草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 1-16.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024494
• 研究论文 •
吕毅1(
), 夏咏1, 李先东1,2(
), 王福红1,3, 赵兰兰1, 丁宁1
收稿日期:2024-12-19
修回日期:2025-02-27
出版日期:2025-11-20
发布日期:2025-10-09
通讯作者:
李先东
作者简介:E-mail: xjxiandong@nwafu.edu.cn基金资助:
Yi LYU1(
), Yong XIA1, Xian-dong LI1,2(
), Fu-hong WANG1,3, Lan-lan ZHAO1, Ning DING1
Received:2024-12-19
Revised:2025-02-27
Online:2025-11-20
Published:2025-10-09
Contact:
Xian-dong LI
摘要:
“双碳”目标下推进畜牧业生态效率提升,是推动畜牧业可持续发展的重要途径,对现代畜牧业建设具有重要意义。综合运用Super-SBM模型测度2006-2020年新疆37个牧业县、半农半牧业县畜牧业生态效率,采用核密度估计、ArcGIS软件进行时空演化特征分析,进而建立空间杜宾模型探析畜牧业生产性服务业对畜牧业生态效率的空间效应。数据分析显示:研究期内新疆畜牧业生态效率呈波动上升趋势,介于0.50~0.65,且南疆的生态效率高于北疆,牧业县高于半农半牧业县。具体而言,新疆畜牧业生态效率表现为区域差异性和空间集聚性,南疆牧业县>南疆半农半牧业县>新疆整体均值>北疆牧业县>北疆半农半牧县,呈“南高北低”的空间特征。实证结果表明,生产性服务业能够显著提升畜牧业生态效率,且具有一定的正向空间溢出效应。为此,研究建议通过完善生产性服务体系建设,提升畜牧业生产性服务业水平;加强区域间的协作与沟通,发挥畜牧业生产性服务业对区域间畜牧业生态效率水平的拉动作用,实现畜牧业可持续发展。
吕毅, 夏咏, 李先东, 王福红, 赵兰兰, 丁宁. 生产性服务业对畜牧业生态效率的空间效应研究——以新疆为例[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(11): 1-16.
Yi LYU, Yong XIA, Xian-dong LI, Fu-hong WANG, Lan-lan ZHAO, Ning DING. Spatial effects of producer services on livestock eco-efficiency: an example from Xinjiang[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(11): 1-16.
类别 Category | 构成 Constitute | 具体指标 Specific index |
|---|---|---|
投入指标 Input index | 资本投入Capital input | 农牧业机械总动力(万kW·h-1) Total power of agricultural and animal husbandry machinery (×104 kW·h-1) |
| 劳动力投入Labor input | 畜牧业就业人数(人) Number of employed persons in animal husbandry (persons) | |
| 土地投入Land input | 可利用草原面积与耕地面积(千hm2) Available grassland area and cultivated land area (×103 hm2) | |
| 自然投入Natural input | NPP均值(反映草地生产能力) NPP mean (reflects grassland quality and productivity) | |
| NDVI均值(反映草地覆盖状况) Average NDVI (reflects the status of grassland cover) | ||
期望产出 Expected output | 畜牧业产值Output value of animal husbandry | 以不变价计算的畜牧业总产值(亿元) Total output value of animal husbandry at constant prices (×108 CNY) |
非期望产出 Undesirable output | 畜牧业碳排放Carbon emission of animal husbandry | 排放因子法测算畜牧业碳排放CO2当量 Estimation of CO2 equivalent of carbon emissions from animal husbandry by emission factor method (t·head-1·a-1) |
| 牲畜粪便污染指数Livestock manure pollution index | 根据产污系数测算牲畜粪便中污染物含量 Measurement of pollutant content in livestock manure based on pollution production coefficient (t·head-1·a-1) |
表1 畜牧业生态效率评价指标体系
Table 1 Ecological efficiency evaluation index system of animal husbandry
类别 Category | 构成 Constitute | 具体指标 Specific index |
|---|---|---|
投入指标 Input index | 资本投入Capital input | 农牧业机械总动力(万kW·h-1) Total power of agricultural and animal husbandry machinery (×104 kW·h-1) |
| 劳动力投入Labor input | 畜牧业就业人数(人) Number of employed persons in animal husbandry (persons) | |
| 土地投入Land input | 可利用草原面积与耕地面积(千hm2) Available grassland area and cultivated land area (×103 hm2) | |
| 自然投入Natural input | NPP均值(反映草地生产能力) NPP mean (reflects grassland quality and productivity) | |
| NDVI均值(反映草地覆盖状况) Average NDVI (reflects the status of grassland cover) | ||
期望产出 Expected output | 畜牧业产值Output value of animal husbandry | 以不变价计算的畜牧业总产值(亿元) Total output value of animal husbandry at constant prices (×108 CNY) |
非期望产出 Undesirable output | 畜牧业碳排放Carbon emission of animal husbandry | 排放因子法测算畜牧业碳排放CO2当量 Estimation of CO2 equivalent of carbon emissions from animal husbandry by emission factor method (t·head-1·a-1) |
