳枝稷叶绿素荧光与干物质积累量灰色关联度评价

由于不同叶绿素荧光参数与积累量指标对柳枝稷的贡献不同, 如果将所有指标进行等权赋值, 其结果可能会存在一定的偏差, 试验结果的可靠性有待考究。因此, 将各个指标赋予不同权重更具有参考意义, 增加试验的可靠性。本研究主要是通过变异系数法对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光参数与干物质积累量进行非等全赋值, 由此计算出来的各叶绿素荧光指标与干物质积累量所占的权重(表2)。

表2 柳枝稷叶绿素荧光指标与干物质积累、变异系数及权重 Table 2 Chlorophyll fluorescence index, dry matter accumulation, variation coefficient and weight of P. virgatum

根据无量纲化处理结果, 计算求得参考数据列与比较数据列的绝对差值、最小二级差和最大二级差, 即最小二级差为0, 最大二级差为0.54, 代入公式(1)和(2)中, 求得其加权关联度和等权关联度(表3)。不同施氮水平下柳枝稷等权关联度和加权关联度之间存在较小差异, 叶绿素荧光和干物质积累的综合表现结果一致, 说明其结果是可靠的。根据灰色关联度分析原则, 关联度越大, 说明与理想指标的相似度越高, 叶绿素荧光综合表现越优, 与干物质积累量之间关系更为密切。N₂₄₀处理下, 柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数与干物质积累量之间加权关联度最大, 为0.986, 叶绿素荧光综合表现优良, 其他各氮肥处理下柳枝稷的综合表现依次为:N₁₂₀> N₆₀> N₀。

表3 不同施氮水平下柳枝稷叶绿素荧光与干物质积累关联度 Table 3 Correlation between chlorophyll fluorescence and dry matter accumulation of P. virgatum under different nitrogen application rate

3 讨论

氮作为植物生长所必需的大量营养元素, 是构成各种重要有机化合物不可缺少的组成部分。施氮量对植物的生长、叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数都有较大影响^[18]。霍丽娟等^[19]研究表明, 干旱胁迫条件下施氮显著提高了混播柳枝稷的Φ _PSⅡ和qP, 提高了柳枝稷的光合能力和抗旱生态适应性。孙扬等^[20]研究表明, 在吉林西部半干旱区, 随着施氮量的增加, 玉米(Zea mays)叶片F_v /F_m、qP增加, 但300、400 kg· hm^-2施氮量下F_v /F_m、qP无显著差异, 说明当氮肥达到一定的水平时, 继续增加氮肥施用量对F_v /F_m、qP影响不大。本试验研究结果表明, 与N₀处理相比, N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理的PSⅡ 最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ 实际光化学量子效率(Φ _PSⅡ)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数 (NPQ)显著升高, 而热耗散量子比率(F_v/F_o)逐渐降低, 这说明施氮能够提高PSⅡ 反应中心开放比例, 从而提高其原初光能转换效率, 减少对吸收光能的热耗散, 有利于提高柳枝稷的光合能力^[19]。柳枝稷孕穗期后随着施氮量的增加, F_v/F_m略有降低, 但N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀各处理之间并无显著差异, 这有可能是由于N₂₄₀处理使柳枝稷PSⅡ 的潜在活性中心受损, 抑制了光合作用的原初反应过程, 从而影响了光合电子从PSⅡ 反应中心向库、源的传递过程, 导致了F_v/F_m降低^{[20, 21, 22]}。

氮素是柳枝稷生长最为重要的营养元素之一。禾本科牧草的生长发育往往依靠植物根系从土壤中吸收的氮素来维持, 但土壤中可利用的氮素通常难以满足禾本科牧草高产优质的需要, 施用氮肥被认为是补充土壤氮素以提高牧草产量的重要手段^[23]。大量的研究表明, 氮肥可以显著提高柳枝稷的产量^{[24, 25]}, 不同地区柳枝稷施氮效果差异较大, 在美国南部地区氮肥施用量为200 kg· hm^-2时柳枝稷产量较高, 在黄土高原半干旱地区施氮量为120 kg· hm^-2时柳枝稷干物质产量最高, 过量施氮反而不利于柳枝稷产量的提高^[26]。本试验中, 在无氮添加(0 kg· hm^-2, N₀)、低氮(60 kg· hm^-2, N₆₀)、中氮(120 kg· hm^-2, N₁₂₀)和高氮(240 kg· hm^-2, N₂₄₀)4个施肥水平下, 柳枝稷干物质积累量随着施氮水平的增加而显著增加, 其中柳枝稷各生育时期内均在施高氮(240 kg· hm^-2, N₂₄₀)水平下干物质积累量最高, 显著高于其他施氮处理, 这与陶梦等^[27]和徐艳霞等^[28]研究结果不一致, 可能是由于不同区域的气候、土壤、环境、柳枝稷品种以及水分管理有差异。张永乾^[29]研究了宁夏银北地区柳枝稷的生态适应性, 结果表明茎对地上部干物质积累的贡献最大, 平均贡献率为61.35%, 其次是穗, 平均贡献率为24.91%, 最后是叶片, 平均贡献率为13.74%。本研究表明, 柳枝稷地上部干物质积累量的构成中, 茎对地上部干物质积累的贡献最大, 平均贡献率为60.26%, 其次是叶片, 平均贡献率为34.95%, 最后是穗, 平均贡献率为4.79%。这说明施氮促进了植物体的营养生长, 提高了茎叶的产量和比例, 进而提高其地上部干物质积累。

4 结论

施氮能显著影响柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数特征变化; 同时在盐碱条件下, 施氮可以显著提高柳枝稷地上部干物质积累。在不施氮处理下, 柳枝稷叶片主要的荧光参数均表现为较低水平, 随着施氮量的增加, 叶绿素荧光参数和干物质积累整体呈上升的趋势。综合来看, 本试验条件下, 柳枝稷施纯N 240 kg· hm^-2能够提升柳枝稷叶片光合能力, 促进茎、叶干物质积累, 从而提高柳枝稷地上部干物质产量。

