种植密度与施氮量对陇中旱农区玉米产量及光合特性的影响

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康彩睿, 谢军红, 李玲玲, 王嘉男, 郭喜军, 彭正凯, 王进斌, Setor kwami Fudjoe, 王林林. 种植密度与施氮量对陇中旱农区玉米产量及光合特性的影响. 草业学报, 2020,29(5): 141-149
KANG Cai-rui, XIE Jun-hong, LI Ling-ling, WANG Jia-nan, GUO Xi-jun, PENG Zheng-kai, WANG Jin-bin, Setor kwami Fudjoe, WANG Lin-lin. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics in arid areas of central Gansu, China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2020,29(5): 141-149 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.11686/cyxb2019342
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种植密度与施氮量对陇中旱农区玉米产量及光合特性的影响

康彩睿, 谢军红, 李玲玲^*, 王嘉男, 郭喜军, 彭正凯, 王进斌, Setor kwami Fudjoe, 王林林

甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070

*通信作者. E-mail: lill@gsau.edu.cn

作者简介:康彩睿(1996-), 女, 甘肃定西人,在读硕士。E-mail: 2990528529@qq.com

收稿日期: 2019-08-05

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31761143004),甘肃省教育厅项目 (2017C-12),“十二五”国家科技支撑计划 (2015BAD22B04-3)和甘肃省国际科技合作基地项目(GSPT-2018-56)资助

摘要

在陇中旱农区,依托2012年布设的田间定位试验研究了种植密度与施氮量对全膜双垄沟播玉米光合特性、产量及产量构成要素的影响。采用裂区设计,主处理为种植密度:4.5(D₁)、5.25(D₂)、6(D₃)、6.75万株·hm^-2(D₄);副处理为施氮水平:施纯氮200(N₂)和300 kg·hm^-2 (N₃)。结果表明:1)随着玉米种植密度和施氮量的增加,玉米的叶面积指数增加,但叶片的叶绿素含量减小;2)施氮量对玉米的光合作用影响不显著,但玉米光合作用随种植密度增加而减弱;3)D₂N₂处理下的玉米产量最高,D₂的籽粒产量和生物产量较D₁分别增加了15.2%和14.5%,N₂的籽粒产量和生物产量较N₃增加了10.9%和4.8%。4)玉米籽粒产量与穗数、穗粒数显著正相关,与百粒重无显著相关关系。因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,密度为5.25万株·hm^-2,施纯氮200 kg·hm^-2左右时,叶片光合作用关系协调,有利于穗数和穗粒数的增加,从而提高玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 种植密度; 施氮量; 玉米; 产量; 光合特性

Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics in arid areas of central Gansu, China

KANG Cai-rui, XIE Jun-hong, LI Ling-ling^*, WANG Jia-nan, GUO Xi-jun, PENG Zheng-kai, WANG Jin-bin, Setor kwami Fudjoe, WANG Lin-lin

Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

*Corresponding author. E-mail: lill@gsau.edu.cn

Abstract

This research evaluated the effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on maize photosynthetic characteristics, yield and yield components under full film double ridge plastic mulch. The research relied on a field experiment that was set up in 2012 at Dingxi, in the Longzhong region. The experiment used a split plot design, with four planting densities as the main plot factor: 45000 (D₁), 52500 (D₂), 60000 (D₃), 67500 plants·ha^-1 (D₄). The sub plot treatment comprised two nitrogen fertilizer rates: 200 (N₂) and 300 kg N·ha^-1 (N₃). It was found that the leaf area index of maize improved with increase in planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate, while the chlorophyll concentration decreased with increasing planting density. With increased planting density, the photosynthesis rate of maize decreased. Nitrogen fertilizer rates had no significant effect on the photosynthesis of maize. The treatment (D₂N₂) had the highest yield. The grain yield and biomass of D₂ were, respectively, 15.2% and 14.5% higher than D₁, while the grain yield and biomass under N₂ were, respectively, 10.9% and 4.8% higher than those of N₃. There was a significant positive correlation between grain yield and ear number and kernel number, but no significant correlation with hundred-grain weight. Therefore, under double furrow sowing with full film mulch in dryland farming areas of central Gansu, China, a planting density of 52500 plants·ha^-1 and nitrogen fertilizer application of 200 kg N·ha^-1 was found to be optimal for sustainable cultivation of maize. This cultivation regime facilitated leaf photosynthesis, leading to increased numbers of ears and kernels, thus enhancing maize grain yield.

Keyword: planting density; nitrogen rates; maize; yield; photosynthetic characteristics

文章图片

玉米(Zea mays)是我国主要的粮食作物之一, 对保障国家的粮食安全具有重要作用^[1]。在我国黄土高原雨养农业区, 水热资源的匮乏使得露地玉米不能成熟^[2]。具有良好集雨、保墒和抑制蒸发作用的全膜双垄沟播技术^{[3, 4]}, 不但能提高玉米的产量和水分利用效率^[5], 还克服了玉米在种植过程中存在的水热匮乏问题, 使其成为陇中旱农区的主要粮食作物之一^[6]。然而在该种植技术下, 玉米高产意味着消耗了更多的土壤水分和养分, 从而影响玉米产量提高的可持续性。

光合作用是作物生长发育与物质形成的基础, 改善光合性能是提高玉米产量的重要手段^[7]。作物光合特性不仅受到作物本身因素的影响, 还需要良好的土壤环境^[8]。合理密植和施肥是改善作物光合特性和提高产量的重要方法^[9]。有研究指出适宜的种植密度不但能提高玉米产量, 还能有效解决其产量构成因素之间的矛盾^[10]。冯云超等^[11]发现施氮量过低会导致玉米低氮胁迫, 从而导致其物质生产率较低; 有效的解决办法就是增加氮肥施用量, 合理施用氮肥可以显著提高玉米产量^[12]。因此, 前人就密度与施氮量对玉米产量^{[13, 14]}和氮素利用效率^{[15, 16]}的影响方面做了大量的研究。然而, 在陇中旱农区, 玉米作为一种新的主导作物, 鲜有关于密度与施氮量对玉米产量的影响及其光合机制研究。

为此, 本研究拟依托2012年在甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站建立的长期定位试验, 通过对不同种植密度和施氮量下玉米的产量、产量构成因素及光合特性的比较分析, 筛选出该区与全膜双垄沟播技术相配套的玉米种植密度和施氮量, 并从光合生理角度探讨其增产增效机制, 以期为该区玉米的高产高效提供理论和技术依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

于2016-2018年依托2012年在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇的甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站布设的定位试验开展研究。试验区属典型的黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区。平均海拔为2000 m, 日照时数2476.6 h, 年均气温6.4 ℃, ≥ 0 ℃年积温2933.5 ℃, ≥ 10 ℃年积温2239.1 ℃, 无霜期140 d。多年平均降水量390.9 mm, 80%保证率的降水量为365 mm, 年蒸发量1531 mm, 干燥度2.53。试验区土壤为黄绵土, 土质较疏松, 质地较均匀, 贮水性能良好。2016年为干旱年, 降水量300.2 mm; 2017年降水适中, 为357.5 mm, 但玉米生长中期遭受了严重的冰雹灾害; 2018年为丰水年, 降水量达472.1 mm(图1)。玉米生长期的降水量分别为233.1、309.1和377.6 mm。

