草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 196-211.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025212
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
周亚楠(
), 徐玉麟(
), 别欣亚, 袁金泉, 谷颖超, 王紫莹, 杨得玉, 孙璐, 闫忠心, 刘书杰, 崔占鸿(
)
收稿日期:2025-05-27
修回日期:2025-07-07
出版日期:2026-05-20
发布日期:2026-03-11
通讯作者:
崔占鸿
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: cuizhanhong27@126.com基金资助:
Ya-nan ZHOU(
), Yu-lin XU(
), Xin-ya BIE, Jin-quan YUAN, Ying-chao GU, Zi-ying WANG, De-yu YANG, Lu SUN, Zhong-xin YAN, Shu-jie LIU, Zhan-hong CUI(
)
Received:2025-05-27
Revised:2025-07-07
Online:2026-05-20
Published:2026-03-11
Contact:
Zhan-hong CUI
摘要:
本研究基于转录组学技术,以14头42日龄健康公牦牛犊牛[体重(36.30±1.09) kg,遗传背景一致]为研究对象,随机分为低(dC组,代乳粉饲喂量为平均体重的0.8%)和高(dH组,代乳粉饲喂量为平均体重的1.2%)代乳粉饲喂量两组,探究其对脾脏和胸腺免疫功能的影响。试验期间犊牛自由采食开食料及苜蓿干草,经30 d预试期后,当体重达60 kg以上且固体饲料日采食量超过1 kg时,每组随机选取5头屠宰取样,采集脾脏和胸腺组织样品用于相关指标的测定分析。结果表明:1)转录组学结果显示,牦牛犊牛脾脏中,高代乳粉饲喂量显著促进脾脏免疫相关基因(如CXCL14、CXCL11、CXCL9)的上调,且差异表达基因显著富集在病毒蛋白与细胞因子和细胞因子受体的相互作用、细胞DNA感应途径、趋化因子信号通路、RIG-Ⅰ样受体信号通路等,增强了脾脏的抗病能力。2)牦牛犊牛胸腺中,高代乳粉饲喂量中抗原呈递相关基因(HSPA6、HSPA1A)及Toll/Imd通路基因(MAPK10)表达增强,且差异表达基因显著富集在抗原处理和表达、细胞色素P450对外源物质代谢的影响、Toll和Imd信号通路等。3)牦牛犊牛胸腺和脾脏组织实时荧光定量PCR结果与测序结果一致,表明测序结果可靠。综上所述,相较于低代乳粉饲喂量,高代乳粉饲喂量组犊牛脾脏调节病毒蛋白与宿主免疫系统的相互作用影响病毒-宿主互作,同时还能影响病毒防御相关通路(如干扰素信号通路)的激活程度;胸腺能够优化抗原呈递细胞的加工和表达功能,进而提高犊牛的免疫能力,为牦牛犊牛早期免疫发育的营养干预提供理论依据。
周亚楠, 徐玉麟, 别欣亚, 袁金泉, 谷颖超, 王紫莹, 杨得玉, 孙璐, 闫忠心, 刘书杰, 崔占鸿. 基于转录组学分析代乳粉饲喂量对42日龄断奶牦牛犊牛脾脏和胸腺发育的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(5): 196-211.
Ya-nan ZHOU, Yu-lin XU, Xin-ya BIE, Jin-quan YUAN, Ying-chao GU, Zi-ying WANG, De-yu YANG, Lu SUN, Zhong-xin YAN, Shu-jie LIU, Zhan-hong CUI. Transcriptomics-based analysis of the effect of feeding weaned yak calves with milk replacer powder on their spleen and thymus development[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(5): 196-211.