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[15]	Danielle C, Hyemi K, Lauren Q, et al. Switchgrass as a bioenergy crop in the Loess Plateau, China: Potential lignocellulosic feedstock production and environmental conservation. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(6): 1211-1226. [本文引用:1]
[16]	Chang W W, Liu J L, Wu N, et al. Comparison of photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different switchgrass cultivars in saline-alkali regions in Northwest China. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2019, 31(10): 1647-1654. 常雯雯, 刘吉利, 吴娜, 等. 西北盐碱地区不同柳枝稷品种光合特性与积累量比较. 浙江农业学报, 2019, 31(10): 1647-1654. [本文引用:2]
[17]	Deng J L. Course of grey system theory. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 1990. 邓聚伦. 灰色系统理论教程. 武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 1990. [本文引用:1]
[18]	Long J R, Ma G H, Wan Y Z, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer level on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf of super hybrid rice at late growth stage. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2011, 25(5): 501-507 龙继锐, 马国辉, 万宜珍, 等. 施氮量对超级杂交中稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 25(5): 501-507. [本文引用:1]
[19]	Huo L J, Ding W L, Gao Z J, et al. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and response characteristics to water and nitrogen conditions of switchgrass under mixed seeding. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2016, 36(4): 757-765. 霍丽娟, 丁文利, 高志娟, 等. 混播下柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数及对水氮条件的响应特征. 西北植物学报, 2016, 36(4): 757-765. [本文引用:2]
[20]	Sun Y, Wu C S, Gu Y. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and yield of corn leaves under membrane drip irrigation in semi-arid area. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2017, 25(1): 133-138, 146. 孙扬, 吴春胜, 谷岩. 氮肥对半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米叶片叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响. 玉米科学, 2017, 25(1): 133-138, 146. [本文引用:2]
[21]	Bai Z Y, Li C D, Zhao J F, et al. Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chromosome effects of wheat substitution lines. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(1): 47-57. 白志英, 李存东, 赵金锋, 等. 干旱胁迫对小麦代换系叶绿素荧光参数的影响及染色体效应初步分析. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(1): 47-57. [本文引用:1]
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[26]	Liu J L, Wu N. Effects of nitrogen application on biomass yield and utilization characteristics of water and fertilizer from switchgrass. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2014, 23(7): 166-171. 刘吉利, 吴娜. 施氮量对柳枝稷生物质产量和水肥利用特性的影响. 西北农业学报, 2014, 23(7): 166-171. [本文引用:1]
[27]	Tao M, Wang T M, Su D R, et al. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the target yield of switchgrass in Kubuqi Sand . Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2017, 39(7): 87-95. 陶梦, 王铁梅, 苏德荣, 等. 氮肥对库布齐沙地柳枝稷目标产量的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 2017, 39(7): 87-95. [本文引用:1]
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[29]	Zhang Y Q. Study on the adaptability of switchgrass in saline-alkali land in Yinbei area of Ningxia. Yinchuan: Ningxia University, 2018. 张永乾. 宁夏银北地区盐碱地柳枝稷适应性研究. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2018. [本文引用:1]

2013

0.0

... 氮素营养是植物生长发育必不可少的大量营养元素之一,也是植物体内蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素和一些激素等的重要组成部分,对植物的叶绿素荧光特性及积累量和品质具有明显的影响和调节作用^[1],研究合理施用氮肥,是改善植物光合特性,促进植物生长的一项重要调控措施,对提高氮肥利用率和作物的积累量、品质,保护生态环境非常重要^[2,3,4] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 16(5):1183-1189 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0519

Effects of nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic physiological characteristics, yield and quality of hybrid cotton

施氮量对杂交棉光合生理特性及积累量、品质的影响

Li L L , Fang W P , Xie D Y

李伶俐, 房卫平, 谢德意

1 College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2 Economy Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 3 Kaifeng County Cotton Production Office, Kaifeng, Henan 457100, China

Effects of nitrogen application rates(N 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg/ha)on chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase activity, contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in main stem leaves, yield, fiber quality of hybrid cotton were studied under high yield conditions. The results show that above photosynthetic and physiological indices are increased at the earlier stages of cotton and decreased at the later stages. The increasing trends of these indices are under the N rates in range of 0-300 kg/ha, while compared with N 300 kg/ha application these indices are decreased obviously at the later stages under N 375 kg/ha application. The results of the comparisons among different N rates indicate that photosynthetic and physiological characteristics have no significant differences on July 5, but at the middle and late growth stages, the N rates have strong effects on them. The photosynthetic and physiological characteristics are increased with the increase of N rates in the range of 0-225 kg/ha, but when N 300 or 375 kg/ha is applied, the photosynthetic and physiological indices are no longer increased significantly. On the contrary, the photosynthetic and physiological indices are decreased when N 375 kg/ha is applied. The total boll number, rotten boll rate and biomass are increased when more N is applied, while the harvest index is decreased. The boll weight is increased with the increase of N rates in the range of 0-300 kg/ha, while it is decreased when the N rate is up to 375 kg/ha. The N rates have little effects on the cotton lint percentage. Seed cotton yield is increased with the increase of N rates in the range of 0-300 kg/ha, but it is decreased by 392％when N rate is 375 kg/ha. As to the fiber quality, applying nitrogen could improve the fiber length and fiber strength significantly; however there are no significant differences among different N rates. It is concluded that the leaves of hybrid cotton have higher photosynthetic capability and longer photosynthetic duration when N 225-300 kg/ha are applied which is benefit to increase yield under this experiment conditions.