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	图1 试验区2016-2018年月降水量Fig.1 Monthly precipitation in 2016-2018

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用二因素裂区设计, 主处理为种植密度, 分别为:4.5(D₁)、5.25(D₂)、6(D₃)、6.75万株· hm^-2(D₄); 副处理为施纯氮水平, 分别为: 200(N₂)和300 kg· hm^-2(N₃)。共8个处理, 3次重复, 小区面积为21.2 m² (5.3 m× 4.0 m)。参试玉米品种为‘ 先玉335’ ^[17], 采用全膜双垄沟播技术。氮肥为尿素, 磷肥为过磷酸钙(施入纯P₂O₅150 kg· hm^-2), 均做基肥施入。4月下旬播种, 10月上旬收获, 其他管理措施同大田管理。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 叶面积指数的计算于2018年在拔节、开花、灌浆和成熟期随机选取3株玉米, 测量每株上所有叶长(leaf length, L_ij)和叶宽(leaf width, B_ij), 计算叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)。

LAI= $0.75 ρ_{种} \frac{\overset{m}{\sum_{j = 1}} \overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} (L_{ij} \times B_{ij})}{m}$

式中:n为j株的总测定叶片数; m为测定株数; ρ _种为种植密度。

1.3.2 叶绿素含量的测定于2018年玉米拔节、开花和灌浆期用叶绿素仪SPAD-502(北京)测定玉米穗位叶的叶绿素含量, 每个小区选取长势均匀的10株进行测定, 取平均值。

1.3.3 叶片光合参数于2018年在玉米开花期, 选择晴朗天气采用便携式光合-荧光测量系统(GFS-3000, 德国), 测定玉米穗位叶的光合速率(photosynthetic rate, P_n)、蒸腾速率(transpiration rate, T_r)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance, G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(intercellular CO₂ concentration, C_i)。各项目重复测定3次, 从早晨9:00开始每隔2 h测定1次, 共测定5次。

1.3.4 产量的测定按小区计产, 测定生物产量和籽粒产量及与产量构成有关的农艺指标。

1.4 数据分析

采用Excel 2010和Sigmaplot 12.5进行数据整理与作图, 用SPSS 19.0进行方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 密度和氮肥用量对玉米叶面积的影响

各生育时期, 种植密度极显著影响玉米叶面积指数, 施氮量对开花期的叶面积指数影响不显著, 对其余生育时期影响显著, 种植密度与施氮量的互作效应对其无显著影响(表1)。在玉米全生育期内, 不同处理下的玉米叶面积指数先增大后减小, 在灌浆期最大。各生育时期, 叶面积指数基本随密度和施氮量的增加而提高, 其中D₄较D₂、D₁分别平均增加22.9%、55.3%; N₃较N₂平均增加6.2%。这说明较高的种植密度和施氮量有利于不同生育时期玉米叶面积指数的提高。

表1 密度和氮肥用量对2018年玉米叶面积指数的影响 Table 1 Effects of planting density and nitrogen rates on leaf area index of maize in 2018

2.2 密度和氮肥用量下玉米叶片叶绿素含量的变化

种植密度和施氮量显著影响玉米叶片的叶绿素含量, 二者的互作效应对其无显著影响(表2)。全生育期内, 玉米叶片的叶绿素含量呈增加趋势。在玉米各生育时期, 同一施氮量下D₁处理较D₂、D₃、D₄分别平均增加2.3%、5.3%、6.7%; 在同一种植密度下, N₃较N₂平均增加1.8%。这说明低密度种植和高施氮量有利于增加玉米叶片叶绿素含量。

表2 密度和氮肥用量对2018年玉米叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的影响 Table 2 Effects of planting density and nitrogen rates on chlorophyll content (SPAD) of maize in 2018

2.3 密度和氮肥用量对玉米光合特性的影响

玉米开花期光合特性只受种植密度的影响, 不同的施氮量及二者的互作效应对玉米开花期的光合特性没有影响(表3)。不同密度处理下的玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化趋势一致, 均在12:00和16:00左右达到最大; 其中12:00左右玉米叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度是一天中的最大值, 14:00左右出现了“ 光合午休” 现象(图2)。而玉米叶片胞间CO₂浓度的日变化趋势与其他指标刚好相反, 其在14:00左右达到最大值。玉米叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随着种植密度的增加而降低, 但胞间CO₂浓度随之增加而增加。D₁处理下的叶片光合作用最强, 其次为D₂、D₃, D₄处理最低。这说明种植密度增加, 玉米光合作用减弱。

表3 密度和氮肥用量对2018年玉米光合特性的影响 Table 3 Effects of planting density and nitrogen rates on photosynthetic parameters of maize in 2018

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	图2 不同密度处理下玉米主要光合指标的变化不同短线表示 0.05 水平上的 LSD 值。Fig.2 Changes of main photosynthetic index of maize under different planting density Different short lines indicate the LSD values at 0.05 level.

2.4 密度和氮肥用量对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响

玉米产量及密度和氮肥的效应均受降水年型的影响(表4)。3年中, 2016年最干旱、2018年最湿润, 玉米产量总体上2017年最低(生长期严重遭受冰雹)、2018年最高。2016年玉米产量只受种植密度的影响; 2017年种植密度和施氮量显著影响玉米的籽粒产量, 而生物产量只受施氮量的影响; 2018年, 种植密度、施氮量及二者的互作效应均显著影响玉米产量。D₂处理下的3年平均籽粒产量和生物产量均最高, 分别较D₁处理增加了15.2%和14.5%。N₂处理的3年平均籽粒产量和生物产量分别比N₃处理增加了10.9%和4.8%。因此, 降水年型显著影响玉米产量, 干旱年份(2016)增施氮肥无显著增产效果, 湿润年份密度、氮肥效应都比较显著。综合不同年型, 中低密度和低施氮量组合(D₂N₂)下的玉米平均籽粒产量和平均生物产量最高。

表4 不同处理下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量的年际间变化 Table 4 Annual variation of grain yield and biomass of maize under different treatments (kg· hm^-2)

不同密度和施肥处理对玉米产量构成因素的分析结果表明(表5), 2016年, 种植密度对穗数和百粒重影响显著, 穗粒数受种植密度和施氮量的影响, 种植密度和施氮量的互作效应对穗数、穗粒数和百粒重均无显著影响; 2018年, 施氮量对穗粒数和百粒重影响显著, 种植密度及二者的交互效应显著影响穗数、百粒重和穗粒数。2016、2018年D₂处理下的平均穗粒数和百粒重均高于其他处理, 其增幅分别为3.0%~20.3%和5.3%~12.8%; 2年中, N₂处理下的穗数、穗粒数和百粒重均高于N₃处理。中低密度和低施氮量组合(D₂N₂)有助于协调产量构成因素。

