在模拟降水和践踏处理复合作用下长芒草典型草原土壤可蚀性研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 模拟降水和试验践踏通过各种不同强度的组合方式改变土壤抗蚀性,从而起到对草地土壤侵蚀的增减作用。在同一模拟降水量条件下,随着践踏强度的逐渐加大,土壤可蚀性K值依次增大,表明践踏增大了放牧侵蚀的风险;但K值的增幅显然与模拟降水量相关,践踏强度由轻度递增到重度,K值的增幅在干旱、自然降水、平水、丰水条件下依次为干旱>自然降水>平水和丰水,表明模拟降水和践踏对K值的影响存在交互效应,模拟降水具有减缓K值随践踏强度增大的趋势。从简单相关关系来看,K值与践踏强度呈极显著正相关(相关系数0.741),与降水呈负相关(相关系数-0.378),但K值并不是可以由践踏强度和模拟降水量二元线性回归可以解说地。与传统回归模型相比较,BP网络模型能更好地刻画土壤可蚀性K值的复杂非线性特性,具有自学习、自组织、自适应和容错性等一系列优点,因而,以牧草生长期单位面积累计践踏量和模拟降水量为自变量的土壤可蚀性K值的ANN(artificialneuralnetworks)关系模型具有较好的拟合结果和预测能力,说明直接从输入到草地生态系统的外侵蚀营力着手,跨越系统内土壤可蚀性变化的内在的复杂的隐含过程建立的输出端——土壤可蚀性K值与土壤侵蚀外营力的ANN关系模型,是准确确定土壤可蚀性K值的一次成功尝试。

Abstract: Soil erodibility differed with various combinations of experimental trampling and simulated rainfall. Under the same simulated rainfall condition, the soil erodibility factor, k, increased as the trampling intensity increased, suggesting that trampling enhanced grazing-induced erosion risk. However, the amplitude of the k value was apparently related to the levels of simulated rainfall: the k value changed in the sequence arid>natural>average>high. There was an interaction between the effects of trampling and simulated rainfall on the k value. Simulated rainfall reduced the trend of k value increase while an increase in trampling intensity did the opposite. A positive correlation was found between the k value and trampling intensity (Coefficient=0.741), and a negative correlation between k value and rainfall level (Coefficient=-0.378). Compared with traditional regression models, the artificial neutral network (ANN) model shows many advantages, such as self-studying, self-organizing, self-adapting and fault tolerance. Therefore k was calculated using the ANN model, based on the independent variables of accumulated trampling effects per unit area and simulated rainfall. The ANN model allows the complicated soil erodibility mechanisms to be skipped and to directly establish the relationship between soil erodibility and factors influencing it. e.g. trampling and rainfall. This study is an innovative attempt to evaluate soil erodibility more precisely.

中图分类号:

S155.4⁺7

林慧龙,王苗苗,李学玲,王钊齐. 在模拟降水和践踏处理复合作用下长芒草典型草原土壤可蚀性研究[J]. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 76-87.

LIN Hui-long,WANG Miao-miao, LI Xue-ling, WANG Zhao-qi. A study on soil erodibility in a combined experimental trampling and simulated rainfall experiment on a Stipa bungeana steppe in Huanxian County, Gansu Province, China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 76-87.

