荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆土壤水分空间分布及入渗特征

doi:10.11686/cyxb2016083

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究选取民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆3个演化阶段:雏形阶段(流动白刺沙堆)、沙堆形成阶段(发育20年,半固定白刺沙堆)和结皮与土壤形成阶段(发育40年,固定白刺沙堆)为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究不同类型沙堆土壤物理属性对水分空间分布及入渗的影响,探索白刺灌丛沙堆土壤水分运行规律,为绿洲荒漠过渡带防护林体系优化配置、绿洲生态安全管理奠定理论基础。结果表明,1)土壤紧实度和结皮厚度:固定白刺沙堆>半固定白刺沙堆>流动白刺沙堆。2)表层土壤密度流动、半固定、固定白刺沙堆分别为2.32,2.30,1.95 g/cm³;最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量和总孔隙度大小为:固定白刺沙堆>半固定白刺沙堆>流动白刺沙堆,而深层土壤各因子变化不稳定。3)在干旱季节,固定、半固定和流动白刺沙堆分别以0,70,150 cm土层含水量最小,50,130,110 cm土层含水量最大;在多雨季节,表层土壤含水量波动幅度较大,深层土壤含水量基本保持不变。4)不同演化阶段沙堆降雨量与累计入渗量之间存在显著的正相关性(P<0.01)。其中固定、半固定白刺沙堆随降雨事件的发生立即开始入渗,流动白刺沙堆当降雨量达到临界降雨量后才开始入渗。在降雨量相同情况下,当降雨量大于0.12 mm时,累积入渗量依次为:固定白刺沙堆>半固定白刺沙堆>流动白刺沙堆。

Abstract: This study utilized Nitraria tangutorun nebkhas vegetation growing in a desert-oasis ecotone in Minqin to investigate space distribution of soil moisture content and the influence of soil physical properties, particularly soil hardness and crust thickness on water distribution and infiltration of the three evolutionary stages of soil formation; stable sand dune, sand dune formation and moving sand. The aim was to explore the effect of N. tangutorun nebkhas on soil moisture and to establish a theoretical foundation for protective systems for oasis-desert ecotones. The results as follows: 1) Soil hardness and crust thickness were highest in the stable dune, intermediate in forming dunes and least in moving sand. 2) Soil surface bulk density was 2.32, 2.30 and 1.95 g/cm³ in moving sand, forming dunes and stable dunes respectively; maximum water holding capacity, capillary water content, field capacity and total porosity was highest in the stable dune, intermediate in the forming dune and least in the moving sand. Soil physical properties in the subsurface layer were variable in all dune formation stages. 3) In the dry season, the lowest soil moisture contents occurred in soils from forming dunes and moving sand at 0, 70, 150 cm depth, maximum soil moisture occurred at 50, 130, 110 cm; in the rainy season, surface soil moisture content fluctuated while soil moisture at depth was relatively stable. 4) There were significant correlations between rainfall and infiltration in all three stages of soil formation (P<0.01). Water infiltration after rainfall events occurred immediately instable and forming dune soils whereas infiltration in moving sand only occurred when rainfall reached a critical threshold; with rainfall greater than 0.12 mm, infiltration was highest in the stable dune, intermediate in forming dune and least in moving sand.

席军强, 赵翠莲, 杨自辉, 郭树江, 王强强, 张剑挥. 荒漠绿洲过渡带白刺灌丛沙堆土壤水分空间分布及入渗特征[J]. 草业学报, 2016, 25(11): 15-24.

XI Jun-Qiang, ZHAO Cui-Lian, YANG Zi-Hui, GUO Shu-Jiang, WANG Qiang-Qiang, ZHANG Jian-Hui. Soil moisture spatial distribution and infiltration characteristics of Nitraria nebkha in an oasis-desert ecotone[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(11): 15-24.