表5 不同处理下玉米产量构成因素的变化 Table 5 Yield component of maize under different treatments

通径分析的结果表明, 玉米籽粒产量与穗数呈极显著正相关, 与穗粒数呈显著正相关, 与百粒重无显著相关关系。不同处理对玉米籽粒产量构成因素的影响为穗数(0.546)> 穗粒数(0.544)> 百粒重(-0.141), 百粒重通过穗粒数对玉米籽粒产量的贡献最大(表6)。因此, 密度和氮肥通过改变玉米的单位面积穗数和穗粒数影响籽粒产量。

表6 玉米产量构成的通径分析 Table 6 Correlation coefficient and path coefficient of maize yield with yield component factors

3 讨论

3.1 种植密度和施氮量对玉米产量的影响

种植密度与施氮量是玉米高产栽培的关键, 合理的种植密度与施氮量不仅能提高作物对土壤水分和养分的利用, 还能提高其经济效益^[18]。有研究发现, 增加种植密度可以显著提高玉米产量^[19]。陈传永等^[20]认为增加种植密度是玉米获得高产的主要途径之一。曹胜彪等^[16]指出玉米的单株穗粒数随种植密度的增加而降低, 但在密度增加的同时, 玉米群体数量也增加, 进而增加了单位面积的穗粒数。本研究发现, 当种植密度为5.25万株· hm^-2时, 穗粒数和百粒重最大, 玉米籽粒产量也达到最大值; 并且当密度继续增加时, 籽粒产量逐渐下降; 其原因是密度增加导致玉米群体的整齐度下降、空秆率增加, 进而降低了玉米的单株产量。张平良等^[21]指出当单株效应对总产量的影响大于群体效应时, 会降低群体产量。因此, 合理密植才是增产的重要途径, 在陇中旱农区, 中低密度更利于高产。

就施氮量和玉米产量的关系, 有研究表明, 氮肥是通过对产量构成要素的综合影响, 进而形成产量上的差异^[22]。申丽霞等^[23]研究发现玉米产量随施氮量的增加先增加后降低; 合理施氮能促进营养物质向玉米果穗顶部的籽粒供应, 进而增加穗粒数, 使玉米获得高产。本研究表明, 施纯氮200 kg· hm^-2时的玉米籽粒产量和生物产量分别比施纯氮300 kg· hm^-2提高了10.9%和4.8%, 产量构成因素穗数、穗粒数和百粒重也呈增加趋势。因此, 氮肥可以通过影响穗数、穗粒数等构成因素调控籽粒产量, 陇中旱农区氮肥施用量不宜过高。

3.2 种植密度和施氮量影响玉米产量的光合生理机理

光合作用直接影响着玉米籽粒产量的形成, 玉米籽粒产量主要来自玉米叶片的光合同化物^[7]。相关研究表明, 在一定群体密度下, 密度与玉米叶片生育后期的光合速率和叶绿素含量呈负相关^[24]。桑丹丹等^[25]研究发现玉米籽粒产量的高低主要取决于生育后期的光合速率。种植密度的增加虽然能提高玉米产量, 但也会使叶片的叶绿素含量降低, 叶片出现早衰, 从而降低光合能力, 造成籽粒产量下降^[26]。但是密度过低会使玉米叶面积指数过小, 行间漏光严重, 群体的光合同化物减少, 从而限制产量的增加^[18]。本研究表明, 随种植密度的增加, 叶面积指数也增加, 但叶片叶绿素含量和其光合作用降低, 这与以上研究结果一致。此外, 氮素与植物叶片的叶绿素含量密切相关^[27]。适宜的施氮量可以延缓玉米叶片的衰老, 延长叶面积指数的高值持续时间, 提高叶片的光合作用, 从而提高产量^{[28, 29]}。本研究条件下, 虽然施氮300 kg· hm^-2下的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数均高于施氮200 kg· hm^-2, 但氮肥对玉米的光合作用没有显著影响。因此, 在本试验条件下, 中低密度(5.25万株· hm^-2)和低施氮(200 kg· hm^-2)处理下玉米光合器官大小和光合作用强度关系协调, 从而能同化合成更多的碳水化合物, 为玉米的高产奠定了良好基础。

4 结论

陇中旱农区玉米产量受降水年型的影响很大, 但种植密度和氮肥用量是调控玉米产量的重要措施。虽然增加种植密度、增施氮肥能增加玉米叶面积指数, 但密度增加却降低了叶片的叶绿素含量、减弱了光合作用。在本研究条件下, 当种植密度为5.25万株· hm^-2, 施氮量为200 kg· hm^-2时, 玉米叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用关系协调, 同时增加了穗数和穗粒数, 进而提高玉米籽粒产量。因此, 基于全膜双垄沟播技术, 密度为5.25万株· hm^-2, 施纯氮200 kg· hm^-2是陇中旱农区适宜的玉米种植方式。

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2017

0.0

. 2017, 50(11):1941-1959 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.001

Advances and prospects of maize cultivation in China

中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望

Li S K , Zhao J R , Dong S T

李少昆, 赵久然, 董树亭

1 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 2 Beijing Academy of Agricultural &Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097; 3 Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong; 4 Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002; 5 Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei; 6 Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066; 7 Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010010; 8 Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi; 9 Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130124; 10 China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; 11 Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu; 12 Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihaer 407022, Heilongjiang; 13 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000; 14 Guangdong Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Guangzhou 510030

Maize is the first major crop in China and in the world, it plays an important role in ensuring China’s food security. At present, in the face of the rapid development of economic society and a series of problems such as population growth and land reduction, resources shortage and ecological environment deterioration, maize cultivation science is facing new historic opportunities and challenges. In this crucial historical juncture, it is of great significance to review the scientific research and technical progress of maize cultivation in China and to explore the future development direction. Analysis shows that, the aim of maize cultivation research has been transformed from yield production to collaborative development of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, eco-friendly, security and other goals after 60 years of efforts. The research contents were gradually widened and further deepened with remarkable Chinese characteristics. Since entering into the 21th century, the research of maize cultivation has entered a golden development stage. In this stage, a series of breakthroughs in maize cultivation theory, key technology innovation and application have been achieved, which have taken a positive role in ensuring China’s food security. According to the demand of maize production for science and technology in the future and the development trend of modern science and technology, this article indicated that, in the future, high quality, high efficiency, eco-friendly, security will still be the main objectives of maize cultivation. In this article, the key directions and tasks of maize cultivation research in the next 20 years were put forward: (1) Continue to explore the potential of maize yield in different ecological areas and technologies that can realize these potentials, and make every effort to raise the level of yield per unit; (2) Transform the mode of production and take the improving efficiency of resource utilization and labor productivity as goals, reduce the production costs, improve product quality and the market competitiveness of maize; to develop silage and fresh maize so as to promote the diversified development of maize production; (3) In order to respond to the global climate change, carry out the theoretical and technological researches on yield stability and anti-disaster to realize the sustainable production of maize; (4) Based on modern information technology to carry out the researches of intelligent cultivation technology to achieve maize precise production and management; (5) Strengthen the basic researches of maize cultivation and tamp the researches on maize science and technology and the basement of maize production.

