典型地表覆盖物对西南丘陵山区梯田边坎土壤可蚀性的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024514

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

西南丘陵山区新建梯田边坎易受到降水冲刷，进而形成侵蚀沟，导致严重的水土流失问题。本研究在重庆市石柱县新建高标准农田区选取了草本植被覆盖、生物结皮覆盖和裸地（对照）梯田边坎，探究了典型地表覆盖物对梯田边坎土壤可蚀性的影响。结果表明，相较于裸地边坎，草本植被覆盖和生物结皮覆盖显著提高了梯田边坎的土壤饱和导水率、团聚体平均质量直径、平均水滴数和粘聚力，显著降低了梯田边坎土壤可蚀性K因子、崩解速率、最大崩解率和土壤可蚀性能综合指数（CSEI）。与裸地边坎相比，草本植被覆盖和生物结皮覆盖边坎的CSEI分别降低了57.7%和35.6%，然而，不同覆盖类型的梯田边坎在不同生长周期内CSEI的变化规律存在差异：裸地和草本植被覆盖的CSEI呈逐渐减小趋势，裸地CSEI由0.82减小到0.60，草本植被CSEI由0.45减小到0.14；而生物结皮覆盖的CSEI则表现为先减小后增大，CSEI由7月的0.45减小到8月的0.24，然后增大到11月的0.58。通径分析表明，草本植被覆盖边坎CSEI变化主要由植被生长驱动的土壤结构变化引起；生物结皮覆盖的边坎变化则与生物结皮的固结作用密切相关；裸地边坎的变化则主要受有机质含量变化的影响。本研究揭示了梯田边坎不同覆盖类型对土壤可蚀性的影响机制，为提升梯田边坎稳定性提供了理论支持和实践依据。

关键词: 土壤可蚀性, 梯田边坎, 地表覆盖物, 水土流失

Abstract:

In the hilly and mountainous areas of southwest China， newly constructed terraced field embankments are highly susceptible to rainfall erosion， which can lead to the formation of eroded gullies and severe soil and water losses. In this study， we investigated the effect of different surface cover types on the soil erodibility of embankments. The study was conducted in a newly developed high-standard farmland area in Shizhu County， Chongqing， and soils from terraced embankments with herbaceous vegetation cover， biological crust cover， and bare land cover （control） were analyzed. The results demonstrated that， compared with soil from bare land embankments， soils from embankments with herbaceous vegetation cover and biocrust cover showed significantly increased saturated hydraulic conductivity， mean weight diameter of aggregates， average number of droplets， and soil cohesion， and significantly lower soil erodibility （K-factor）， disintegration rate， maximum disintegration rate， and comprehensive soil erodibility index （CSEI）. The CSEI of soils from embankments with herbaceous vegetation cover and biological crust cover was 57.7% and 35.6% lower， respectively， than the CSEI of soil from bare land embankments. The changes in the CSEI of soils from different types of embankments were monitored from mid-summer （July） to early winter （November）. The CSEI of soils changed over time， and the pattern of change differed among the three types of embankments. The CSEI of soils from embankments with bare land cover and with herbaceous vegetation cover exhibited a gradually decreasing trend over time. The CSEI of soil from bare land embankments decreased from 0.82 to 0.60， and the CSEI of soil from embankments with herbaceous vegetation cover decreased from 0.45 to 0.14. In contrast， the CSEI of soil from embankments with biological crust cover first decreased （from 0.45 in July to 0.24 in August） and then increased （to 0.58 in November）. Path analysis indicated that the changes in the CSEI of soil in embankments with herbaceous vegetation cover were mainly driven by soil structural changes due to vegetation growth； the changes in the CSEI of soil in embankments with biological crust cover were closely related to the consolidation effect of the biological crust； and the changes in the CSEI of the soil in bare land embankments were primarily influenced by changes in organic matter content. The results of this study reveal the mechanisms by which different cover types affect the erodibility of soils in terraced embankments， providing scientific technical data and practical guidance for improving the stability of these structures.