参考文献

[1] 刘秉正, 吴发启. 土壤侵蚀[M]. 西安: 陕西人民出版社, 1997.
[2] Govers G, LobbD A, Quine T A. Tillage erosion and translocation: Emergence of a new paradigm in soil erosion research[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 1999, 51: 167-174.
[3] Lindstrom M J, Lobb D A, Schumacher T E. Tillage erosion: An overview[J]. Annals of Arid Zone, 2001, 40: 337-349.
[4] Van Oost K, Govers G, de Alba S, et al. Tillage erosion: A review of controlling factors and implications for soil quality[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 2006, 30: 443-466.
[5] Lobb D A, Kachanoski R G. Modelling tillage erosion in topographically complex landscapes of southwestern Ontario, Canada[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 1999, 51: 261-278.
[6] Lindstrom M J, Schumacher J A, Schumacher T E. TEP: A tillage erosion prediction model to calculate soil translocation rates from tillage[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 55: 105-108.
[7] Torri D, Borselli L. Clod movement and tillage tool characteristics for modelling tillage erosion[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002, 57(1): 24-28.
[8] Alba S De, Lindstrom M, Schumacher T E, et al. Soil landscape evolution due to soil redistribution by tillage: A new conceptual model of soil catena evolution in agricultural landscapes[J]. Catena, 2004, 58: 77-100.
[9] Li S, Lobb D A, Lindstrom M J, et al. Tillage and water erosion on different landscapes in the northern North American Great Plains evaluated using 137Cs technique and soil erosion models[J]. Catena, 2007, 70: 493-505.
[10] Lal R. Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J]. Science, 2004, 304(11): 1623-1627.
[11] Bricklemyer R S, Lawrence R L, Miller P R. Predicting tillage practices and agricultural soil disturbance in north central Montana with Landsat imagery[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2006, 114: 210-216.
[12] Li S, Lobb D A, Lindstrom M J. Tillage translocation and tillage erosion in cereal-based production in Manitoba, Canada[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2007, 94: 164-182.
[13] 伍芬琳, 李琳, 张海林. 保护性耕作对农田生态系统净碳释放量的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(12): 2035-2039.
[14] Pimentel D, Kounang N. Ecology of soil erosion in ecosystems[J]. Ecosystems, 1998, 1: 416-426.
[15] Pimentel D, Harvey C, Resosudarmo P. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits[J]. Science, 1995, 267: 1117-1123.
[16] Evans R. Soil erosion in the UK initiated by grazing animals[J]. Applied Geography, 1997, 17(2): 127-141.
[17] Evans R. Curtailing grazing-induced erosion in a small catchment and its environs, the Peak District, Central England[J]. Applied Geography, 2005, 25: 81-95.
[18] Savabi M R, Giffor G F. Application of selected soil loss equations to trampled soil conditions[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 1987, 23(4): 709-716.
[19] 林慧龙, 龙瑞军, 任继周. 放牧侵蚀研究回顾与展望[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008, 27(12): 2222-2227.
[20] 闫玉春, 唐海萍. 草地退化相关概念辨析[J]. 草业学报, 2008, 17(1): 93-99.
[21] 许志信, 赵萌莉. 过度放牧对草原土壤侵蚀的影响[J]. 中国草地, 2001, 23(6): 59-63.
[22] 许志信, 李永强. 草地退化对水土流失的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2003, 17(1): 65-68.
[23] Rowntree K, Duma M, Kakembo V, et al. Debunking the myth of overgrazing[J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2004, 15: 203-214.
[24] Huang D, Wang K, Wu W L. Dynamics of soil physical and chemical properties and vegetation succession characteristics during grassland desertification under sheep grazing in an agro-pastoral transition zone in Northern China[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, 70: 120-136.
[25] Sadeghi S H R, Azari M, GhaderiVangah B. Field evaluation of the Hillslope Erosion Model (HEM) in Iran[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2008, 99(2): 304-311.
[26] Stanley W T, Alexandra C M. The cow as a geomorphic agent-A critical review[J]. Geomorphology, 1995, 13: 233-253.
[27] Thornes J B. Coupling erosion, vegetation and grazing[J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2005, 16: 127-138.
[28] Thornes J B. Modelling soil erosion by grazing: Recent developments and new approaches[J]. Geographical Research, 2007, 45(1): 13-26.
[29] Pietola L, Horn R, Yli-Halla M. Effects of trampling by cattle on the hydraulic and mechanical properties of soil[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2005, 82: 99-108.
[30] Zhao H L, Zhao X Y, Zhou R L, et al. Desertification processes due to heavy grazing in sandy rangeland, Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2005, 62: 309-319.
[31] Golodet C, Boeken B. Moderate sheep grazing in semiarid shrubland alters small-scale soil surface structure and patch properties[J]. Catena, 2006, 65: 285-291.
[32] Hoffmann C, Funka R, Wielandb R. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, 72: 792-804.