玉米是全球也是中国第一大作物,在保障国家粮食安全中占有重要地位。当前,面对经济社会的快速发展和人增地减、资源紧缺、生态环境恶化等一系列突出问题,玉米栽培学科正面临着严峻挑战和新的历史发展机遇,在此重要历史关头,回顾中国玉米栽培研究历程和科技进展,探索未来发展方向具有重要的意义。分析表明,经过60年不懈努力,玉米栽培研究的目标已由产量为主向高产、优质、高效、生态、安全等多目标协同发展,研究内容不断拓宽与深入,形成了具有显著中国特色的玉米栽培科学与技术体系。进入21世纪以来,玉米栽培研究进入黄金发展期,在栽培理论、关键技术创新与应用方面取得一系列重要突破,在保障国家粮食安全中发挥了重要的作用。围绕未来玉米生产对科技的需求,依据现代科技的发展趋势,笔者认为高产、优质、高效、生态、安全仍将是未来玉米栽培研究的主要目标,并提出今后20年重点研究的方向与任务：一是继续探索不同生态区玉米产量潜力及突破技术途径,努力提高单产水平；二是转变生产方式,围绕籽粒生产效率,以提高资源利用效率和劳动生产效率为目标,降低生产成本,提高商品质量,增强玉米市场竞争力；适度发展青贮玉米和鲜食玉米等,促进玉米生产向多元化方向发展；三是应对全球气候变化,开展抗逆、减灾、稳产理论和技术研究,实施保护性耕作,实现玉米可持续生产；四是依托现代信息技术,开展智能化栽培技术研究,实现玉米精准生产与管理；五是强化栽培学科基础研究,玉米设计栽培,夯实玉米科技研究和生产发展基础。

... 玉米(Zea mays)是我国主要的粮食作物之一,对保障国家的粮食安全具有重要作用^[1] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 24(1):31-38 DOI:10.11686/cyxb20150105

Soil moisture and alfalfa productivity response from different years of growth on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu

陇中黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤水分及产量响应

Luo Z Z , Niu Y N , Li L L

罗珠珠, 牛伊宁, 李玲玲

1.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2.Gansu Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China

The productivity and soil moisture of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) grassland with different years of growth (3, 6, 8,10, 12 and 14 years) were investigated in a typical semiarid area on the Western Loess Plateau. There were significant differences in the dry matter yield from alfalfa grasslands with different years of growth. At first the dry matter yield increased, then it declined. The highest hay yield (12128 kg/ha) was found in alfalfa grassland with eight years of growth. Average soil moistures in 0-300 cm soil layers of alfalfa grasslands with different years of growth was significantly lower than local soil stable moisture (SSM). The soil water content in grasslands with alfalfa that had been growing for twelve and fourteen years was 9.20% and 7.14%respectively, which is even lower than the crop lower limit (CLL). Over the years of alfalfa growth, soil desiccation intensity increases and soil desiccation rate decreases. Therefore, according to the soil moisture and productivity results produced by this study, the optimum growth period for alfalfa production is eight years in semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau.

本研究利用黄土高原西部典型半干旱雨养农业区不同种植年限苜蓿草地布设田间试验,系统研究了3,6,8,10,12以及14 a 紫花苜蓿生产力及其土壤水分变化特征。结果表明,不同种植年限紫花苜蓿草产量差异显著,且表现为随着种植年限的增加,呈先增加后减小的趋势,其中以 8 a 苜蓿草产量最高,为12128 kg/hm 2 。持续种植3,6,8,10,12和14 a 苜蓿草地0300 cm土层平均含水量均明显低于当地土壤稳定湿度值,其中12和14 a仅为9.20% 和7.14%,甚至低于作物有效水分下限。随着苜蓿种植年限的延长,土壤干燥化程度加剧,但干燥化速率呈减缓趋势。综合苜蓿生产力动态和土壤水分状况,本研究表明陇中黄土高原地区紫花苜蓿适宜的种植年限为8 a。

... 在我国黄土高原雨养农业区,水热资源的匮乏使得露地玉米不能成熟^[2] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 22(10):2609-2614

Effects of whole field-surface plastic mulching and planting in furrow on soil temperature, soil moisture, and corn yield in arid area of Gansu Province, northwest China

旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响

Wang H L , Zhang X C , Song S Y

王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有

1College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;3State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;4College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Taking spring corn ( Zea mays ) cultivar Shendan 16 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the treatments whole-field surface plastic mulching and planting in furrow (PMF), whole-field surface sand mulching and flat planting (SM), and uncovered and flat planting (CK) on the soil temperature, soil moisture, and corn yield on the dry land of arid area (annual average precipitation 415 mm) in middle Gansu Province. Comparing with CK, treatments PMF and SM increased the average temperature in 0-25 cm soil layer before tasselling stage, with the highest increment in treatment PMF. As for the soil water consumption, its depth in the three treatments increased with increasing years of planting. In the first year of planting, the soil water consumption was the most in 20-120 cm soil layer; whereas in the second year, the consumption was the most in 120-200 cm soil layer, with the soil water loss being the highest in treatment PMF. Treatment PMF had the highest grain number, grain weight per spike, and 100-grain weight, followed by treatment SM, and CK. In 2009 and 2010, the average grain number, average grain weight per spike, and average 100-grain weight in treatment PMF were increased by 13.5% and 114.2%, 29.8% and 321.1%, and 14.4% and 95.4% respectively, as compared to treatments SM and CK, and the grain yield and water use efficiency in treatments PMF and SM were increased by 333.1% and 240.2%, and 290.6% and 227.6%, respectively, as compared to CK. After two years continuous cropping of corn, the soil water loss in 120-200 cm soil layer in treatment PMF was up to 72 mm, being significantly higher than that in treatments SM (45 mm) and CK (40 mm). It was suggested that PMF could increase the soil temperature at seedling-tasselling stage, promote the corn growth in its early growth period, improve the soil water use by corn, and consequently, increase the grain number per spike and 100-grain weight, manifesting a good effect in improving corn yield and water use efficiency. However, PMF also induced more soil water consumption in 100-200 cm soil layer, which was not beneficial to the water balance through years.

