内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2015286

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于1981-2005年内蒙古草原火的统计资料分析表明,内蒙古草原在25年间共发生草原火3142次,其中人为火占68.84%,雷击火占5.19%,未查明起火原因草原火占25.97%。草原火强度主要以Ⅳ、Ⅲ级草原火为主,占查明起火原因草原火的81.15%。草原火的年发生次数总体呈减少趋势,但在21世纪初有所增加,且春、秋季是草原火的高发期,其中人为火在4月份发生次数最多,而雷击火集中于5,6月份。草原人为火发生时段集中在9:00-16:00,雷击火主要在13:00-17:00。内蒙古草原火的发生区域呈东北向西南减少的条带状分布,其中位于呼伦贝尔市的新巴尔虎右旗、陈巴尔虎旗、牙克石市和鄂伦春自治旗是发生草原火次数最多的4个旗(县),累计发生次数在119~187次之间。研究结果表明,内蒙古草原火预防工作在区域上应集中在内蒙古中、东部和东北部地区,在时间上拟关注春季,特别是白天9:00-16:00时段。

Abstract: Analyses of a dataset for grassland fires in Inner Mongolia from 1981 to 2005 showed that there were 3142 grassland fires in the last 25 years. Among them, 68.84% were caused by human activities, 5.19% were caused by lightening, and 25.97% were attributed to unknown causes. Grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ fires accounted for the majority (81.17%) of grassland fires with known causes. The number of grassland fires generally decreased over time, but tended to increase in the early 21st century. Spring and autumn were the main fire seasons, with more human-caused fires in April and more lightning-caused fires in May and June. During the main fire seasons, human-caused fires tended to occur between 9:00 am to 16:00 pm, while lightning-caused fires mainly started between 13:00 pm and 17:00 pm. In terms of geographical distribution, the number of grassland fires in Inner Mongolia decreased from the northeast to the southwest. The areas with the most fires were the Xin Barag Right Banner, the Chenbarhu Banner, and the Yakeshi-Oroqen Autonomous Banner, the total number of fires in these regions ranged from 119 to 187. These results indicate that the grassland fire prevention region in Inner Mongolia should include its central, eastern and northeast regions, and that efforts to detect and control fires should be made in the spring, especially between 9:00 am and 16:00 pm.

周怀林, 王玉辉, 周广胜. 内蒙古草原火的时空动态特征研究[J]. 草业学报, 2016, 25(4): 16-25.

ZHOU Huai-Lin, WANG Yu-Hui, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. Temporal and spatial dynamics of grassland fires in Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(4): 16-25.