[33] Savadogo P, Sawadogo L, Tiveau D. Effects of grazing intensity and prescribed fire on soil physical and hydrological properties and pasture yield in the savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2007, 118: 80-92.
[34] Betteridge K, Mackay A D, Stepberd T G. Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil[J]. Anstralian Journal of Soil Research, 1999, 37(4): 743-760.
[35] 侯扶江, 常生华, 于应文, 等. 放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(4): 133-139.
[36] 林慧龙, 侯扶江, 任继周. 放牧家畜的践踏强度指标探讨[J]. 草业学报, 2008, 17(1): 85-92.
[37] Stavi I, Lavee H, Ungar E D, et al. Ecogeomorphic feedbacks in semiarid rangelands: A review[J]. Pedosphere, 2009, 19(2): 217-229.
[38] 张荣华, 安沙舟, 杨海宽, 等. 模拟放牧强度对针茅再生性能的影响[J]. 草业科学, 2008, 25(4): 141-144.
[39] Laska G. The disturbance and vegetation dynamics: A review and an alternative framework[J]. Plant Ecology, 2001, 157(11): 77-99.
[40] Poesen J W A. Erosion, flooding and channel management in Mediterranean environments of southern Europe[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 1997, 21(2): 157-199.
[41] Butler D R. Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[42] Stefan M M, Colin K B. Footpath morphology and terrain sensitivity on high plateaux: The Mamore Mountains, Western Highlands of Scotland[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2008, 33(1): 40-54.
[43] Gao Z Q, liu J Y. Simulation study of China’s net primary production[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(3): 434-443.
[44] 杨文治. 黄土高原土壤水分研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.
[45] 王效科, 欧阳志云, 肖寒, 等. 中国水土流失敏感性分布规律及其区划研究[J]. 生态学报, 2001, 21(1): 14-19.
[46] 朱显漠, 张相麟, 雷文进. 径河流域土壤侵蚀现象及其演变[J]. 土壤学报, 1954, 2(4): 209-222.
[47] 陈明华, 周福建, 黄炎和. 土壤可蚀性因子的研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 1995, 9(1): 19-24.
[48] 刘宝元, 张科利, 焦菊英. 土壤可蚀性及其在侵蚀预报中的应用[J]. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14(4): 345-350.
[49] 彭坷珊. 中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析[J]. 首都师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 21(2): 88-94.
[50] 张科利, 蔡永明. 土壤可蚀性动态变化规律研究[J]. 地理学报, 2001, 56(6): 673-681.
[51] 王小丹, 钟祥浩, 范建容. 西藏水土流失敏感性评价及其空间分异规律[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(2): 183-188.
[52] 宋阳, 刘连友, 严平, 等. 土壤可蚀性研究述评[J]. 干旱区地理, 2006, 29(1): 124-131.
[53] 张科利, 彭文英, 杨红丽. 中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算[J]. 土壤学报, 2007, 44(1): 7-13.
[54] 齐矗华, 甘枝茂. 黄土高原侵蚀地貌与水土流失关系研究[M]. 西安: 陕西教育出版社, 1991: 12-89.
[55] 郝高建, 赵先贵. 甘肃省环县生态环境建设及生态农业发展模式研究[J]. 水土保持研究, 2004, 11(1): 23-26.
[56] Ren J Z, Hu Z Z, Zhao J, et al. A Grassland classification system and its application in China[J]. The Rangeland Journal, 2008, 30: 199-209.
[57] 林慧龙, 侯扶江, 李飞. 环县典型草原地下生物量对放牧家畜践踏的响应[J]. 草地学报, 2008, 16(2): 186-190.
[58] 林慧龙, 任继周. 践踏和降水对环县典型草原土壤颗粒分维特征的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2009, 18(4): 85-92.
[59] 林慧龙, 徐震, 王金山. 环县典型草原滩羊夏季放牧践踏模拟同质性试验[J]. 中国草地学报, 2008, 3: 22-27.
[60] Sheldrick B H, Wang C. Particle size distribution[A]. In: Carter M R. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis[M]. FL: Lewis Publishers, Division of C RC Press, 1993: 499-511.
[61] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1999: 638.
[62] 中国土壤学会编. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000: 146-195, 272-276.
[63] 季天委. 重铬酸钾容量法中不同加热方式测定土壤有机质的比较研究[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2005, 17(5): 311-313.
[64] 邵月红, 潘剑君, 许信旺, 等. 浅谈土壤有机碳密度及储量的估算方法[J]. 土壤通报, 2006, 37(5): 1007-1011.
[65] Sharpley A N, Williams J R. EPIC-Erosion productivity impact calculator: 1 Model documentation[A]. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No.1768[C]. Temple, TX: US Department of Agriculture, 1990.
[66] Hertz J A, Krogh A S, Palmer R G. Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation[M]. Redwood City, CA: Addison Wesley, 1991: 115-162, 217-227.
[67] 叶其孝. 大学生数学建模竞赛辅导教材[M]. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社, 1998: 49-69.
[68] 冯利华. 基于ANN的土壤侵蚀研究[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1999, 5(6): 105-109.
[69] 赵西宁, 吴普特, 冯浩, 等. 坡面土壤侵蚀产沙的神经网络模拟[J]. 土壤学报, 2006, 43(2): 324-327.
[70] 周继成, 周青山, 韩飘扬. 人工神经网络-第六代计算机的实现[M]. 北京: 科学普及出版社, 1993: 47-51.
[71] 陈明. 神经网络模型[M].大连: 大连理工大学出版社, 1995.
[72] 董长虹. MATLAB神经网络与应用[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2005.
[73] 柳承茂. MATLAB 5.X入门与应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999.
[74] Lehmann A, Leathwick J R, Overton J McC. Assessing New Zealand fern diversity from spatial predictions of species assemblages[J]. Biodivers, Conserv, 2002, 11: 2217-2238.
[75] Lehmann A, Overton J M, Leathwick J R. GRASP: Generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2002, 157: 189-207.
[76] Lin H L, Zhuang Q M. Adaptive extent and seed yield predictions for Microula sikkimensis grown in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China[J]. Ecological Modeling, 2007, 201: 507-520.
[77] Chepil W S. Properties of soil which influence wind erosion: 1. The governing principle of surface roughness[J]. Soil Science, 1950, 69: 149-162.