在高产条件下，研究了施N 0、75、150、225、300和375 kg/hm 2 对杂交棉主茎叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量及产量、品质的影响。结果表明，施N 0300 kg/hm 2 条件下，随叶龄增长，施氮量增加光合生理活性指标增长快，衰减慢; 而施N 375 kg/hm 2 时衰减快，呈现出先增后减趋势。在棉花生长前期（7月5日）各处理间光合生理活性指标差异不显著。到中后期，施氮量则对这些指标有明显影响，表现出施N 0225 kg/hm 2 ，随施氮量增加而显著增高; 但施N 300、375 kg/hm 2 ，与施N 225 kg/hm 2 相比，并没有显著提高，而且施N 375 kg/hm 2 ，在植株生长后期这些指标反而比施N 300 kg/hm 2 处理降低。随施氮量增加，棉花总铃数、烂铃率和生物产量随之增加，收获系数下降。施N 0300 kg/hm 2 ，铃重随施氮量增加而提高，施N 375 kg/hm 2 则下降。衣分受施氮量影响较小，施N 0225 kg/hm 2 ，子棉产量随施氮量增加而显著增产; 而施N 300 kg/hm 2 时，子棉产量比施N 225 kg/hm 2 的仅增产1.66%，施N 375 kg/hm 2 水平，其子棉产量比施N 225和 300 kg/hm 2 处理减产2.23％和3.92％。此外，施氮比对照显著提高了纤维长度和纤维比强度，而施氮处理间差异不显著。说明在本试验条件下，施 N 225~300 kg/hm 2 范围内，有利于显著提高杂交棉主茎叶光合生理活性，延长叶片高光合持续期，显著提高杂交棉产量。

2012

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. 2012, 38(6):1088-1096 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01088

Effects of nitrogen application strategies on chlorophyll fluorescence and grain filling characteristics of winter wheat in the booting stage

氮肥运筹对成熟期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光与籽粒灌浆特性的影响

Wu W M , Chen H J , Li J C

武文明, 陈洪俭, 李金才

1 College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; 2 Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; 3 Wuhe Farm of Anhui Province, Wuhe 233300, China

Waterlogging has great influence on yield of winter wheat in some areas of China. Nitrogen (N) application is believed to be able to improve photosynthesis of flag leaf and increase final yield. To understand the response of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat flag leaf to waterlogging stress at booting stage and the effect of N fertilization, we carried out a field experiment from Autumn of 2008 to Summer of 2010 using winter wheat cultivar “Wanmai 54”. The waterlogging stress was imposed for 7 d at booting stage. Four N treatments were designed for waterlogging stress and the control (normal watering) of which N application rate was 240 kg ha -1 in all treatments but with different proportions at land preparation, jointing, and booting stages. The results showed that the maximum chlorophyllcontent of flag leaves occurred at the booting stage. Under normal watering condition, F v /F m , F v /F o , and q p showed “high-low” variation, and the maximum values were observed between May 3 and May 11. However, under waterlogging stress at booting stage, F v /F m , F v /F o , and q p showed “low-high-low” curve. Compared to control treatment, waterlogging at booting stage significantly decreased F v /F m , F v /F o , q p , and Φ PSII ( P NPQ significantly increased ( P F v /F m , F v /F o , q p , and Φ PSII increased significantly compared to the forward N fertilization treatments. Postpone of N supply improved photosynthetic capacity by increasing photosynthetic pigment contents, and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency under water deficit. The chlorophyllcontent was positively correlated with F v /F m , q p , and Φ PSII , ( P NPQ ( P ETR max ), initial slope ( α ), and half saturation point of light intensity ( E k ). Postpone of N fertilizer application alleviated the photodamage to PSΙΙ caused by water stress, and the compensation effect of late N fertilization occurred earlier than that of early N fertilization, which resulted in longer filling period, higher mean filling rate, and ultimately increased 1000-grain weight

以小麦品种皖麦54为试验材料，研究不同氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明，孕穗期小麦旗叶叶绿素含量最高，随后下降，至成熟期降到最低；渍水处理叶绿素含量下降幅度高于对照处理。对照处理孕穗期后叶绿素荧光参数 F v /F m 、F v /F o 和 q p 随小麦生育期的推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，于渍水处理孕穗期后第11~20天达到最高峰， NPQ 呈先降低再升高的趋势。孕穗期渍水7 d后 F v /F m 、F v /F o 和 q p 均呈“低–高–低”的变化趋势，与对照相比， F v /F m 低1.8%~2.3%， F v /F o 低8.0%~10.9%， Φ PSII 则显著低于对照。基肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%(N4)处理生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量显著高于全部氮肥基施(N1)处理，而 F v /F o 、F v /F m 和 q p 显著高于N1和基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)处理。叶绿素含量与 F v /F m 、 q p 和 Φ PSII 呈显著正相关，与 NPQ 呈显著负相关。ETR-PAR响应曲线的拟合结果表明，孕穗期渍水7 d小麦生育后期旗叶 ETR max 、 α 和 E k 值较对照降低。N4的旗叶 ETR max 、 α 和 E k 均高于N1和N2。孕穗期渍水7 d条件下不同氮肥运筹方式间各叶绿素荧光参数变异系数高于对照，氮肥的补偿效应较对照明显。氮肥后移运筹方式显著减轻渍水逆境对光合器官的破坏，使小麦生育后期功能叶具有较强的光捕获能力和光化学效率，改善了旗叶光合性能，使灌浆期延长，平均灌浆速率提高，从而较氮肥前移处理显著提高小麦千粒重。

2011

0.0

. 2011, 35(1):91-99 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00091

Effects of soil water and nitrogen supply on photosynthetic characteristics of Jatropha curcas seedlings

土壤水、氮供应对麻疯树幼苗光合特性的影响

Jiao Y J , Yin C Y , Chen K

焦玉娟, 尹春英, 陈珂

1 College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China; 2 Ecological Restoration Key Laboratory, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