营养水平 Nutrient levels | 代乳粉 Milk replacer | 开食料 Starter | 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein (CP,%) | 26.24 | 21.34 | 13.68 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (EE,%) | 27.79 | 7.01 | 5.79 |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF,%) | - | 15.55 | 43.00 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF,%) | - | 4.90 | 29.39 |
| 钙Calcium (Ca,%) | 2.50 | 0.80 | 1.45 |
| 磷Phosphorus (P,%) | 1.40 | 0.55 | 0.34 |
| 钙/磷 Ca/P | 1.79 | 1.45 | 4.26 |
表1 代乳粉、开食料和苜蓿干草营养水平(干物质基础)
Table 1 Nutrient levels of milk replacer, starter and alfalfa hay (dry matter basis)
营养水平 Nutrient levels | 代乳粉 Milk replacer | 开食料 Starter | 苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay |
|---|---|---|---|
| 粗蛋白质Crude protein (CP,%) | 26.24 | 21.34 | 13.68 |
| 粗脂肪Ether extract (EE,%) | 27.79 | 7.01 | 5.79 |
| 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber (NDF,%) | - | 15.55 | 43.00 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维Acid detergent fiber (ADF,%) | - | 4.90 | 29.39 |
| 钙Calcium (Ca,%) | 2.50 | 0.80 | 1.45 |
| 磷Phosphorus (P,%) | 1.40 | 0.55 | 0.34 |
| 钙/磷 Ca/P | 1.79 | 1.45 | 4.26 |
基因名称 Gene name | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5′-3′) | 长度 Length (bp) |
|---|---|---|
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体9 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) | S:AATGGGAATGAAGCCTGCCTA | 208 |
| A:AACACAAGATAGTGGTTGGTGAAGT | ||
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体11 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11) | S:GGCCCTGGAGTAAAAGCAGT | 154 |
| A:TAGCTTTCGCTTGCTTTGCC | ||
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体14 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) | S:CACCACCAAGAGCATGTCCA | 168 |
| A:TCCCAACCGGTGTGAAGTTT | ||
DExD/H-box解旋酶58 DExD/H-box helicase 58 (DDX58) | S:TAAGTTCCAACAAGGGGCTGAT | 145 |
| A:TTCTCTACCATCCACAGTTCGCT | ||
环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (CGAS) | S:TTAGAAGGGGGAATCTTATCGGC | 144 |
| A:TCTAATCAGAAGTGTTACAGCAGGG | ||
Z-DNA结合蛋白1 Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) | S:TAAAGCCCTGATGATCGCCA | 288 |
| A:ACAGAGCCCATTTGTCTCACTAG |
表2 脾脏基因引物信息
Table 2 Gene primer information for spleen
基因名称 Gene name | 引物序列 Primer sequences (5′-3′) | 长度 Length (bp) |
|---|---|---|
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体9 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) | S:AATGGGAATGAAGCCTGCCTA | 208 |
| A:AACACAAGATAGTGGTTGGTGAAGT | ||
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体11 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11) | S:GGCCCTGGAGTAAAAGCAGT | 154 |
| A:TAGCTTTCGCTTGCTTTGCC | ||
C-X-C基序趋化因子配体14 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) | S:CACCACCAAGAGCATGTCCA | 168 |
