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草业学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (12): 46-55.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2015149

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同土壤管理方式对梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实风味品质的影响

魏树伟,王少敏*,张勇,冉昆,王宏伟   

  1. 山东省果树研究所,山东 泰安271000
  • 收稿日期:2015-03-17 出版日期:2015-12-20 发布日期:2015-12-20
  • 通讯作者: sdipwsm@163.com
  • 作者简介:魏树伟(1981-),男,山东新泰人,助理研究员,硕士。E-mail:weisw2007@163.com
  • 基金资助:

    国家梨产业体系建设专项 (CARS-29-31),泰安市科技发展计划(201440774),山东省农业科学院青年基金(2015YQN40),十二五农村领域国家科技计划(2014BAD16B03-4)和山东省农业科学院科技创新重点项目(2014CXZ04-1)资助

Effects of different soil management methods on the soil nutrients, enzyme activity and fruit quality of pear orchards

WEI Shu-Wei, WANG Shao-Min*, ZHANG Yong, RAN Kun, WANG Hong-Wei   

  1. Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China
  • Received:2015-03-17 Online:2015-12-20 Published:2015-12-20

摘要:

为探讨不同土壤管理方式对梨园土壤养分、酶活性及梨果实风味品质的影响,研究了行间自然生草、菌渣覆盖和对照清耕处理对梨园土壤矿质营养、微生物种类和数量、土壤酶活性及鸭梨果实风味品质的影响。结果表明,行间自然生草、菌渣覆盖处理均使梨园有机质含量显著上升,自然生草处理3年后0~20 cm土层有机质含量达到15.05 g/kg,为清耕处理的1.9倍,土壤表层 (0~20 cm) 和亚表层(20~40 cm) 的碱解氮、有效硼和有效锌含量均显著高于对照,而有效K、有效Ca、Mg、Fe的含量低于对照。覆盖处理3年后0~20 cm土层有机质含量为19.54 g/kg,是清耕处理的2.4倍,土壤表层 (0~20 cm)和亚表层(20~40 cm) 的碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾、有效钙、镁、铁和有效硼及有效锌均高于对照。自然生草、菌渣覆盖处理使土壤微生物数量和酶活性提高,自然生草处理3年后0~20 cm土层细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别比对照提高163.40%,18.75%,166.24%,菌渣覆盖处理3年梨园0~20 cm 表层土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别较清耕梨园提高402.33%, 37.50% 和163.05%,磷酸酶活性分别是清耕梨园的1.45和2.00倍,脲酶活性分别是清耕梨园的1.94和2.39倍。生草、菌渣覆盖处理使果实风味品质显著提升,果实香气物质种类和含量显著高于对照清耕处理,糖含量也明显升高。

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of different soil management methods on the soil nutrients, enzyme activity and the flavor of ‘Yali’ pear, an experiment has been undertaken with 2 treatments of naturally grown grass and mushroom compost mulching, with clean tillage as the control. Mineral nutrition, the species and quantity of microorganisms, soil enzyme activity and the flavor of Yali pear were measured. Results showed that the organic contents of pear orchard soils treated with mushroom and naturally grown grass mulches increased considerably compared to the control. In orchards with 3 years of naturally grown grass mulching, the organic matter content of 0-20 cm soil was 15.05 g/kg, 1.9 times the control. Alkaline hydrolysis available N, B and Zn were also significantly higher than the control. The contents of available K, Fe, exchangeable Ca and Mg in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil samples were less than the control. For orchards with 3 years of mushroom mulching, the organic matter content of 0-20 cm soil was 19.54 g/kg, 2.4 times the control. Available N, P, K, Fe, Zn, boron, exchangeable Ca and Mg in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil samples were also higher than the control. Naturally grown grass and mushroom compost mulches improved the quantity and activity of soil microorganisms. In pear orchards with 3 years of naturally grown grass treatment, the quantities of bacteria, fungi and actinommyces in 0-20 cm soil was 163.40%, 18.75% and 166.24% higher than the control. In orchards with 3 years mushroom mulching, they were 402.33%, 37.50% and 163.05% higher. Phosphatase activities under naturally grown grass and mushroom mulching were 1.45 and 2.00 times higher than the control, while urease activity was 1.94 and 2.39 times higher. Naturally grown grass and mushroom compost mulching significantly enhanced the quality of fruit flavors. In both cases, the range of aromas and sugar contents of ‘Yali’ pears were significantly higher than the control.