Aims Jatropha curcas is a drought-resistant perennial that can be used for bio-energy to replace petro-diesel. However, J. curcas is still a wild plant and basic agronomical properties are not thoroughly understood. When it is grown in commercial plantations with regular irrigation, we do not know how J.curcas will respond to changes in the environment. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of different soil water and nitrogen supplies on the photosynthesis characteristics of J. curcas seedlings. Methods We exposed seedlings of J. curcas to three watering regimes (80%, 50% and 30% of field water holding capacity (FC)) and two nitrogen (N) regimes (with or without N-fertilization) and determined how N-fertilization affects the photosynthetic light and CO 2 response curve, maximal quantum yield of PSII, and N and pigments contents under different soil water conditions. Important findings With N-fertilization, we detected significant increases in apparent quantum yield ( AQY ), light compensation point ( LCP ), maximum net photosynthetic rate ( P max ), carboxylation efficiency ( CE ), photorespiration rate ( R p ), dark respiration rate ( R d ) and nitrogen content with the increase of soil water content. Highest values of photosynthesis parameters occurred with 80% FC with N-fertilization. Without N-fertilization, all photosynthesis parameters had the opposite trends with the increase of soil water content. Furthermore, with 30% FC the nitrogen content of seedlings with N-fertilization was significantly higher than without N-fertilization. AQY , PSII maximum photochemical efficiency ( F v / F m ) and chlorophyll and carotenoids contents was nearly the same with and without N-fertilization, but other parameters were significantly lower without N-fertilization. Thus, under N-poor soil condition J. curcas grew better under the relatively low soil water conditions and photosynthesis of J. curcas was impacted by high soil water content. While with N-fertilization, J. curcas performed better under high soil water content.

在盆栽半控制试验中, 采用两因素的随机区组设计, 在3个土壤水分梯度(分别为80%、50%和30%的田间持水量(FC))下研究了施氮肥和不施氮肥处理麻疯树( Jatropha curcas )幼苗的光合特性。比较了不同水分和氮素供应条件下麻疯树幼苗的光合-光响应和CO 2 响应曲线、PSII的最大光化学效率( F v / F m )、氮含量和光合色素含量之间的差异。结果表明: 1)施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 叶片表观量子效率( AQY )、光补偿点、最大净光合速率、羧化效率、光呼吸速率、暗呼吸速率和叶片氮含量均呈现增加的趋势, 而且均在80% FC下最高。2)不施氮肥处理中, 随着土壤水分含量的增加, 麻疯树各光合参数均与施氮肥处理呈现相反的变化趋势。3)在30% FC下, 施氮肥处理和不施氮肥处理相比, 氮含量显著增加, AQY 、 F v / F m 、光合色素含量无显著的变化, 其他各项指标均显著降低。这些结果表明, 水氮耦合效应对麻疯树光合特性有显著影响, 尤其是在80% FC下增施氮肥的效果最为明显。因此, 在土壤氮素含量不高的情况下, 麻疯树更适宜在较低的土壤水分下生长, 土壤水分较高反而不利于麻疯树的光合作用; 而如果增施氮肥, 麻疯树在土壤水分含量较高时生长更好。

2010

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... 研究发现,过量的氮肥投入不仅成为一种经济的消耗,同时还会降低肥料利用效率,甚至会对土壤、水体等产生不良的环境影响,导致土壤硝态氮的累积,并且加大下层土壤淋失的风险^[5] ...

2018

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... 因此,叶绿素荧光被认为是研究植物体光合作用与环境关系的重要指标^[6,7] ...

2015

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. 2015, 21(5):1132-1141 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0505

Effects of low nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of low nitrogen tolerant maize varieties

低氮胁迫对耐低氮玉米品种苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

Li Q , Luo Y H , Yu D H

李强, 罗延宏, 余东海

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China of Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; 2 Demonstration and Extension Center of Tobacco Production Technology of Yibin Tobacco Corporation in Sichuan,Yibin, Sichuan 644002, China; 3 Dongpo Agricultural Technology, Extension Station, Meishan, Sichuan 620032, China

【Objectives】Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are often used to evaluate the function of photosynthetic organs and the influence of the environment pressure. Tolerance to low nitrogen stress are largely different with different maize genotypes, which can be reflected through photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics. In this paper, the response of four maize cultivars to low nitrogen stress were compared at the seedling stage for the purpose of further understanding of the mechanism of their low nitrogen tolerance.【Methods】A completely random two-factor pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse. The main factor was maize cultivars, two tolerant cultivars of Zhenghong 311 and Chengdan 30, two non-tolerant cultivars of Xianyu 508 and Beisan 2; The second factor was N levels: N 15 mmol/L(CK, Hoagland nutrition solution), 0.5 mmol/L(low N stress, LN1), N: 0.05 mmol/L(extremely low N stress, LN2). The items were measured, including individual plant dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, relative chlorophyll content(SPAD)of leaves, and the photosynthesis parameters. 【Results】The dry matter and nitrogen accumulation amounts of per plant, relative chlorophyll content(SPAD)of leaves, net photosynthetic rate( P n), stomatal conductance( G s), transpiration rate( T r), variable fluorescence( F v), maximum fluorescence( F m), potential activity of PSⅡ( F v/ F 0 ), the primary maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ( F v/ F m), effective light quantum yield of PSⅡ( F v′/ F m′)and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)of the four maize hybrids are declined sharply under the low nitrogen stress conditions. Compared with the low nitrogen sensitive maize cultivars, the reduced ranges of these parameters of the low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars are much lower. In contrast to the above parameters, the intercellular CO 2 concentrations are remarkably increased in the tested maize hybrids, and the concentration increases of the low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars are rather less than those of the sensitive ones. The actual photochemical efficiencies of PSⅡ in the light( Φ PSⅡ )of the low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars are decreased, while those of the low nitrogen sensitive maize cultivars are increased. In addition, the non-photochemical quenching coefficients(NPQ)of the low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars are increased, while those of the low nitrogen sensitive maize cultivars are decreased.【Conclusions】 The negative effect of N stress on the photosynthetic system of the low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars can be offset to some extent, so a relatively high nitrogen accumulation is kept to improve chlorophyll content and maintain high effective light quantum yield of PSⅡ( F v′/ F m′)and photochemical quenching coefficient(qP), and keep high net photosynthetic rate( P n)to guarantee a higher dry matter productivity.