| 牲畜粪便污染指数Livestock manure pollution index | 根据产污系数测算牲畜粪便中污染物含量 Measurement of pollutant content in livestock manure based on pollution production coefficient (t·head-1·a-1) |
变量名称 Variable name | 项目 Items | 界定 Define | 均值 Mean | 标准差Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量Variable explained | 畜牧业生态效率Animal husbandry ecological efficiency (LEE) | 由非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测算Measured by Super-SBM model of non-expected output | 0.588 | 0.468 |
| 核心解释变量Core explanatory variable | 畜牧业生产性服务业Livestock productive services (LPSI) | 畜牧业产值/农林牧渔机械总产值×农林牧渔服务业产值Output value of animal husbandry/total output value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery machinery×output value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery service industry | 1057.520 | 1054.165 |
| 控制变量Control variable | 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | 牲畜数量Number of livestock | 75.699 | 38.033 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technical level (LTL) | 畜牧业机械总动力/畜牧业产值Animal husbandry machinery total power/animal husbandry output value | 3.181 | 3.098 | |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate (PUR) | 城镇人口/年末常住人口Urban population/permanent population at the end of the year | 0.428 | 0.217 | |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 畜牧业总产值/畜牧业就业人数Total output value of animal husbandry/number of employed persons in animal husbandry | 4.500 | 3.792 | |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 降水量Precipitation | 17.418 | 9.864 |
表2 变量描述性统计
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of variables
变量名称 Variable name | 项目 Items | 界定 Define | 均值 Mean | 标准差Standard deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被解释变量Variable explained | 畜牧业生态效率Animal husbandry ecological efficiency (LEE) | 由非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测算Measured by Super-SBM model of non-expected output | 0.588 | 0.468 |
| 核心解释变量Core explanatory variable | 畜牧业生产性服务业Livestock productive services (LPSI) | 畜牧业产值/农林牧渔机械总产值×农林牧渔服务业产值Output value of animal husbandry/total output value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery machinery×output value of agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishery service industry | 1057.520 | 1054.165 |
| 控制变量Control variable | 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | 牲畜数量Number of livestock | 75.699 | 38.033 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technical level (LTL) | 畜牧业机械总动力/畜牧业产值Animal husbandry machinery total power/animal husbandry output value | 3.181 | 3.098 | |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate (PUR) | 城镇人口/年末常住人口Urban population/permanent population at the end of the year | 0.428 | 0.217 | |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 畜牧业总产值/畜牧业就业人数Total output value of animal husbandry/number of employed persons in animal husbandry | 4.500 | 3.792 | |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 降水量Precipitation | 17.418 | 9.864 |
图3 新疆畜牧业生态效率空间分布基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站(http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/)GS(2022)1873号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website of the Ministry of Natural Resources (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/) No. GS (2022) 1873 standard map, the base map boundary has not been modified.