参考文献

[1] Vogl R J. Effects of fire on grasslands. In: Kozlowski T T, Ahlgren C E. Fire and Ecosystems[M]. New York: Elsevier Press, 1974: 139-194.
[2] Daubenmire R. Ecology of fire in grasslands. Advances in Ecological Research, 1968, 5: 209-266.
[3] Tainton N M, Mentis M T. Fire in grassland. In: Booysen P V, Tainton N M. Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems[M]. Berlin: Springer Press, 1984: 115-147.
[4] Whelan R J. The Ecology of Fire[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[5] Yan Z Q, Qi Y C, Dong Y S, et al . Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosytems in response to climate and human activies. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6): 279-292.
[6] Zhou G S, Lu Q. The Weather and Forest Grassland Fires[M]. Beijing: China Meteorogucal Press, 2009.
[7] Wang Z F. Forest Meteorology[M]. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press, 1985.
[8] Du X X, Guo S C, Deng W Z, et al . Research on the paterns of the forest and grassland fires in Hulunbuir. Meteorolgy Journal of Inner Mongolia, 1997, (3): 13-33.
[9] Zhou D W, Zhou Y L. Review of fire ecology research. World Forestry Research, 1993, 6(6): 38-44.
[10] Qu Z P, Zheng S X, Bai Y F. Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of grassland fire on Mongolian Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(4): 807-813.
[11] Valendik E N, Ivanova G A, Chuluunbator Z O, et al . Fire in Forest Ecosystem of Mongolia. International Forest Fire News, 1998, 19: 58-63.
[12] Page Y L, Pereira J M, Trigo R, et al . Global fire activity patterns (1996-2006) and climatic influence: an analysis using the World Fire Atlas. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008, 8(7): 1911-1924.
[13] Yue X Q, Zhou D W, Jiang S C. Analysisi on fire in Hulunbeier grassland. Journal of Nothereast Normal University (Natural Science), 1999, (4): 111-116.
[14] Fu Z Q. Research on the tempororal and spatial distribution of grassland in Inner Mongolia. Meteorolgy Journal of Inner Mongolia, 2001, (1): 28-35.
[15] Su H, Liu D Q. Grassland fires in Xilingol. Inner Mongolia Prataculture, 2002, 14(3): 23-24.
[16] Liu G X, Su H, Li S L. The summarization on the fire accident of grassland in Inner Mongolia. Grassland of China, 1999, (4): 77-79.
[17] Guo X X, Li X H, Li S S. Character and pattern of fire in forest and grassland in Inner Mongolian Autonomous region. Meteorology Journal of Inner Mongolia, 2003, (2): 28-30.
[18] Wu W J, Ge M, Jin L. The analysis of forest and grassland fires rules in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Inner Mongolia Forestry, 2003, (4): 29-30.
[19] Li X H. Study of Forest and Grasslands Conflagration Law and Early Warning in the North-east of Inner Mongolia[D]. Beijing: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, 2007.
[20] Li X H, Wu W J, Zhang C H, et al . Impact of climate change on north-eastern of Inner Mongolia grassland forest fire. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2011, 25(11): 114-119.
[21] Li X H, Ren L Y, Liu X R. Impact of climate change on the grassland fires in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(4): 129-133.
[22] Mu S J, Li J L, Yang H F, et al . Spatio-temporal avariation of grassland net primacy productivity and its relationship with climate over the past 10 years in Inner Mongolia. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(3): 6-15.
[23] Chen S H, Gong C N. Regionalization of grassland climate characteristics and ecotypes in Inner Mongolia.Meteorological Science and Technology, 2006, 26(4): 246-249.
[24] Deshmukh I K. A common relationship between precipitation and grassland peak biomass for east and southern Africa. African Journal of Ecology, 1984, 22(3): 181-186.
[25] Wang Y H, Zhou G S. Responses of temporal dynamics of aboveground net primary productivity of Leymus chinensis community to precipitation fluctuation in Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(6): 1140-1145.
[26] Zhou G S, Zhang X S. A natural vegetation NPP model. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 1995, 19(3): 193-200.
[27] You L, Shen J G. Last 50 years of climate changes and the trends in future 10-20 years. Meteorolgy Journal of Inner Mongolia, 2002, (4): 14-18.
[28] Bai M L, Hao R Q, Di R Q, et al . Effects of climatic changes in eastern Inner Mongolia on eco-environmental evolution in last 54 Years. Meteorological Monthly, 2006, 32(6): 31-36.