| A:TCCCAACCGGTGTGAAGTTT | ||
DExD/H-box解旋酶58 DExD/H-box helicase 58 (DDX58) | S:TAAGTTCCAACAAGGGGCTGAT | 145 |
| A:TTCTCTACCATCCACAGTTCGCT | ||
环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合成酶 Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (CGAS) | S:TTAGAAGGGGGAATCTTATCGGC | 144 |
| A:TCTAATCAGAAGTGTTACAGCAGGG | ||
Z-DNA结合蛋白1 Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) | S:TAAAGCCCTGATGATCGCCA | 288 |
| A:ACAGAGCCCATTTGTCTCACTAG |
| 基因名称Gene name | 引物序列Primer sequences (5′-3′) | 长度Length (bp) |
|---|---|---|
热休克蛋白家族A(Hsp70)成员1A Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A (HSPA1A) | S:CTACGTGGCCTTCACCGATAC | 220 |
| A:AACGCCTTGGTCTCCCTTGTA | ||
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶10 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (MAPK10) | S:GGAGCTGATGGATGCTAACTTGT | 88 |
| A:ACACAACATTTGGTAGAGCAGGTAA | ||
热休克蛋白家族A(Hsp70)成员6 Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) | S:ATCTTCTGCTGCTGGATGTGG | 133 |
| A:TTGTCTGAATAGGTGGTGAAAGTC | ||
双氧化酶1 Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) | S:AGGAAGAACGGCAAGTGATGG | 164 |
| A:GGAGAAAAGGTGCCTGAAAAAG | ||
T细胞受体α可变区基因8-3 T cell receptor alpha variable gene 8-3 (TRAV8-3) | S:CATCAACGTCTCTGAAGGAAACC | 207 |
| A:GCTTTCATCAGGTGGAAGGAGTT | ||
杀伤细胞凝集素样受体C1 Killer cell lectin like receptor C1 (KLRC1) | S:CAAGGGAATGAGGAGAACTACCA | 291 |
| A:AGAAGCACAGGCTGTCAAACTC |
表3 胸腺基因引物信息
Table 3 Gene primer information for thymus
| 基因名称Gene name | 引物序列Primer sequences (5′-3′) | 长度Length (bp) |
|---|---|---|
热休克蛋白家族A(Hsp70)成员1A Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A (HSPA1A) | S:CTACGTGGCCTTCACCGATAC | 220 |
| A:AACGCCTTGGTCTCCCTTGTA | ||
丝裂原活化蛋白激酶10 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (MAPK10) | S:GGAGCTGATGGATGCTAACTTGT | 88 |
| A:ACACAACATTTGGTAGAGCAGGTAA | ||
热休克蛋白家族A(Hsp70)成员6 Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) | S:ATCTTCTGCTGCTGGATGTGG | 133 |
| A:TTGTCTGAATAGGTGGTGAAAGTC | ||
双氧化酶1 Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) | S:AGGAAGAACGGCAAGTGATGG | 164 |
| A:GGAGAAAAGGTGCCTGAAAAAG | ||
T细胞受体α可变区基因8-3 T cell receptor alpha variable gene 8-3 (TRAV8-3) | S:CATCAACGTCTCTGAAGGAAACC | 207 |
| A:GCTTTCATCAGGTGGAAGGAGTT | ||
杀伤细胞凝集素样受体C1 Killer cell lectin like receptor C1 (KLRC1) | S:CAAGGGAATGAGGAGAACTACCA | 291 |
| A:AGAAGCACAGGCTGTCAAACTC |
图1 脾脏差异基因火山图P42_12: dH组脾脏Spleen sample from the dH group; P42_8: dC组脾脏Spleen sample from the dC group. P-value: P值; FoldChange: 差异倍数. 下同The same below.
Fig.1 Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes in the spleen
图3 脾脏差异表达基因京都基因与基因组百科全书气泡图EnvIP.: Environmental information processing; Metab.: Metabolism process; OrgaS.: Organismal systems. 下同The same below.