以春玉米品种沈单16号为试验材料，研究半干旱区（年均降雨量415 mm）旱地不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对玉米产量的影响.结果表明：与裸地平作（CK）相比，全膜双垄沟播（PMF）、全沙覆盖平作（SM）在玉米抽雄前均能提高0～25 cm土层平均地温，其中PMF增温最高；随种植年限增加，各处理对土壤水分的耗散深度增加，种植第1年对20～120 cm土层的水分耗散最多，种植第2年对120～200 cm土层的水分耗散最多，其中PMF耗水量最高.PMF的穗粒数、穗粒重和百粒重最高，SM次之，CK最低；与SM和CK相比，2009和2010年PMF平均穗粒数分别增加13.5%和114.2%，平均穗粒重分别增加29.8%和321.1%，平均百粒重分别增加14.4%和95.4%；PMF和SM的产量分别比CK高333.1%和240.2%，水分利用效率（WUE）分别提高290.6%和227.6%.PMF玉米连续种植两年后，120～200 cm土层土壤水分消耗达72 mm，显著高于SM（45 mm）和CK(40 mm).由于PMF能提高苗期-抽雄期地温，促进作物前期生长，提高玉米对土壤水的利用，从而使穗粒数、百粒重等增加，表现出较高的产量和水分利用效率，但该模式对1 m以下土壤水分消耗较多，对保持水分年际平衡不利.

... 具有良好集雨、保墒和抑制蒸发作用的全膜双垄沟播技术^[3,4],不但能提高玉米的产量和水分利用效率^[5],还克服了玉米在种植过程中存在的水热匮乏问题,使其成为陇中旱农区的主要粮食作物之一^[6] ...

2010

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. 2010, 26(22):142-145

Effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield index of corn production and water use efficiency in dry land

旱地全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对玉米产量和水分利用率的影响

Zhang L , Niu F J , Li X Y

张雷, 牛芬菊, 李小燕

Studys have been done on effects of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn on yield of cron production and water use efficiency in dry lands with process indices of diminishing useless evaporation of soil water in winter and spring. Soil moisture content has been raised and the economic trait of corn has been improved by use of techniques of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows in dry lands.The result displayed that the way of planting in furrow and whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges in autumn reduced the useless evaporation of soil water in winter and spring，increased soil moisture content and economic trait of corn remarkablely;The yield of corn production increased 16.13% and 46.08% compare with those of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridgesin before sowing and routine method of semi-mulching as well as production rate of soil water raised 34.5% and 57.8%,respectively.

在推广应用旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术基础上，从进一步减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量、改善玉米经济性状、提高玉米产量入手，进行了全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对旱地玉米产量和降水利用率影响的试验研究。结果表明，全膜双垄秋覆膜沟播栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、增加土壤水分含量、玉米的经济性状明显改善，玉米产量比全膜双垄沟播栽培播种前覆膜和半膜覆盖栽培分别增产16.13%和46.08%，增产效果明显；水分生产率比全膜双垄沟播栽培播种前覆膜和半膜覆盖栽培分别提高34.5%和57.8%。

2015

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. 2015, 48(8):1558-1568 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.08.10

The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China

黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究

Xie J H , Chai Q , Li L L

谢军红, 柴强, 李玲玲

1 Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070 2 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University 3 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730070

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of continuous maize cropping under different plastic film mulching modes on the yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize, uncover the mechanism of increase production and water use efficiency under different plastic film mulching patterns. It is also to ascertain time limitation for continuous maize cropping for sustainable and efficient water use. 【Method】 Based on the field experiment, quantization of soil water balance between years and maize yield stability was determined. Maize continuous cropping time limitation was determined by continuous high yield and no appearance of soil desiccation in harvesting period. 【Result】Under 3-year continuous cropping conditions, the results showed that completely film mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting had significant effects on increasing maize yield and WUE , and was of benefit to the water demand of maize crop at the key growth and development stage. Compared with half-mulching and flat-planting treatment, maize yield and WUE was increased by 41.8% and 33.4%, respectively. Maize biomass, WUE b , WUE y , total output value, net output value, output per rainfall value and input-output ratio increased by 21.8%, 12.3%, 31.2%, 27.8%, 21.1% and -3.2%, respectively; they increased by 24.9%, 39.1%, 225.5%, 1423.9%, 212.4% and 93.5% compared to flat-planting without mulching treatment, respectively. Film mulching increased the amount of water consumption in the maize whole growth period by 15.5%-29.2%, 10.0%-20.8% and 4.2%-12.6% for completely film mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting, complete mulching and flat-planting, half-mulching and flat-planting treatment compared to flat-planting without mulching treatment. High water consumption in the crop growing period made the soil water storage under three film mulching treatments decreased by 37.3%, 33.5% and 30.9% lower than the beginning of the experiment in the second year, and it was 29.6%, 27.5% and 23.9% lower in the third year, this continuous soil water decrease practice resulted in soil water deficiency. With the prolongation of the time of continuous cultivation, soil desiccation appeared and has a negative effect on soil water sustainable use. 【Conclusion】Under the same rainfall conditions, the completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting had a significant effect on increasing the yield, benefit and the WUE. Taking the sustainable use of water into account, 2 years is a suitable period of continuous cropping for the completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting, and 3 years is a suitable period of continuous cropping for complete mulching and flat-planting, half-mulching and flat-planting, flat-planting without mulching, respectively, in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau.

【目的】以黄土高原半干旱区有限降水持续高效利用为目标,研究不同覆膜方式下连作玉米（ Zea May L.）的产量表现和水分利用特征,揭示其增产机理,明确不同覆膜方式下有利于土壤水分持续高效利用的连作年限,为试区高产、水分高效持续利用型玉米连作技术提供理论依据。【方法】以田间定位试验为基础,量化连作玉米农田土壤水分的年际平衡关系、产量稳定性；以持续高产和收获期不发生土壤干燥化为依据,确定适用于不同覆膜方式的玉米连作年限。【结果】3年试验结果表明,全膜双垄沟播具有良好的保墒、提高土壤水分有效性,利于协调关键生育时期土壤-作物的水分供需关系,提高产量和水分利用效率的作用。与半膜平作处理相比,全膜双垄沟播玉米的籽粒产量、水分利用效率分别提高了41.8%和33.4%,生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了 21.8%、12.3%、31.2%、27.8%、21.1%和-3.2%；与露地栽培处理相比生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了 24.9%、39.1%、225.5%、1 423.9%、212.4%和93.5%。地膜覆盖增大了玉米全生育时期的耗水量,全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和半膜平作耗水量较露地栽培增幅分别为15.5%—29.2%、10.0%—20.8%和4.2%—12.6%。单季较高的耗水量导致3种覆盖处理在连作第二年收获期土壤贮水量较连作开始期分别降低了37.3%、33.5%和30.9%,第三年降低了29.6%、27.5%和23.9%,造成土壤水分亏缺；随着连作年限的延长,土壤水分亏缺累计,出现土壤干化现象,引起产量波动,不利于土壤水分的持续利用。【结论】黄土高原半干旱区,在同等降雨条件下,全膜双垄沟播具有明显的增产增效和提高水分利用效率的作用,是理想的玉米种植模式；当年降雨量在320 mm左右时,全膜双垄沟播玉米连作不宜超过2年,全膜平作、半膜平作玉米的连作时间不宜超过3年。

2013

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. 2013, 46(5):917-926 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.05.006

Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau

西北黄土高原旱地全膜双垄沟播种植对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制

Wang H L , Zhang X C , Song S Y

王红丽, 张绪成, 宋尚有

1.Dryland Farming Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070 2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193

