小麦/玉米/大豆套作和施氮对玉米生长及氮吸收利用的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2016125

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为研究小麦/玉米/大豆套作种植模式和施氮水平对玉米生长、产量及氮吸收利用规律的影响,进行了2个种植模式(玉米单作和小麦/玉米/大豆套作)和2013年3个施氮水平(0,180,360 kg/hm²)及2014年4个施氮水平(0,90,180,270 kg/hm²)的双因素随机区组实验,以期揭示施氮及套作对玉米产量的影响规律,为进一步提高小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系产量提供理论依据。研究结果表明,1)在N₀及N₉₀处理下套作玉米的产量分别比单作低20.5%、7.5%,表现为套作劣势,而在N₁₈₀、N₂₇₀、N₃₆₀处理下,套作玉米与单作玉米产量无显著差异。2)单/套作玉米地上部生物量在各生育时期均表现为随施氮量的增加先增加后略有降低,干物质积累速率均在吐丝期到收获期达到最大。相对单作,各施氮处理下小麦对套作玉米的茎秆生长均产生显著不利影响,在拔节期套作玉米茎秆生长率比单作低12.5%,这种影响随施氮量的增加而减小,在施氮量到达180 kg/hm²后影响不显著。3)在N₀、N₉₀处理下,单作玉米花期氮积累量在生殖生长期更多转运到籽粒,而在N₁₈₀、N₂₇₀、N₃₆₀处理下,套作花期前氮积累量转移到籽粒的比例更高。而两种模式下均以施氮180~270 kg/hm²下氮转运指标最优,这说明在该施氮条件下最有利于提高植株氮素转运机能。综上所述,适量施氮有利于稳定小麦/玉米/大豆套作种植模式中的玉米产量,提高氮的吸收转运效率,减轻小麦对玉米生长和氮吸收利用的影响,本研究条件下,套作玉米施氮量以180 kg/hm²为宜。

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of wheat/maize/soybean intercropping and nitrogen levels on maize growth and nitrogen (N) uptake. We conducted a double-factor randomized block experiment with two planting patterns (sole cropping and wheat/maize/soybean intercropping), with three N levels (0, 180, and 360 kg/ha) in 2013 and four N levels (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg/ha) in 2014. The overall aim was to determine the effect of N fertilizer and intercropping on maize yield, and then to further improve the wheat/maize/soybean intercropping system. The results showed that: 1) intercropped maize in the N₀ and N₉₀ treatments showed 20.5% and 7.5% lower yields, respectively, than that of sole-cropped maize (i.e., an intercropping disadvantage). In the N₁₈₀, N₂₇₀, and N₃₆₀ treatments, there was no significant difference in maize yield between the sole cropping and intercropping planting patterns. As the nitrogen supply increased, the dry matter content in maize first increased and then decreased. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate in maize was at the spinning to harvest stage. Compared with sole-cropping, intercropping significantly and negatively affected the stem growth of maize in all N treatments. The maize stem growth rate was 12.5% lower in the intercrop than in the sole crop at the jointing stage, but this effect was mitigated when the amount of N fertilizer applied was 180 kg/ha or greater. The maize biomass and N accumulation in maize were significantly lower in the intercropping system than in the sole cropping system, and N transformation from nutritional organs to the seeds was also lower in the N₀ and N₉₀ treatments than in the sole cropping system. In the N₁₈₀, N₂₇₀, and N₃₆₀ treatments, the maize biomass and N accumulation in maize did not differ significantly between the two cropping systems, while the N transformation rate was higher in the intercropping system than in the sole cropping system. The highest N optimum transport index was in the N₁₈₀ and N₂₇₀ treatments, indicating that these treatments were most favorable for N-transporter function. In conclusion, it is important to provide the right amount of N to provide stability to the wheat/maize/soybean relay-planting system. Optimizing the amount of N supplied can increase maize yield, improve the efficiency of N absorption and transport, and reduce the effects of the growth and N absorption of maize on wheat. Under the conditions of this study, the amount of N fertilizer required for intercropped maize was 180 kg/ha.

陈远学, 王科, 赵亚妮, 王佳锐, 徐开未. 小麦/玉米/大豆套作和施氮对玉米生长及氮吸收利用的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(2): 171-179.

CHEN Yuan-Xue, WANG Ke, ZHAO Ya-Ni, WANG Jia-Rui, XU Kai-Wei. Effects of wheat/maize/soybean intercropping and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and nitrogen uptake of maize[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(2): 171-179.

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