Fig.3 Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) bubble diagram of differentially expressed genes in the spleen
KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | NDEG | 主要差异表达基因名称 Name of major differentially expressed genes | 调控 Regulation |
|---|---|---|---|
病毒蛋白与细胞因子和细胞因子受体的相互作用 Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor | 3 | CXCL14, CXCL11, CXCL9 | 上调Up |
| 细胞DNA感应途径Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway | 3 | DDX58, ZBP1, CGAS | 下调Down |
| 趋化因子信号通路Chemokine signaling pathway | 4 | CXCL14, CXCL11, CXCL9 | 上调Up |
| 腺苷酸环化酶8 Adenylate cyclase 8 (ADCY8) | 下调Down | ||
| RIG-Ⅰ样受体信号通路RIG-Ⅰ-like receptor signaling pathway | 3 | DDX58, 干扰素刺激基因15 Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) | 下调Down |
表4 代乳粉饲喂量对牦牛犊牛脾脏京都基因与基因组百科全书通路以及相关差异表达基因的影响
Table 4 Effect of milk replacer feeding allowance on spleen Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways and associated differential expressed genes of yak calves
KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | NDEG | 主要差异表达基因名称 Name of major differentially expressed genes | 调控 Regulation |
|---|---|---|---|
病毒蛋白与细胞因子和细胞因子受体的相互作用 Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor | 3 | CXCL14, CXCL11, CXCL9 | 上调Up |
| 细胞DNA感应途径Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway | 3 | DDX58, ZBP1, CGAS | 下调Down |
| 趋化因子信号通路Chemokine signaling pathway | 4 | CXCL14, CXCL11, CXCL9 | 上调Up |
| 腺苷酸环化酶8 Adenylate cyclase 8 (ADCY8) | 下调Down | ||
| RIG-Ⅰ样受体信号通路RIG-Ⅰ-like receptor signaling pathway | 3 | DDX58, 干扰素刺激基因15 Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) | 下调Down |
图4 实时荧光定量PCR验证差异基因表达水平*代表两组数据存在显著差异(P<0.05)。下同。* indicates a significant difference between two sets of data (P<0.05). The same below.
Fig.4 Differential mRNA expression level by qRT-PCR validation
图5 胸腺差异基因火山图X42_12: dH组胸腺Thymus sample from the dH group; X42_8: dC组胸腺Thymus sample from the dC group. 下同The same below.
Fig.5 Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes in the thymus
KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | NDEG | 主要差异表达基因名称 Name of major differentially expressed genes | 调控 Regulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 抗原处理和表达Antigen processing and presentation | 4 | 热休克蛋白家族A (Hsp70) 成员6和1A Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 and 1A(HSPA6, HSPA1A), 杀伤细胞凝集素样受体C1 Killer cell lectin like receptor C1 (KLRC1) | 上调Up |
| T细胞受体α可变区基因8-3 T cell receptor alpha variable gene 8-3 (TRAV8-3) | 下调Down | ||
| 细胞色素P450对外源物质代谢的影响Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | 2 | 细胞色素P450家族2亚家族F成员3 Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily F member 3(CYP2F3), 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶Alpha 1 Glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1) | 上调Up |
| Toll和Imd信号通路Toll and Imd signaling pathway | 2 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶10 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (MAPK10) | 上调Up |
| 双氧化酶 1 Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) | 下调Down |
表5 代乳粉饲喂量对牦牛犊牛胸腺京都基因与基因组百科全书通路以及相关差异表达基因的影响
Table 5 Effect of milk replacer feeding allowance on thymus Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways and associated differential expressed genes of yak calves
KEGG通路名称 KEGG pathway name | NDEG | 主要差异表达基因名称 Name of major differentially expressed genes | 调控 Regulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 抗原处理和表达Antigen processing and presentation | 4 | 热休克蛋白家族A (Hsp70) 成员6和1A Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 and 1A(HSPA6, HSPA1A), 杀伤细胞凝集素样受体C1 Killer cell lectin like receptor C1 (KLRC1) | 上调Up |
| T细胞受体α可变区基因8-3 T cell receptor alpha variable gene 8-3 (TRAV8-3) | 下调Down | ||
| 细胞色素P450对外源物质代谢的影响Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | 2 | 细胞色素P450家族2亚家族F成员3 Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily F member 3(CYP2F3), 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶Alpha 1 Glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1) | 上调Up |
| Toll和Imd信号通路Toll and Imd signaling pathway | 2 | 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶10 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (MAPK10) | 上调Up |
| 双氧化酶 1 Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) | 下调Down |
图8 实时荧光定量PCR验证差异基因表达水平**代表两组数据存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。** indicates a significant difference between two sets of data (P<0.01).
Fig.8 Differential mRNA expression level by qRT-PCR validation
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