【Objective】Revealing the yield increasing mechanism of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting in rain-fed area from the perspectives of regulation of seasonal water consumption on maize yield and water use efficiency.【Method】Three treatments, whole field surface plastic mulching and planting in furrows(PMF), whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting (SM), and flat planting without mulching (CK), were designed randomly and replicated three times. Soil temperature, soil water storage, dry mass, yield and yield component factors and soil temperature gradient were determined and analyzed in a long term field experiment. 【Result】PMF and SM had significant regulatory effect on soil water condition during maize growing season. At the max soil temperature point, both PMF and SM only increased soil temperature gradient before heading stage, while increased in whole maize growth stage at the minimum soil temperature as compared with CK. Soil water was regulated by the great significantly and opposite temperature gradient at maximum and minimum temperature points in PMF and SM treatments, so, PMF and SM held more water at early stage to apply to the late stage. The peak of water consumption of maize was closely related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation in all treatments. The soil water loss significantly increased in PMF and SM treatments after jointing stage, especially at filling stage, it increased by 237.7% and 83.1%, and 31.8% and 27.4% at jointing-heading stage, respectively, and the difference was significant as compared with CK. In addition, harvest index of maize in PMF and SM treatments was 132.5% and 116.1% higher than CK, respectively. 【Conclusion】PMF increased soil temperature gradient, inhibited evaporation by plastic mulching, held more water at early stage to apply to the late stage. Additionally, PMF increased rainwater use in raining season (i.e. maize reproductive growth stage), promoted grain filling, caused the grain number per spike, 100-grain weight, maize yield, and WUE increased significantly.

【目的】从玉米季节性耗水调节产量和水分利用效率的角度，揭示旱地全膜双垄沟播的增产机制。【方法】通过测定土壤温度、含水量、玉米地上干物质和产量及其构成因子，以及计算土壤温度梯度等，探讨旱地全膜双垄沟播对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制。【结果】全膜双垄沟播（PMF）和全沙覆盖平作（SM）对玉米生长期的水分环境有显著的调节作用。与裸地平作（CK）相比，PMF和SM能提高地温最低点玉米全生育期土壤温度梯度和地温最高点玉米拔节前土壤温度梯度，在显著高于CK和地温最高、最低点反方向温度梯度驱动下实现了对土壤水分的调节，使玉米在需水较少阶段保蓄更多的水分以供需水盛期利用；各处理玉米耗水高峰出现的时期与当年降雨分布密切相关，PMF和SM可以促进玉米拔节后耗水，其中灌浆期增加最为显著，该时期PMF和SM的耗水量分别较CK增加237.7%和83.1%，差异显著（P＜0.05）；其次是拔节-抽雄期，分别较CK增加31.8%和27.4%，差异显著（P＜0.05）；玉米收获指数分别提高132.5%和116.1%。【结论】PMF能够增大土壤温度梯度，减少前期地表蒸发为主的水分耗散，保蓄更多水分供后期使用；在后期雨季能够充分利用降水，促进籽粒形成和灌浆，表现较高的穗粒数和百粒重，显著提高产量和水分利用效率。

2002

0.0

... 光合作用是作物生长发育与物质形成的基础,改善光合性能是提高玉米产量的重要手段^[7] ...

... 2 种植密度和施氮量影响玉米产量的光合生理机理光合作用直接影响着玉米籽粒产量的形成,玉米籽粒产量主要来自玉米叶片的光合同化物^[7] ...

2000

0.0

... 作物光合特性不仅受到作物本身因素的影响,还需要良好的土壤环境^[8] ...

2002

0.0

... 合理密植和施肥是改善作物光合特性和提高产量的重要方法^[9] ...

2015

0.0

... 有研究指出适宜的种植密度不但能提高玉米产量,还能有效解决其产量构成因素之间的矛盾^[10] ...

2016

0.0

... 冯云超等^[11]发现施氮量过低会导致玉米低氮胁迫,从而导致其物质生产率较低 ...

2006

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. 2006, (2):30-33

Effect of different N rates on yield of summer maize, fertilizer N recovery and N balance

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

Zhao Y , Tong Y A , Zhao H B

赵营, 同延安, 赵护兵

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用,但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大.氮肥利用率在9.2%～22.6%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低.施氮可明显提高0～160 cm剖面土壤NO3--N含量,而且随深度的增加NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,累积峰主要在20～60cm之间.玉米收获后,随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加,各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121～221 kg/hm2之间,以N250处理的残留量最高,残留率近65%.

... 有效的解决办法就是增加氮肥施用量,合理施用氮肥可以显著提高玉米产量^[12] ...

2018

0.0

... 因此,前人就密度与施氮量对玉米产量^[13,14]和氮素利用效率^[15,16]的影响方面做了大量的研究 ...

2017

0.0

... 因此,前人就密度与施氮量对玉米产量^[13,14]和氮素利用效率^[15,16]的影响方面做了大量的研究 ...

2017

0.0

... 因此,前人就密度与施氮量对玉米产量^[13,14]和氮素利用效率^[15,16]的影响方面做了大量的研究 ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 18(6):1343-1353 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2012.12135

Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize

施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

Cao S B , Zhang J W , Dong S T

曹胜彪, 张吉旺, 董树亭

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China; 2 Shandong Key Laboratory of Maize Breeding and Cultivation Techniques, Laizhou, Shandong 261448, China

Two summer maize cultivars, DH661 and ZD958, were used as experiment materials to study the effects of different nitrogen rates (N 0 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 240 kg/ha and 360 kg/ha) and planting densities (60000 plant/ha, 75000 plant/ha, and 90000 plant/ha) on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under the field condition. The results show that compared with the 60000 plant/ha，the increase of nitrogen rate could increase the dry matter accumulation amount per plant, biomass, grain yield, total nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transition rate and nitrogen transition efficiency of maize. The contribution proportion of nitrogen is increased with the increase of the nitrogen rate, while the nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen agronomy efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency are decreased. In conclusion, under this experimental field condition, the increase of the nitrogen rate could improve grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency in higher planting density. As far as the grain yield and nitrogen efficiency are concerned, the most optimal plant density and nitrogen rate are both 90000 plant/ha and N 240-360 kg/ha, respectively.

选用DH661和ZD958为试验材料，设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm 2 4个施氮水平和60000、75000、90000株/hm 2 3个种植密度，研究了施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明，与低密度60000 株/hm 2 相比，增施氮肥可显著增加90000株/hm 2 高密度下玉米的单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、籽粒产量、总氮素积累量、氮素转运量。90000万株/hm 2 种植密度条件下，随施氮量增加，氮素转运效率及贡献率呈上升趋势，而氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率呈下降趋势。本试验条件下，适量增施氮肥可以显著提高高种植密度下玉米的籽粒产量和氮素利用效率。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率两因素，ZD958和DH661两品种获得高产适宜的种植密度为90000株/hm 2 ，施氮量为240360 kg/hm 2 。

... 因此,前人就密度与施氮量对玉米产量^[13,14]和氮素利用效率^[15,16]的影响方面做了大量的研究 ...