【目的】叶绿素荧光参数经常用来评价光合器官的功能和环境压力的影响,不同玉米基因型耐低氮胁迫能力差异较大,与光合及叶绿素荧光特性对低氮胁迫的响应机制有关。本文以耐低氮能力差异较大的4个玉米杂交种为试验材料,研究了低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮性玉米品种苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以期明确耐低氮胁迫玉米品种的光合机制。【方法】采用二因素完全随机设计盆栽试验,因素A为不同耐低氮性玉米品种: ‘正红311’、‘成单30’和不耐低氮品种‘先玉508’、‘三北2号’;因素B为不同氮素水平: 正常氮CK(霍格兰完全营养液, N 15 mmol/L)、低氮胁迫LN1(N 0.5 mmol/L)、极低氮胁迫LN2(N 0.05 mmol/L)。测定了苗期单株干物质积累量,单株氮素积累量,叶片叶绿素含量与荧光特性,以及光合效率指标。【结果】低氮胁迫下玉米苗期单株干物质积累量、单株氮素积累量、叶片叶绿素含量等生理指标显著下降,但耐低氮品种的下降幅度显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下玉米苗净光合速率( P n)、气孔导度( G s)、蒸腾速率( T r)显著降低,胞间CO 2 浓度( C i)显著升高,净光合速率( P n)、气孔导度( G s)和蒸腾速率( T r)的降幅及胞间CO 2 浓度( C i)的增幅耐低氮品种均显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下可变荧光( F v)、最大荧光( F m)、PSⅡ潜在活性( F v/ F 0 )、PSⅡ最大光化学效率( F v/ F m)、PSⅡ有效光量子产量( F v′/ F m′)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)等叶绿素荧光特性也均显著降低,耐低氮品种下降幅度显著低于不耐低氮品种;低氮胁迫下耐低氮品种PSⅡ实际光量子产量( Φ PSⅡ )降低,不耐低氮品种有所增加;而耐低氮品种非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)升高,不耐低氮品种有所降低。【结论】耐低氮玉米品种能够减缓低氮胁迫对植株光合系统的影响,进而保证植株较高的氮素积累,提高叶片叶绿素含量,维持较高的PSⅡ有效光量子产量( F v′/ F m′)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),为光合作用提供充足的光能;从而保持了较高的净光合速率( P n),保证了耐低氮品种在低氮条件下保持较高的干物质生产。

... 因此,叶绿素荧光被认为是研究植物体光合作用与环境关系的重要指标^[6,7] ...

... )对光能的吸收、传递、耗能等情况^[7,8],而且与ATP(adenosine triphosphate)合成及CO₂固定等过程都密切相关,几乎所有与光合作用有关的变化过程均可以通过叶绿素荧光表现出来,能够准确反映叶片吸收光能的分配去向^[8] ...

2009

0.0

2011

0.0

. 2011, 22(10):2776-2780

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of green bean leaves

大气CO 2 浓度升高对绿豆叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

Hao X Y , Han X , Li P

郝兴宇, 韩雪, 李萍

1College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China;2Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment and Climate Change, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

By using free air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) system, a pot experiment under field condition was conducted to study the effects of elevated CO 2 concentration (550±60 μmol·mol -1 ) on the leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of mung bean. Comparing with the control (CO 2 concentration averagely 389±40 μmol·mol -1 ),elevated CO 2 concentration increased the leaf intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) and net photosynthesis rate ( P n ) at flowering and pod growth stage by 9.8% and 11.7%, decreased the stomatic conductance ( G s ) and transpiration rate ( T r ) by 32.0% and 24.6%, respectively, and increased the water use efficiency (WUE) by 83.5%.Elevated CO 2 concentration had lesser effects on the minimal fluorescence ( F o ), maximal fluorescence ( F m ), variable fluorescence ( F v ), ratio of variable fluorescence to minimal fluorescence ( F v / F o ), and ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence ( F v / F m ) at bud stage, but increased the F o at pod filling stage by 19.1% and decreased the F m , F v , F v / F o , and F v / F m by 9.0%, 14.3%, 25.8%, and 6.2%, respectively. These results suggested that elevated CO 2 concentration could damage the structure of leaf photosystemⅡ and consequently decrease the leaf photosynthetic capacity in the late growth phase of mung bean.

利用FACE系统在大田条件下通过盆栽试验研究了大气CO 2 浓度升高\[CO 2 浓度平均为（550±60) μmol·mol -1 \]对绿豆叶片光合生理和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明：与对照\[CO 2 浓度平均为（389±40）μmol·mol -1 左右\]相比，大气CO 2 浓度升高使花荚期绿豆叶片净光合速率( P n )和胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )分别升高11.7%和9.8%，气孔导度( G s )和蒸腾速率( T r )分别下降32.0%和24.6%, 水分利用效率(WUE)提高83.5%；在蕾期，CO 2 浓度升高对绿豆叶片叶绿素初始荧光( F o )、最大荧光（ F m ）、可变荧光（ F v ）、 F v / F m 和 F v / F o 没有显著影响；在鼓粒期，CO 2 浓度升高使绿豆叶片 F o 增加19.1%， F m 和 F v 分别下降9.0%和14.3%， F v / F o 和 F v / F m 分别下降25.8%和6.2%.表明大气CO 2 浓度升高可能使绿豆生长后期光系统Ⅱ反应中心结构受到破坏，叶片的光合能力下降.

... 的最大光化学效率,植物对光能的利用效率,是反映植物在胁迫条件下光合作用受抑制程度的理想指标,其在非胁迫条件下较稳定,而在胁迫条件下会明显下降^[9,10] ...