[29] Gao T, Xiao S J, Wu L. Temporal spatial characteristics of precipitation and temperature in Inner Mongolia for the Last 47 Years (1961-2007). Meteorolgy Journal of Inner Mongolia, 2009, (1): 3-7.
[30] Bao Y, Li X B, Huang L M, et al . Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation in Inner Mongolia from 1961-2007. Arid Land Geography, 2011, 34(1): 52-61.
[31] Zhang C H, Wang M J, Zhang L, et al . Response of meadow steppe ANPP to climate change in Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia-a simulation study. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(3): 41-50.
[32] Zuo W Q, Wang Y H, Wang F Y, et al . Effects of enclosure on the community characteristics of Leymus chinensis in degenerated steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(3): 12-19.
[33] Wang Y H, He X Y, Zhou G S. Study on the responses of Leymus chinensis steppe to grazing in Songnen plain. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2002, 10(1): 45-49.
[34] Pompe A, Vines R G. The influence of moisture on the combustion of leaves. Australian Forestry, 1966, 30(3): 231-241.
[35] Albini F A. Dynamics and modelling vegetation fires: observations. In: Crutzen P J, Goldammer J G. Fire in the Environment: the Ecological, Atmospheric and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires[M]. Chichester: Wiley Press, 1993: 39-52.
[36] Du W L. A Study of Grassland Fire Monitoring and Early Warning and Assessment Inner Mongolia[D]. Inner Mongolia: Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, 2012.
[37] Zhang Z X, Zhang H Y, Li D X, et al . Spatial distribution pattern of human-caused fires in Hulunbeir grassland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(7): 2023-2031.
[38] Tao Y Z, Di X Y, Jin S. Research on temporal and spatial distribution of forest in China. World Forestry Research, 2013, 26(5): 75-80.
[39] Ma W H, Fang J Y, Yang Y H, et al . Biomass carbon stocks and their changes in northern China’s grasslands during 1982-2006. Science China Life Science, 2010, 40(7): 632-641.
[40] Xin X P, Zhang B H, Li G, et al . Variation in spatial pattern of grassland biomass in China from 1982 to 2003. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(9): 1582-1592.
[5] 闫钟清, 齐玉春, 董云社, 等. 草地生态系统氮循环关键过程对全球变化及人类活动的响应与机制. 草业学报, 2014, 23(6): 279-292.
[6] 周广胜, 卢琦. 气象与森林草原火灾[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2009.
[7] 王正非. 森林气象学[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1985.
[8] 杜秀贤, 郭绍存, 邓文政, 等. 呼盟森林及草原火灾发生规律的研究. 内蒙古气象, 1997, (3): 13-33.
[9] 周道玮, 周以良. 火生态学研究评述. 世界林业研究, 1993, 6(6): 38-44.
[10] 曲炤鹏, 郑淑霞, 白永飞. 蒙古高原草原火行为的时空格局与影响因子. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(4): 807-813.
[13] 岳秀泉, 周道玮, 姜世成. 呼伦贝尔草原火灾分析. 东北师范大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, (4): 111-116.
[14] 傅泽强. 内蒙古干草原火灾时空分布动态研究. 内蒙古气象, 2001, (1): 28-35.
[15] 苏和, 刘殿卿. 锡林浩特市草原火灾. 内蒙古草业, 2002, 14(3): 23-24.
[16] 刘桂香, 苏和, 李石磊. 内蒙古草原火灾概述. 中国草地, 1999, (4): 77-79.
[17] 郭西峡, 李兴华, 李树森. 内蒙古自治区森林、草原火灾发生的规律及特征. 内蒙古气象, 2003, (2): 28-30.
[18] 武文杰, 革命, 金茏. 对我区森林草原火灾发生规律的分析. 内蒙古林业, 2003, (4): 29-30.
[19] 李兴华. 内蒙古东北部森林草原火灾规律及预警研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院研究生院, 2007.
[20] 李兴华, 武文杰, 张存厚, 等. 气候变化对内蒙古东北部森林草原火灾的影响. 干旱区资源与环境, 2011, 25(11): 114-119.
[21] 李兴华, 任丽媛, 刘秀荣. 气候变化对内蒙古草原火灾的影响. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(4): 129-133.
[22] 穆少杰, 李建龙, 杨红飞, 等. 内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP 时空变化及其与气候的关系. 草业学报, 2013, 22(3): 6-15.
[23] 陈素华, 宫春宁. 内蒙古气候变化特征与草原生态环境效应. 中国农业气象, 2006, 26(4): 246-249.
[25] 王玉辉, 周广胜. 内蒙古羊草草原植物群落地上初级生产力时间动态对降水变化的响应. 生态学报, 2004, 24(6): 1140-1145.
[26] 周广胜, 张新时. 自然植被净第一性生产力模型初探. 植物生态学报, 1995, 19(3): 193-200.
[27] 尤莉, 沈建国. 内蒙古近50年气候变化及未来10-20年趋势展望. 内蒙古气象, 2002, (4): 14-18.
[28] 白美兰, 郝润全, 邸瑞琦, 等. 内蒙古东部近54年气候变化对生态环境演变的影响. 气象, 2006, 32(6): 31-36.
[29] 高涛, 肖苏君, 乌兰. 近47年(1961-2007年)内蒙古地区降水和气温的时空变化特征. 内蒙古气象, 2009, (1): 3-7.
[30] 包云, 李晓兵, 黄玲梅, 等. 1961-2007年内蒙古降水时空分布. 干旱区地理, 2011, 34(1): 52-61.
[31] 张存厚, 王明玖, 张立, 等. 呼伦贝尔草甸草原地上净初级生产力对气候变化响应的模拟. 草业学报, 2013, 22(3): 41-50.
[32] 左万庆, 王玉辉, 王风玉, 等. 围栏封育措施对退化羊草草原植物群落特征影响研究. 草业学报, 2009, 18(3): 12-19.
[33] 王玉辉, 何兴元, 周广胜. 放牧强度对羊草草原的影响. 草地学报, 2002, 10(1): 45-49.
[36] 都瓦拉. 内蒙古草原火灾监测预警及评价研究[D]. 内蒙古呼和浩特市: 中国农业科学院草原研究所, 2012.
[37] 张正祥, 张洪岩, 李冬雪, 等. 呼伦贝尔草原人为火空间分布格局. 生态学报, 2013, 33(7): 2023-2031.
[38] 陶玉柱, 邸雪颖, 金森. 我国森林火灾发生的时空规律研究. 世界林业研究, 2013, 26(5): 75-80.
[39] 马文红, 方精云, 杨元合, 等. 中国北方草地生物量动态及其与气候因子的关系. 中国科学: 生命科学, 2010, 40(7): 632-641.
[40] 辛晓平, 张保辉, 李刚, 等. 1982-2003年中国草地生物量时空格局变化研究. 自然资源学报, 2009, 24(9): 1582-1592.