参考文献

[1] Jia B Q, Ci L J. The primary estimation of water demand by the eco-environment in Xinjiang. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2000, 20(2): 243-250.
[2] Huang S Z. Oasis Research[M]. Beijing: Scientific Publishing, 2003: 9-13.
[3] Zhang X S. Ecological restoration and sustainable agricultural paradigm of mountain-oasis-ecotone-desert system in the north of the Tianshan mountains. Acta Botanica Sinica: English editon, 2001, 43(12): 1294-1299.
[4] Jia B Q, Ci L J. Oasis Landscape Ecology Research[M]. Beijing: Scientific Publishing, 2003: 7-25.
[5] Wang X, Wang T, Dong Z, et al . Nebkha development and its significance to wind erosion and land degradation in semi-arid northern China. Journal of Arid Environments, 2006, 65(1): 129-141.
[6] Wang T, Wu W, Xue X, et al . Time space evolution of desertification land in northern China. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(3): 230-235.
[7] Wang X M, Dong Z B, Zhang J W, et al . Geomorphology of sand dunes in the northeast Taklimakan Desert. Geomorphology, 2002, 42: 183-195.
[8] Wang X M, Dong Z B, Zhang J W, et al . Formation of the complex linear dunes in the central Taklimakan Sand Sea, China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2004, 29: 677-686.
[9] Yue X L, Ha S, Zhuang Y M, et al . Studies on sandy grassland nebkhas-A review. Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(5): 738-743.
[10] Tengberg A. A nebkhas dunes as indicators of wind erosion and land degradation in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso. Journal of Arid Environment, 1995, 30: 265-282.
[11] Dougill A J, Thomas A D. Nebkhas dunes in the Molopo Basin, South Africa and Botswana: Formation controls and their validity as indicators of soil degradation. Journal of Arid Environments, 2002, 50: 413-428.
[12] Jia B Q, Ci L J, Cai T J, et al . Preliminary research on changing soil water characters at ecotone between oasis and desert. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2002, 26(2): 203-208.
[13] Wang B. Water and Heat Balance and Its Coupling Simulation at Transitional Region between Oasis and Desert[M]. Beijing: The Science & Technology Press, 2003.
[14] Du J H, Yan P, E Y H. Distribution patterns and characteristics of Nitraria tangutorun nebkha at its different evolvement stages in the Minqin County of Gansu Province. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(8): 1165-1170.
[15] Tengberg A, Faso B. A comparative analysis of nebkhas in central Tunisia and northern Burkina Faso. Aeolian an Environments, 1998, 22: 181-192.
[16] Hesp P, McLachlan A. Morphology, dynamics, ecology and fauna of Arctotheca populifolia and Gazania rigens nabkha dunes. Journal of Arid Environments, 2000, 44(2): 155-172.
[17] Langford R P. Nebkha (coppice dune) fields of south-central New Mexico, U.S.A. Journal of Arid Environments, 2000, 46(1): 25-41.
[18] Han S L, Ye D M, Qin J Q, et al . Moisture content and physical properties of Nitraria tangutorum in the Ulanbu Desert. Arid Zone Research, 2005, 28(4): 506-510.
[19] Zhang J C, Zhao C M, Zhang Y C, et al . A research between photosynthetic, transpiration characteristics and impact of irrigated vegetation of Haloxylon ammodendron and Nitraria tangutorum . Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(1): 70-76.
[20] Zhao C M, Wei X P, Wei Q S, et al . Photosynthetic characteristics of Nitraria tangutorum and Haloxylon ammodendron in the ecotone between oasis and desert in Minqin, Region, Country. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8): 1908-1913.
[21] He Z B, Zhao W Z. Spatial pattern of two dominant shrub populations at transitional zone between oasis and desert of Heihe river basin. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(6): 947-952.
[22] Luo J B, Sun B P. Study on techniques of vegetation restoration in arid region-A case research along the Yuelianghu highway in the Tengger Desert, China. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2005, 19(4): 205-208.
[23] Yang Z H, Gao Z H. Impact of precipitation and underground water level in the edge of oases on growth and decline of Nitraria tangugtorum community. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecologe, 2000, 11(6): 923-926.
[24] Ashish B, Monica B. Microbial diversity in desert ecosystems. Microbial Diversity, 2005, (1): 91-100.
[25] Shamir I, Steinberger Y. Vertical distribution and activity of soil microbial population in a sandy desert ecosystem. Microbial Diversity, 2007, (2): 349-347.