2016

0.0

. 2016, 40(11):1208-1217 DOI:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0470

Comparison on light-response models of actual photochemical efficiency in photosystem #cod#x02161;

光系统#cod#x02161;实际光化学量子效率对光的响应模型的比较

Ye Z P , Hu W H , Yan X H

叶子飘, 胡文海, 闫小红

1Maths & Physics College, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, China; 2School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, China; 3College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China

Aims The objective of this study was to compare the merits and demerits of three models (i.e., a mechanistic model, a negative exponential model and an exponential model) to simulate the light-response curves of actual photochemical efficiency ( Φ PSII - I ). Moreover, it was to reveal the mechanism that Φ PSII decreased with light intensity increasing. Methods The electron transport rate ( ETR ) and the Φ PSII of Coreopsis lanceolata , Vitex negundo and Bidens frondosa were measured by LI-6400-40B under controlled CO 2 concentrations and temperatures, then light-response curves of ETR-I and Φ PSII - I were simulated by a mechanistic model, a negative exponential model and an exponential model, respectively. Important findings The fitted results showed that ETR-I and Φ PSII - I data of the three plants fit well to the three models. However, the saturation light intensity ( PAR sat ) and maximum efficiency of photosystem II ( F v / F m ) estimated by exponential model for ETR-I and Φ PSII - I were greatly different from the measured data. Moreover, the mechanistic model revealed that the Φ PSII for the three species decreased with increasing I as the effective light energy absorption cross-section of light-harvesting pigments decreased. At the same time, it showed that Φ PSII depended not only on I , but also on eigen-absorption cross-section of light-harvesting pigment, efficiency of exciton, photochemical constant, heat dissipation constant and average lifetime of light-harvesting pigment-protein complex in the lowest state.

为了比较光系统II实际光化学量子效率( Φ PSII )对光的响应机理模型(简称机理模型)、负指数模型和指数模型的优缺点, 用LI-6400-40B光合作用测定仪控制CO 2 浓度和温度, 测量了剑叶金鸡菊( Coreopsis lanceolata )、黄荆( Vitex negundo )和大狼杷草( Bidens frondosa )的电子传递速率( ETR )对光的响应曲线( ETR-I )和 Φ PSII 对光的响应曲线( Φ PSII - I ), 然后用这3个模型分别拟合了这些数据。拟合结果表明: 3个模型都可以较好地拟合这3种植物的 ETR-I 的响应数据和 Φ PSII - I 的响应数据, 但由指数模型拟合 ETR-I 和 Φ PSII - I 的响应数据得到相应的饱和光强( PAR sat )和光系统II最大光能利用效率( F v / F m )之间存在显著差异, 且估算的饱和光强远低于实测值。由机理模型可知, Φ PSII 不仅与光强的函数有关, 还与植物的内禀特性有关, 即与天线色素分子的本征光能吸收截面、激子的传递效率、能级的简并度、光化学反应常数、热耗散常数和处于最低激发态的平均寿命等参数有关。此外, 由机理模型还可知, Φ PSII 随光强的增加而下降的原因是捕光色素分子的有效光能吸收截面随光强增加而降低。

... 吸收光能用于原初醌电子受体(primary quinone electron acceptor, Q_A)还原的实际运行效率,是一个被广泛应用的荧光参数^[10] ...

... qP(photochemical quenching)代表光化学猝灭系数,反映了光能向光合碳同化方向转移的比率^[10,11] ...

2011

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. 2011, 20(3):233-238 DOI:10.11686/cyxb20110329

Effects of nitrogen application amount on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield after interplanting soybean

施氮量对套作大豆花后光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响

Yan Y H , Yang W Y , Zhang X Q

闫艳红, 杨文钰, 张新全

在“玉米－大豆”套作模式下，以贡选１号为材料，研究了施氮量对套作大豆花后光合特性、干物质积累量及产量的影响。结果表明，花后Ｃｈｌａ含量、Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ值、净光合速率、叶、叶柄、茎和荚的干重以及地上部干物质积累总量均以低氮处理（纯氮３２．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）最优，其次为中氮处理（纯氮６４．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）。套作大豆的产量和有效荚数均以低氮处理最高，分别较对照（不施氮）高１８．２２％和１７．３７％，差异极显著；其次为中氮处理，与对照差异显著；高氮处理（纯氮９７．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）则显著低于对照，这是由于经高氮处理的大豆植株花后叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）过高，影响通风透光，落花落荚严重所致。可见，合理施用氮肥（纯氮３２．４，６４．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）能提高套作大豆花后叶片的净光合速率，地上部干物质积累量，进而提高大豆产量。

... qP(photochemical quenching)代表光化学猝灭系数,反映了光能向光合碳同化方向转移的比率^[10,11] ...

... 的一种自我保护机制,对光合机理有一定的保护作用^[11,12] ...

2013

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. 2013, 21(4):702-707 DOI:10.11733/j.issn.1007-0435.2013.04.012

Effects of nitrogen supply levels on alfalfa accumulation and quality

供氮水平对不同紫花苜蓿积累量及品质的影响

Liu X J , Liu Y N , Kuai J L

刘晓静, 刘艳楠, 蒯佳林

1. Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education/College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University /Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province/Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China; 2. Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China

In order to understand the comprehensive influence of N supply on alfalfa, the effects of three N levels (N0 (0), N1 (51.75 kg·hm -2 ), N2 (103.50 kg·hm -2 )) on the productivity, height and quality of Medicago sativa ‘Gannong No. 3' and M. sativa ‘Longdong' were studied in the Qinwangchuan of Gansu Province by randomized block design. Results showed that comprehensive influence was obvious under N supply, and productivity increased along with N fertilizer increased. The productivity of alfalfas reached the highest under N2 (103.50 kg·hm -2 ) level and Gannong No. 3 was obviously better than Longdong. The highest fresh biomass and dry biomass of Gannong No.3 were 51005 kg·hm -2 and 14856 kg·hm -2 , Longdong were 35486 kg·hm -2 and 11217 kg·hm -2 . N supply also significantly increased the height of both alfalfa varieties. The change-trend for height was consistent with that of productivity, and Gannong No. 3 did better than Longdong. In addition, N supply could improve the nutrient quality of alfalfa, significantly reduce ADF, NDF and ash contents and increase crude protein and ether extract contents. The best N application rate was 103.50 kg·hm -2 .