... 曹胜彪等^[16]指出玉米的单株穗粒数随种植密度的增加而降低,但在密度增加的同时,玉米群体数量也增加,进而增加了单位面积的穗粒数 ...

2015

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... ^[17],采用全膜双垄沟播技术 ...

2019

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... 1 种植密度和施氮量对玉米产量的影响种植密度与施氮量是玉米高产栽培的关键,合理的种植密度与施氮量不仅能提高作物对土壤水分和养分的利用,还能提高其经济效益^[18] ...

... 但是密度过低会使玉米叶面积指数过小,行间漏光严重,群体的光合同化物减少,从而限制产量的增加^[18] ...

2012

0.0

... 有研究发现,增加种植密度可以显著提高玉米产量^[19] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 36(7):1153-1160 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01153

Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids

密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析

Chen C Y , Hou Y H , Sun R

陈传永, 侯玉虹, 孙锐

1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 2 Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161; 3 Center of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China

Plant density has been recognized as a major factor determining the grain yield. The photosynthetic performance changes as the density increases. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the response of the photosynthetic performance to planting densities in different hybrids of maize ( Zea mays L.). Field experiments were conducted in Gongzhuling, Jilin province. Three corn hybrids were cultivated at 60 000 plants ha -1 , 75 000 plants ha -1 , 90 000 plants ha -1 and 105000 plants ha -1 . Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Plant population density was the main-plot and hybrids the subplot. The results indicated that leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), mean leaf area index (MLAI), ear number m -2 (EN) increased and net assimilation rate (NAR), harvest index (HI), grains per ear (GN), grain weight (GW) decreased in all hybrids as plant density intensified , as a result, the assimilate transmission rate reduced, the leaf senescence ac celerated, physiological activity declined. During the growth period, the changes of LAI, LAD showed a single peak curve. The peak of LAI appeared at silking, the peak of chlorophyll content appeared at grain filling and peak of high value duration of LAD appeared from full-grown to milky maturity. The peak of NAR appeared from seeding stage to jointing and from silking to grain filling respectively. The photosynthetic characteristics were different in plant density treatments. The highest grain yield of Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958, Jidan 209 was obtained in the treatments of 90 000 plants ha -1 , 75 000 plants ha -1 , 90 000 plants ha -1 respectively. Kernel yield per plant decreased in all hybrids as plant density intensified. The density-tolerance of hybrids was Xianyu335>Zhengdan958>Jidan209. The suitable planting density range was 90 000–105 000 plants ha -1 for Xianyu 335, and 75 000–90 000 plants ha -1 for Zhengdan 958 and Jidan 209 .

提高种植密度是玉米高产的重要措施之一，并且群体密度对冠层光合特性与产量有重要影响，为阐明不同基因型玉米品种的耐密性，本研究以先玉335、郑单958、吉单209为供试品种，设置60 000株 hm -2 、75 000株 hm -2 、90 000株 hm -2 、105 000株 hm -2 4 种密度处理，测定并计算6个生育期的叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)、净同化率(NAR)以及产量性能参数平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、平均净同化率(MNAR)、收获指数(HI)、单位面积穗数(EN)、单穗粒数(GN)、千粒重(GW)，并结合产量性能参数的变化对各品种进行耐密性分析。结果表明，不同品种产量性能参数对密度胁迫的反应相同，MLAI、EN与密度呈显著正相关，MNAR、HI、GN、GW与密度呈显著负相关；各品种产量对密度的响应呈一元二次方程关系，并具有良好的相关性；在试验密度范围内，品种耐密性表现以先玉335最好、郑单958次之，吉单209较差，其中，先玉335的适宜密度范围为90 000~105 000株 hm -2 ，郑单958与吉单209的适宜密度范围为75 000~90 000株 hm -2 。

... 陈传永等^[20]认为增加种植密度是玉米获得高产的主要途径之一 ...

2019

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... 张平良等^[21]指出当单株效应对总产量的影响大于群体效应时,会降低群体产量 ...

2009

0.0

... 就施氮量和玉米产量的关系,有研究表明,氮肥是通过对产量构成要素的综合影响,进而形成产量上的差异^[22] ...

2006

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. 2006, 32(11):1746-1751

Effect of nitrogen supply on early kernel development and yield in summer maize (Zea mays L.)

施氮对夏玉米顶部籽粒早期发育及产量的影响

Shen L X , Wei Y P , Wang P

申丽霞, 魏亚萍, 王璞

1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; 2 College of Water Conservancy and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China

Maize grain yield is closely associated with kernel number at maturity, and kernel number is affected by apical kernel abortion mainly occurred at early kernel filling stage. Improving apical kernel development and reducing apical kernel abortion can contribute to increment of kernels per ear. Th

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料，对不同施氮水平下顶部籽粒的早期发育状况及产量进行了研究。结果表明，施氮明显促进关键酶活性的增强，促进顶部籽粒的早期发育。当施氮量为180 kg/hm 2 时，顶部籽粒的酸性蔗糖转化酶（AI）、中性蔗糖转化酶（NI）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGase）、淀粉

... 申丽霞等^[23]研究发现玉米产量随施氮量的增加先增加后降低 ...

2000

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. 2000, (1):9-11

Responses of leaf physiological traits to density and density tolerance of new maize hybrids

玉米叶片生理特性对密度的反应与耐密性

Liu K C , Wang Q C , Zhang X Q

刘开昌, 王庆成, 张秀清

利用玉米新杂交种探讨了生理特性对密度的反应及其与耐密性的关系,结果发现,叶片生理特性对密度增加反应敏感,并与品种耐密系数存在联系,耐密性较强的品种叶向值随密度增加变化幅度较大,叶面积减少慢,光合速率对密度增加反应较迟钝,高密度时仍保持较高的光合速率、蒸腾速率,气孔导度降低缓慢,气孔阻力增加慢.

... 相关研究表明,在一定群体密度下,密度与玉米叶片生育后期的光合速率和叶绿素含量呈负相关^[24] ...

2009

0.0

... 桑丹丹等^[25]研究发现玉米籽粒产量的高低主要取决于生育后期的光合速率 ...

2007

0.0

... 种植密度的增加虽然能提高玉米产量,但也会使叶片的叶绿素含量降低,叶片出现早衰,从而降低光合能力,造成籽粒产量下降^[26] ...