[26] Chanal A, Chapon V, Benzerara K, et al . The desert of Tataouine: an extreme environment that hosts a wide diversity of microorganisms and radio tolerant bacteria. Environmental Microbiology, 2006, (3): 514-525.
[27] Orlando J, Alfaro M, Bravo L, et al . Bacterial diversity and occurrence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the Atacama Desert soil during a “desert bloom” event. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2010, (7): 1183-1188.
[28] Dou H X, Wang M J. The temporal and spatial dynamics of soil seed bank under different types of sand dunes in Hunshandake sandy land. Pratacultural Science, 2008, 25(3): 116-118.
[29] Guo Y R, Zhao H L, Zhao X Y, et al . Study on crust development and its influences on soil physicochemical properties in Horqin Sand. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(1): 135-139.
[30] Yang X J, Wang Y S, Duan L D, et al . Changes of soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities among restoration stages of Langshan Forest Park, Hunan Province. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(1): 142-148.
[31] Hu L, Wang C T, Wang G X, et al . Changes in the activities of soil enzymes and microbial community structure at different degradation successional stages of alpine meadows in the headwater region of three rivers, China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(3): 8-19.
[32] Lu R J, Tang Q L, Wei D S, et al . Rain water infiltration at dunes under various rainfall events in sandy and to the east of Qinghai lake. Journal of Desert Research, 2013, 33(5): 797-802.
[33] Williams J D. Microphytic crust influence on interrill erosion and infiltration capacity. Engin, 1995, 38(1): 139-146.
[34] Tyler S W, Wheatcrafu S W. Application of fractal mathematics to soil water retention estimation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1989, 53: 987-996.
[35] Liu N J. Effect of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron forest on the physical and chemical properties of sand soil. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2008, 39(6): 1480-1482.
[36] Xu L H, Wang J H, Li Y, et al . Variations of soil physical properties in desertification reversion process at south edge of Tengger Desert. Journal of Desert Research, 2008, 28(4): 690-694.
[37] Zhu Y J, Jia Z Q. Water source of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in autumn at the southeast edge of Badain Jaran Desert. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012, 48(8): 1-5.
[1] 贾宝全. 新疆生态用水量的初步估算. 生态学报, 2000, 20(2): 243-250.
[2] 黄盛璋. 绿洲研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003: 9-13.
[3] 张新时. 天山北部山地-绿洲-过渡带-荒漠系统的生态建设与可持续农业范式. 植物学报:英文版, 2001, 43(12): 1294-1299.
[4] 贾宝全, 慈龙骏. 绿洲景观生态研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2003: 7-25.
[12] 贾宝全, 慈龙骏, 蔡体久, 等. 绿洲-荒漠交错带土壤水分变化特征初步研究. 植物生态学报, 2002, 26(2): 203-208.
[13] 王兵. 绿洲荒漠过渡区水热平衡规律及其耦合模拟研究[M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2003.
[14] 杜建会, 严平, 俄有浩. 甘肃民勤不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆分布格局及特征. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(8): 1165-1170.
[18] 韩胜利, 叶冬梅, 秦佳琪, 等. 乌兰布和沙漠白刺灌丛土壤水分及物理特性的研究. 干旱区地理, 2005, 28(4): 506-510.
[19] 张锦春, 赵长明, 张应昌, 等. 灌溉植被梭梭、白刺光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(1): 70-76.
[20] 赵长明, 魏小平, 尉秋实, 等. 民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带植物白刺和梭梭光合特性. 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1908-1913.
[21] 何志斌, 赵文智. 黑河流域荒漠绿洲过渡带两种优势植物种群空间格局特征. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(6): 947-952.
[22] 罗俊宝, 孙保平. 腾格里沙漠月亮湖公路沿线退化白刺沙堆封育及其防沙效益. 干旱区资源与环境, 2005, 19(4): 205-208.
[23] 杨自辉, 高志海. 荒漠绿洲边缘降水和地下水对白刺群落消长的影响. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11(6): 923-926.
[28] 窦红霞, 王明玖. 浑善达克沙地不同沙堆类型土壤种子库时空动态. 草业科学, 2008, 25(3): 116-118.
[29] 郭轶瑞, 赵哈林, 赵学勇, 等. 科尔沁沙地结皮发育对土壤理化性质影响的研究. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(1): 135-139.
[30] 杨贤均, 王业社, 段林东, 等. 湖南良山森林公园不同植被条件下土壤微生物量及酶活性研究. 草业学报, 2014, 23(1): 142-148.
[31] 胡雷, 王长庭, 王根绪, 等. 三江源区不同退化演替阶段高寒草甸土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的变化. 草业学报, 2014, 23(3): 8-19.
[32] 鲁瑞洁, 唐清亮, 魏殿生, 等. 青海湖湖东沙地不同沙堆降雨入渗研究. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(5): 797-802.
[35] 刘乃君. 人工梭梭林对沙地土壤理化性质的影响. 水土保持通报, 2008, 39(6): 1480-1482.
[36] 徐丽恒, 王继和, 李毅, 等. 腾格里沙漠南缘沙漠化逆转过程中的土壤物理性质变化特征. 中国沙漠, 2008, 28(4): 690-694.
[37] 朱雅娟, 贾志清. 秋季巴丹吉林沙漠东南缘人工梭梭林水分来源. 林业科学, 2012, 48(8): 1-5.