在甘肃兰州秦王川地区以甘农3号( Medicago sativa ‘Gannong No. 3')和陇东苜蓿( M. sativa 'Longdong')为材料,设置3个供氮水平处理N0(0),N1(51.75 kg·hm -2 )和N2(103.50 kg·hm -2 ),对其产量、株高及营养品质进行测定,以探讨供氮对紫花苜蓿的综合影响。结果表明:供氮对紫花苜蓿综合影响明显,供氮能显著提高其产量,且产量随供氮水平的增加而增加,在N2水平下紫花苜蓿总产量最高,甘农3号的最高鲜草产量为51005 kg·hm -2 、干草产量为14856 kg·hm -2 ,陇东苜蓿鲜草产量为35486 kg·hm -2 ,干草产量为11217 kg·hm -2 ,甘农3号明显优于陇东苜蓿;供氮还显著提高2个品种的株高,株高与产量变化趋势一致,甘农3号表现更佳;供氮也改善了紫花苜蓿营养品质,显著降低2个品种酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维和粗灰分的含量,提高其粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量。因此,从产量和营养品质综合考虑,该地区最佳施氮量为103.50 kg·hm -2 。

... 的一种自我保护机制,对光合机理有一定的保护作用^[11,12] ...

2018

0.0

... 柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)原产于美国,是多年生禾本科C₄作物,植株高大,根系发达,具有适应性广、抗逆能力强等特点,且富含纤维素,既可作为饲草,也可作为水土保持和风障植物,同时也是很好的生物燃料^[13] ...

... 相比其他多年生草本植物和传统农作物,柳枝稷能够适应粘壤土、砂壤土等多种土壤类型,具有较低的投入和维护成本、较高的净能源产出,一旦建植成功可持续利用至少15年以上^[13,14],是良好的生态修复和生物改良材料^[15] ...

2009

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. 2009, 18(3):232-240 DOI:10.11686/cyxb20090332

Research progress on energy crops switchgrass

能源作物柳枝稷研究进展

Liu J L , Zhu W B , Xie G H

刘吉利, 朱万斌, 谢光辉

目前，可再生能源特别是能源作物成了能源研究的新热点。柳枝稷适应性强，产量潜力大，且对环境友好，是理想的能源作物。本研究从生物学特性、生态适应性、柳枝稷能源生产管理措施等方面综述了能源作物柳枝稷的研究进展，讨论了柳枝稷能源生产利用方式与存在的问题，分析了柳枝稷在我国的发展潜力。认为现阶段我国柳枝稷能源利用应以固体成型燃料与小型生物质发电为主，将来最有发展潜力的利用方式之一为第二代燃料乙醇。

2017

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2019

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... 为了消除各指标量纲带来的影响,要进行无量纲区间化,即把各指标的实测值转化为评价值,用X_i(k)/X₀(x)表示,所有数值均在[0,1]之间^[16] ...

... 5^[16,17] ...

1990

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... 5^[16,17] ...

2011

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. 2011, 25(5):501-507 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2011.05.008

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer level on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf of super hybrid rice at late growth stage

施氮量对超级杂交中稻生育后期剑叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

Long J R , Ma G H , Wan Y Z

龙继锐, 马国辉, 万宜珍

1 State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; 2 Agricultural Technology Popularity Center of Yong′an Town, Liuyang City, Liuyang 410323, China

To compare the effects of nitrogen fertilizer level on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics in super hybrid rice flag leaves, a field fertilizer (slow release nitrogen) experiment was conducted with a super hybrid rice Y Liang you 1 as material. The photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR), effective quantum yield (EQY), photochemical quenching coefficient(qP), and nonphotochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ) of flag leaves were measured at the heading, full heading, 10 d after full heading, 20 d after full heading. The results indicated that the ETR and EQY were increased from heading to 20 d after full heading, whereas, the NPQ decreased. During the same period, ETR, EQY, qP increased firstly and then decreased with increasing nitrogen level. The ETR and EQY at 135 kg/hm2 nitrogen level were the highest. In conclusion, the adaptive nitrogen amount for photosynthesis were 135-180 kg/hm2.

以缓释氮肥为材料，采用快速光曲线分析方法，比较研究了大田条件下6种施氮水平对超级杂交稻Y两优1号抽穗到蜡熟期剑叶叶绿素荧光动力参数的影响。结果表明,抽穗到齐穗后20 d，剑叶光合电子传递速率(ETR)、有效量子产量(EQY)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均随时间推进而提高，非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则呈下降趋势；同一时期， ETR、EQY、qP均表现为随施氮量增加先增后减，但最高值的施氮量均不同；不同时期，ETR和EQY均以施氮135 kg/hm2时最高。综合来看，本试验条件下，施氮量以135～180 kg/hm2时叶绿素荧光指标组合最优

... 施氮量对植物的生长、叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数都有较大影响^[18] ...

2016

0.0

... 霍丽娟等^[19]研究表明,干旱胁迫条件下施氮显著提高了混播柳枝稷的#cod#x003a6 ...

... 反应中心开放比例,从而提高其原初光能转换效率,减少对吸收光能的热耗散,有利于提高柳枝稷的光合能力^[19] ...

2017

0.0

... 孙扬等^[20]研究表明,在吉林西部半干旱区,随着施氮量的增加,玉米(Zea mays)叶片F_v /F_m、qP增加,但300、400 kg#cod#x000b7 ...

... 反应中心向库、源的传递过程,导致了F_v/F_m降低^[20,21,22] ...

2011

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. 2011, 44(1):47-57

Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chromosome effects of wheat substitution lines

干旱胁迫对小麦代换系叶绿素荧光参数的影响及染色体效应初步分析

Bai Z Y , Li C D , Zhao J F

白志英, 李存东, 赵金锋

(河北农业大学生命科学学院)

【Objective】 Chromosome substitution lines between Chinese Spring and synthetic hexaploid wheat (CS-Synthetic 6x) were used to study the regulation effect of foreign added chromosome on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under drought stress. 【Method】 The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,including Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo in flag leaves at different developing stages in different water treatments were measured during 2005-2007. 【Result】 The results showed that Fm and Fo of 5B substitution line were significantly different from Chinese Spring in the control treatment. Drought stress resulted in inhibition of PSⅡ photochemical activity and reduction of Fm, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo as well as accumulation of Fo; Fo of 3A substitution line and Fm of 4D substitution line were significantly different from Chinese Spring; Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo of 3A, 7A substitution lines were significantly different from Chinese Spring from booting stage to filling stage under drought stress. 【Conclusion】 The genes regulating Fo and Fm may be located on 5B chromosome of Synthetic 6x in the control treatment. In drought treatment the genes regulating Fo and Fm may be located on 3A and 4D chromosome, respectively, and the genes regulating Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo may be located on 3A and 7A chromosomes, the problem is up for further study.