Key words: soil erodibility, terrace ridges, surface cover, soil erosion

张胜辉, 朱平宗, 罗伏林, 王定斌, 陈晓燕. 典型地表覆盖物对西南丘陵山区梯田边坎土壤可蚀性的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(11): 40-52.

Sheng-hui ZHANG, Ping-zong ZHU, Fu-lin LUO, Ding-bin WANG, Xiao-yan CHEN. Effects of typical surface cover types on the soil erodibility of terrace risers in the hilly regions of southwestern China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(11): 40-52.

图/表 11

图1 植被覆盖样地（A）与生物结皮覆盖样地（B）

Fig.1 Vegetation-covered site （A） and biological crust-covered site （B）

图2 草本植被和生物结皮生长特性

Fig.2 Growth characteristics of herbaceous vegetation and biological crusts

图3 不同地表覆盖类型梯田边坎近地表土壤性质差异不同小写字母表示不同地表覆盖类型间差异显著（P<0.05）。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different land cover types （P<0.05）. 下同The same below.

Fig.3 Differences in near-surface soil properties of terrace embankments under different surface cover types

图4 不同地表覆盖类型梯田边坎近地表土壤变化特征

Fig.4 Variation characteristics of near-surface soil in terrace embankments under different surface cover types

图5 不同覆盖类型梯田边坎土壤可蚀性指标差异

Fig.5 Differences in soil erodibility indicators of terrace embankments under different cover types

图6 不同覆盖类型梯田边坎土壤可蚀性性能变化

Fig.6 Variation in soil erodibility indicators of edge ridges with different vegetation cover types

图7 不同覆盖类型梯田边坎土壤可蚀性综合指数差异及其变化特征

Fig.7 Differences and variation in soil erodibility index for different vegetation cover types of edge ridges

表1 土壤可蚀性综合指数与近地表特征之间相关分析结果

Table 1 The result of Pearson correlation between comprehensive soil erodibility index and near surface characteristics

边坎类型

Edge type

地表覆

盖度

Coverage

结皮厚度

Biological crust thickness

砂粒含量Sand

content

粉粒含量Silt

content

黏粒含量Clay

content

容重

Bulk

density

总孔隙度

Total

porosity

毛管孔隙度

Capillary

porosity

田间持水量Field capacity

有机质含量Organic matter content

表2 草本覆盖边坎土壤可蚀性综合指数变化通径分析结果

Table 2 The path analysis result for seasonal variation in comprehensive soil erodibility index of herbaceous covered terraced edge

自变量 Argument	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient				总通径系数 Total path coefficient
自变量 Argument	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage	总孔隙度 Total porosity	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity	合计 Total	总通径系数 Total path coefficient
植被覆盖度Vegetation coverage	-0.436	-	-0.153	-0.126	-0.279	-0.715
总孔隙度Total porosity	-0.519	-0.182	-	-0.257	-0.439	-0.958
毛管孔隙度Capillary porosity	-0.320	-0.107	-0.230	-	-0.337	-0.658

表3 生物结皮覆盖边坎土壤可蚀性综合指数变化通径分析结果

Table 3 The path analysis result for seasonal variation in comprehensive soil erodibility index of biocrust covered terraced edge

自变量 Argument	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient					总通径系数Total path coefficient
自变量 Argument	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	有机质Organic matter content	结皮厚度Biological crust thickness	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity	砂粒含量Sand content	合计Total	总通径系数Total path coefficient
有机质含量Organic matter content	-0.299	-	-0.194	0.009	0.064	-0.121	-0.420
结皮厚度Biological crust thickness	-0.528	-0.343	-	0.155	-0.147	-0.335	-0.863
毛管孔隙度Capillary porosity	-0.271	0.008	0.134	-	0.060	0.203	-0.068
砂粒含量Sand content	0.260	-0.056	0.002	-0.058	-	-0.111	0.149

表4 裸地梯田边坎土壤可蚀性综合指数通径分析结果

Table 4 The path analysis result for seasonal variation in comprehensive soil erodibility index of bare terraced edge

自变量

Argument

直接通径系数

Direct path coefficient

间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient

总通径系数Total path coefficient

有机质Organic matter content

粉粒含量Silt content

合计Total

有机质含量Organic matter content

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