Fig.3 Spatial distribution of ecological efficiency of animal husbandry in Xinjiang
年份 Year | Moran’s I | Z值 Z-value | 年份 Year | Moran’s I | Z值 Z-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 0.374*** | 3.272 | 2014 | 0.400*** | 3.483 |
| 2007 | 0.389*** | 3.394 | 2015 | 0.338*** | 2.975 |
| 2008 | 0.367*** | 3.210 | 2016 | 0.333*** | 2.938 |
| 2009 | 0.308*** | 2.729 | 2017 | 0.273*** | 2.448 |
| 2010 | 0.345*** | 3.032 | 2018 | 0.299*** | 2.657 |
| 2011 | 0.355*** | 3.114 | 2019 | 0.270** | 2.418 |
| 2012 | 0.356*** | 3.118 | 2020 | 0.276*** | 2.471 |
| 2013 | 0.310*** | 2.751 |
表3 2006-2020年畜牧业生态效率Moran’s I值
Table 3 Moran’s I value of animal husbandry eco-efficiency from 2006 to 2020
年份 Year | Moran’s I | Z值 Z-value | 年份 Year | Moran’s I | Z值 Z-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 0.374*** | 3.272 | 2014 | 0.400*** | 3.483 |
| 2007 | 0.389*** | 3.394 | 2015 | 0.338*** | 2.975 |
| 2008 | 0.367*** | 3.210 | 2016 | 0.333*** | 2.938 |
| 2009 | 0.308*** | 2.729 | 2017 | 0.273*** | 2.448 |
| 2010 | 0.345*** | 3.032 | 2018 | 0.299*** | 2.657 |
| 2011 | 0.355*** | 3.114 | 2019 | 0.270** | 2.418 |
| 2012 | 0.356*** | 3.118 | 2020 | 0.276*** | 2.471 |
| 2013 | 0.310*** | 2.751 |
统计量 Quantity of statistics | 统计值 Value of statistics | 统计量 Quantity of statistics | 统计值 Value of statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 空间误差模型的拉格朗日乘数检验LM-spatial error | 8.527*** | 空间滞后项的沃尔德检验Wald-spatial lag | 36.510*** |
| 稳健的空间误差模型拉格朗日乘数检验Robust LM-spatial error | 4.559*** | 空间误差项的沃尔德检验Wald-spatial error | 36.410*** |
| 空间滞后模型的拉格朗日乘数检验LM-spatial lag | 13.661*** | 豪斯曼检验Hausman | 15.880*** |
| 稳健的空间滞后模型拉格朗日乘数检验Robust LM-spatial lag | 9.692*** | 空间固定效应似然比检验LR test (spatial fixed effect) | 20.200** |
| 空间滞后模型的似然比检验LR-spatial lag | 35.390*** | 时间固定效应似然比检验LR test (time fixed effect) | 1308.620*** |
| 空间误差模型的似然比检验LR-spatial error | 35.750*** |
表4 空间计量模型的选择检验
Table 4 Selection test of spatial metrology model
统计量 Quantity of statistics | 统计值 Value of statistics | 统计量 Quantity of statistics | 统计值 Value of statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 空间误差模型的拉格朗日乘数检验LM-spatial error | 8.527*** | 空间滞后项的沃尔德检验Wald-spatial lag | 36.510*** |
| 稳健的空间误差模型拉格朗日乘数检验Robust LM-spatial error | 4.559*** | 空间误差项的沃尔德检验Wald-spatial error | 36.410*** |
| 空间滞后模型的拉格朗日乘数检验LM-spatial lag | 13.661*** | 豪斯曼检验Hausman | 15.880*** |
| 稳健的空间滞后模型拉格朗日乘数检验Robust LM-spatial lag | 9.692*** | 空间固定效应似然比检验LR test (spatial fixed effect) | 20.200** |
| 空间滞后模型的似然比检验LR-spatial lag | 35.390*** | 时间固定效应似然比检验LR test (time fixed effect) | 1308.620*** |
| 空间误差模型的似然比检验LR-spatial error | 35.750*** |
解释变量 Explanatory variables | 空间杜宾模型Spatial Durbin model (SDM) | 空间滞后模型Spatial lag model (SLM) | 空间误差模型Spatial error model (SEM) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | |
| 畜牧业生产性服务业Producer services of animal husbandry (LPSI) | 0.011** | 2.36 | 0.011** | 2.36 | 0.010** | 2.28 |
| 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | -0.453*** | -8.33 | -0.451*** | -8.44 | -0.448*** | -8.37 |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate of population (PUR) | -0.055** | -2.06 | -0.048* | -1.79 | -0.047** | -1.75 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technology level (LTL) | 0.022*** | 4.50 | 0.023*** | 4.57 | 0.024*** | 4.81 |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 0.054** | 1.95 | 0.061** | 2.32 | 0.064** | 2.40 |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 0 .085 | 1.18 | -0.027 | -0.61 | -0.026 | -0.53 |