【目的】研究干旱胁迫对小麦代换系旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导动力学的影响以及外源染色体对叶绿素荧光参数的调控效应。【方法】以中国春(Chinese Spring, CS)-人工合成六倍体小麦(Synthetic hexaploid wheat, Synthetic 6x)代换系及其亲本为材料,于2005—2007年测定不同水分处理条件下旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导的动力学参数初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)在各生育时期的变化。【结果】在正常水分条件下,5B代换系在孕穗期、开花期以及灌浆期的Fo和Fm均显著或极显著高于中国春。在干旱胁迫条件下,PSⅡ的光化学活性受到抑制,不同代换系与亲本的Fo增加,而Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo降低;3A代换系的Fo始终显著或极显著低于中国春,4D代换系的Fm始终显著或极显著高于中国春,3A和7A代换系Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo始终显著或极显著高于中国春。【结论】在正常水分条件下Synthetic 6x的5B染色体上可能存在高Fo和Fm基因;干旱胁迫条件下,Synthetic 6x的3A 染色体上可能存在调控Fo增高的有利基因,4D 染色体上可能存在调控Fm增高的有利基因,3A和7A染色体上可能存在调控Fv/Fm以及 Fv/Fo增高的有利基因。

... 反应中心向库、源的传递过程,导致了F_v/F_m降低^[20,21,22] ...

2004

0.0

... 反应中心向库、源的传递过程,导致了F_v/F_m降低^[20,21,22] ...

2014

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... 禾本科牧草的生长发育往往依靠植物根系从土壤中吸收的氮素来维持,但土壤中可利用的氮素通常难以满足禾本科牧草高产优质的需要,施用氮肥被认为是补充土壤氮素以提高牧草产量的重要手段^[23] ...

2015

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... 大量的研究表明,氮肥可以显著提高柳枝稷的产量^[24,25],不同地区柳枝稷施氮效果差异较大,在美国南部地区氮肥施用量为200 kg#cod#x000b7 ...

2014

0.0

. 2014, 31(12):2286-2292 DOI:10.11829\j.issn.1001-0629.2014-0371

Effects of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and seed yield of Sudan grass

追施氮肥对苏丹草光合特性及种子产量的影响

Pang L D , Li W J , Zhu J Z

庞立东, 李卫军, 朱进忠

1.College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi830052, China; 2.Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hohhot 010010, China

The photosynthetic characteristics and seed yields of sudangrass response to different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer including six different nitrogen application rates of 0, 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 kg·ha -1 and the fixed proportion (3∶4∶3) were studied by single factor randomized trials using Sorghum sudanense ‘Xinsu No.2’. The results showed that photosynthesis rate (P n ), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (T r ) significantly increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilization application rate in a certain range. The values of P n , T r , GS in heading stage were significantly greater than that in grain filling stage and heading stage. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer could inhibit the photosynthetic during growth period. The results confirmed that SPAD value can fully reflect the chlorophyll contents. The SPAD value significantly increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilization application rate if the nitrogen fertilizer rate was less than 450 kg·ha -1 . Nitrogen fertilizer could effectively improved thousand seeds weight, grains per spike, and also significantly increased sudangrass seed yield in a certain range. However, the seed yield significantly decreased with the increasing of fertilizer. The seed yield was maximized (3 815 kg·ha -1 ) at the level of 600 kg·ha -1 nitrogen application. In combination with photosynthetic characteristics and seed yield of sudangrass, the best nitrogen application rate was 600 kg·ha -1 .

以新苏2号苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense ‘Xinsu No.2’)为试材, 采用单因素完全随机区组设计, 在拔节、孕穗和灌浆期追施氮肥, 以揭示施氮对苏丹草叶片光合生理特性及种子产量性状的影响。结果表明, 追施氮肥可显著提高苏丹草叶片光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率, 当追肥超过600 kg·hm -2 时, 在拔节期和抽穗期对光合速率产生抑制作用。随追肥量增加SPAD值随之增大, 追肥量超过450 kg·hm -2 后, SPAD值增幅较小或不增加。追施氮肥可有效增加种子千粒重、穗粒数, 从而使苏丹草种子产量明显增加, 然而, 追施氮量增加, 落粒率升高, 产量增幅明显减小, 追氮150与300 kg·hm -2 时, 产量增幅分别达23.7％和32.2％, 而追氮750 kg·hm -2 时, 产量增幅仅为3.9％, 追施氮肥600 kg·hm -2 时, 可获最大种子产量3 815 kg·hm -2 。综合苏丹草光合生理指标及产量性状的变化认为, 追肥量为600 kg·hm -2 为最佳, 此时光合速率最大, 并可获得最大种子产量。

... 大量的研究表明,氮肥可以显著提高柳枝稷的产量^[24,25],不同地区柳枝稷施氮效果差异较大,在美国南部地区氮肥施用量为200 kg#cod#x000b7 ...

2014

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... hm^-2时柳枝稷干物质产量最高,过量施氮反而不利于柳枝稷产量的提高^[26] ...

2017

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... hm^-2,N₂₄₀)水平下干物质积累量最高,显著高于其他施氮处理,这与陶梦等^[27]和徐艳霞等^[28]研究结果不一致,可能是由于不同区域的气候、土壤、环境、柳枝稷品种以及水分管理有差异 ...

2017

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2018

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... 张永乾^[29]研究了宁夏银北地区柳枝稷的生态适应性,结果表明茎对地上部干物质积累的贡献最大,平均贡献率为61 ...