Abstract: The effects of rotary tillage with no stubble (RT), rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RTS), no-till without stubble (NT), no-till with 6 000 kg/ha (NTS₆₀₀₀), and no-till with 3 000 kg/ha (NTS₃₀₀₀), on weed communities structure and species diversity was studied in field experiments using a community ecology method. Compared with RT, the NT, NTS₃₀₀₀, and NTS₆₀₀₀ treatments increased perennial weed species, but there was no significant difference in the species richness. NT, NTS₃₀₀₀ and NTS₆₀₀₀ significantly reduced the summed dominance ratio (SDR) of Lithospermum arvense, but increased the SDR of Capsella bursa-pastoris. RTS significantly reduced the SDR of L. arvense, but increased the SDR of Descurainia sophia. The species diversity of weed communities varied significantly between different tillage systems. The Bray-Curtis index and hierarchical cluster analysis classified the weed communities of different tillage systems into two categories: CategoryⅠ(NT, NTS₆₀₀₀ and NTS₃₀₀₀) where no-till was implemented, and category Ⅱ (RTS and RT) where rotary tillage was implemented. The species richness of categoryⅠwas a little larger than that of category Ⅱ, but the species diversity and community evenness were much larger than those of category Ⅱ. However, the community dominance of category Ⅰwas significantly smaller than that of category Ⅱ.