2012

0.0

. 2012, 23(10):2766-2772

Effects of nitrogen deposition on leaf physiological and ecological characteristics of Lindera aggregata seedlings

氮沉降对乌药幼苗生理生态特性的影响

Wang Q , Jin Z X , Peng L Q

王强, 金则新, 彭礼琼

( 1 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China;  2 Institute of Ecology, Taizhou University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China;  3 School of Nature Reserve, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

From June 2010 to July 2011, a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nitrogen deposition on the leaf physiological and ecological characteristics of  Lindera aggregate  seedlings. Three levels of NH 4 NO 3 ,  i.e ., lowN (2 g·m -2 ·a -1 ), mediumN (8 g·m -2 ·a -1 ), and highN (32 g·m -2 ·a -1 ), were added to simulate nitrogen deposition, and the seedling leaf photosynthesis, relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. After oneyear treatment, the daily mean values of the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and the maximum net photosynthetic rate ( P n max ) at low, medium and high levels of NH 4 NO 3  addition were 47.0%, 117.8% and 41.2%, and 82;6%, 191.3% and 152.2% higher than those of the control (no NH 4 NO 3  addition), respectively, with the highest values at medium level of NH 4 NO 3  addition. The intercellular CO 2 concentration, daily mean stomatal conductance, light saturation point, and apparent quantum yield in the three treatments of NH 4 NO 3  addition were all higher than those of the control, and the dark respiration rate was the highest in treatment high-N. The relative chlorophyll content was the highest in treatment medium-N, followed by in treatment highN, and had no significant difference between treatment lowN and the control. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters varied with the levels of NH 4 NO 3  addition. The PSⅡ primary chemical efficiency ( F v / F m ) and PSⅡ potential activity ( F v / F o ) were the lowest in treatment high-N, the superoxide dismutase activity was higher in nitrogen addition treatments than in the control, and the peroxidase activity, malonydialdehyde content, and membrane permeability were the highest in treatment high-N. All the results suggested that nitrogen deposition enhanced the photosynthetic ability of  L. aggregata  seedlings, with the most obvious effects in treatment medium-N, and altered the other physiological traits of the seedlings to different degrees.

2010年6月—2011年7月，采用盆栽模拟氮沉降试验，比较了不同氮浓度处理(CK 0 g·m -2 ·a -1 、低氮 2 g·m -2 ·a -1 、中氮8 g·m -2 ·a -1 、高氮32 g·m -2 ·a -1 )下乌药幼苗光合作用、相对叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的差异，探讨氮沉降对乌药幼苗生理生态特性的影响.结果表明：经过1年的低氮、中氮和高氮处理，乌药幼苗叶片的日均净光合速率( P n )和最大净光合速率( P n max )分别比对照增加了47.0%、117.8%、41.2%和82.6%、191.3%、152.2%；3种氮处理的乌药幼苗叶片日均 P n 、 P n max 均以中氮处理最高.不同氮浓度处理后乌药幼苗叶片的日均胞间CO 2 浓度、日均气孔导度、光饱和点和表观量子效率均高于对照，暗呼吸速率以高氮处理最高.乌药幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量以中氮处理最高，其次是高氮处理，低氮处理与对照无显著差异.不同氮处理使乌药幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光参数发生改变，PSⅡ原初光能转化效率、PSⅡ潜在活性均以高氮处理最低.3种氮处理的乌药幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照，而过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、膜透性均以高氮处理最高.氮沉降提高了乌药幼苗的光合能力，以中氮处理的效果最为明显，对其他生理指标也产生了不同程度的影响.

... 此外,氮素与植物叶片的叶绿素含量密切相关^[27] ...

2019

0.0

... 适宜的施氮量可以延缓玉米叶片的衰老,延长叶面积指数的高值持续时间,提高叶片的光合作用,从而提高产量^[28,29] ...

2015

0.0

. 2015, 41(8):1246-1256 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.01246

Effects of nitrogen fertilization application regime on dry matter, nitrogen accumulation and transportation in summer maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage

氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

Wu W M , Chen H J , Wang S J

武文明, 陈洪俭, 王世济

1 Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; 2 College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China

Field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2012 to clarify the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under waterlogging at the seedling stage in summer maize cultivar “Zhengdan958”. Under both waterlogging and control (normal watering) conditions, we implemented four treatments with total N amount of 240 kg ha -1 in all treatments and different N application ratios at land preparation, jointing, and big trumpet stages (10:0:0 for N1, 7:3:0 for N2, 5:5:0 for N3, and 3:5:2 for N4). The results showed that waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased grain yield by 24.2 % –25.7 %, postponement of nitrogen application was able to alleviate the effect of waterlogging on grain yield. The grain yield was affected more by kernel number per ear than by 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield was positively correlated to the maximum LAI at silking stage and harvest index, while not to grain-leaf ratio. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), especially LAI of under-ear layer. Postponed nitrogen application increased the LAI of ear layer and above-ear layer to compensate the LAI decrease of under-ear layer, and the compensation effect was higher than the decrease effect of waterlogging stress, which resulted in higher LAI compared to the nitrogen application in advance. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased dry matter accumulation, and increased the transportation amount after silking stage. Postponed nitrogen application enhanced the accumulation of dry matter and laid the foundation for increasing grain yield. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage also significantly decreased nitrogen accumulation of different organs, and decreased nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to the grain, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Compared with nitrogen applied in advance, postponed nitrogen application significantly increased the nitrogen content of different organs, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Waterlogging stress decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen, postponed nitrogen application increased the nitrogen uptake efficiency by 0.9% to 18.2%, and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen by 1.0% to 17.5% .

以玉米品种郑单 958 为试验材料，研究不同氮肥运筹方式 [ 氮肥全部基施 (N1) 、基肥 70%+ 拔节肥 30%(N2) 、基肥 50%+ 拔节肥 50%(N3) 和基肥 30%+ 拔节肥 50%+ 大喇叭口肥 20%(N4)] 对苗期受渍夏玉米叶面积指数 (LAI) 、干物质积累、氮素吸收积累及产量的影响，以期为苗期受渍夏玉米合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明，苗期渍水 7 d 降低夏玉米产量，降幅达 24.2 %~ 25.7 % ，氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。玉米产量与穗粒数的相关性大于与千粒重的相关性；吐丝期最大 LAI 和收获指数与产量存在极显著相关性，但粒叶比与产量间无显著相关性。苗期渍水 7 d 降低群体 LAI ，氮肥后移能增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的 LAI 以弥补穗下层 LAI 降低导致的群体 LAI 下降，且弥补的效应大于渍害导致穗下层 LAI 降低的效应，进而使得苗期渍水 7 d 下氮肥后移的群体 LAI 较氮肥前移增大。苗期渍水 7 d 显著降低吐丝后干物质积累量，渍水使营养器官干物质积累转运量增大；氮肥前移处理使营养器官干物质向籽粒的转运量增大，但不利于吐丝后籽粒干物质积累，氮肥后移处理则显著提高了吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率。苗期渍水 7 d 使夏玉米各器官氮素积累量下降，吐丝后营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量和吐丝后籽粒氮素积累量低于对照，表明苗期渍水 7 d 处理不利于籽粒中氮素的积累。氮肥后移能够提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量。渍水 7 d 处理使氮素吸收效率和偏生产力显著低于对照，随着氮肥后移，氮素吸收效率提高 0.9%~18.2% 、偏生产力提高 1.0%~17.5% 。

... 适宜的施氮量可以延缓玉米叶片的衰老,延长叶面积指数的高值持续时间,提高叶片的光合作用,从而提高产量^[28,29] ...