| 空间自回归系数Spatial rho | 0.130*** | 2.51 | 0.132*** | 2.65 | ||
| 空间误差自回归系数Spatial lambda | 0.143*** | 2.77 | ||||
| 随机误差项的方差Variance of random error term (σ2) | 0.025*** | 16.62 | 0.025*** | 16.62 | 0.025*** | 16.62 |
| 决定系数Determination coefficient (R2) | 0.3612 | 0.3362 | 0.2990 | |||
| 对数似然值log-likelihood | 230.5649 | 224.2621 | 224.5794 | |||
表5 空间计量模型的回归结果
Table 5 Regression results of spatial econometric model
解释变量 Explanatory variables | 空间杜宾模型Spatial Durbin model (SDM) | 空间滞后模型Spatial lag model (SLM) | 空间误差模型Spatial error model (SEM) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | |
| 畜牧业生产性服务业Producer services of animal husbandry (LPSI) | 0.011** | 2.36 | 0.011** | 2.36 | 0.010** | 2.28 |
| 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | -0.453*** | -8.33 | -0.451*** | -8.44 | -0.448*** | -8.37 |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate of population (PUR) | -0.055** | -2.06 | -0.048* | -1.79 | -0.047** | -1.75 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technology level (LTL) | 0.022*** | 4.50 | 0.023*** | 4.57 | 0.024*** | 4.81 |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 0.054** | 1.95 | 0.061** | 2.32 | 0.064** | 2.40 |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 0 .085 | 1.18 | -0.027 | -0.61 | -0.026 | -0.53 |
| 空间自回归系数Spatial rho | 0.130*** | 2.51 | 0.132*** | 2.65 | ||
| 空间误差自回归系数Spatial lambda | 0.143*** | 2.77 | ||||
| 随机误差项的方差Variance of random error term (σ2) | 0.025*** | 16.62 | 0.025*** | 16.62 | 0.025*** | 16.62 |
| 决定系数Determination coefficient (R2) | 0.3612 | 0.3362 | 0.2990 | |||
| 对数似然值log-likelihood | 230.5649 | 224.2621 | 224.5794 | |||
解释变量 Explanatory variables | 直接效应Direct effect | 间接效应Indirect effect | 总效应Total effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | |
| 畜牧业生产性服务业Producer services of animal husbandry (LPSI) | 0.096** | 2.56 | 0.067 | 0.86 | 0.163* | 1.75 |
| 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | -0.256*** | -6.70 | -0.123 | -1.33 | -0.379*** | -3.75 |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate of population (PUR) | -0.025 | -1.34 | -0.053 | -1.59 | -0.078** | -2.06 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technology level (LTL) | 0.015*** | 4.32 | -0.016*** | -2.72 | -0.001 | -0.17 |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 0.035* | 1.85 | -0.072** | -2.35 | -0.036 | -1.09 |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 0.027 | 0.54 | -0.103 | -1.55 | -0.076 | -1.55 |
表6 空间计量模型的效应分解
Table 6 Effect decomposition of spatial econometric model
解释变量 Explanatory variables | 直接效应Direct effect | 间接效应Indirect effect | 总效应Total effect | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | 系数 Coefficient | Z值 Z-value | |
| 畜牧业生产性服务业Producer services of animal husbandry (LPSI) | 0.096** | 2.56 | 0.067 | 0.86 | 0.163* | 1.75 |
| 牲畜存栏量Livestock stock (LI) | -0.256*** | -6.70 | -0.123 | -1.33 | -0.379*** | -3.75 |
| 人口城镇化率Urbanization rate of population (PUR) | -0.025 | -1.34 | -0.053 | -1.59 | -0.078** | -2.06 |
| 畜牧业技术水平Animal husbandry technology level (LTL) | 0.015*** | 4.32 | -0.016*** | -2.72 | -0.001 | -0.17 |
| 畜牧业经济发展水平Animal husbandry economic development level (LEDL) | 0.035* | 1.85 | -0.072** | -2.35 | -0.036 | -1.09 |
| 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 0.027 | 0.54 | -0.103 | -1.55 | -0.076 | -1.55 |
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