西北绿洲灌区饲用燕麦耗水特性及产量变化对水氮耦合的响应

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017074

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 灌水和施肥是调控作物生长和产量形成的两大重要技术措施,研究水氮互作对燕麦耗水特性及产量的影响,对于优化燕麦高产高效栽培理论和技术具有重要意义。2014-2015年连续两个生长季,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,田间试验设置3个定额灌溉和3个施氮(纯N)水平,研究水氮耦合对陇燕3号农田0~150 cm土层耗水量、棵间蒸发、产量及水分利用效率的影响。3个灌溉处理的灌水量分别为270.0 mm (I₁)、337.5 mm (I₂)和405.0 mm (I₃),3个施N水平分别为90 kg/hm² (N₁)、120 kg/hm² (N₂)和150 kg/hm² (N₃)。在全生育期内,棵间蒸发量(E)及E/ET(总蒸散量)的比例表现先降后升趋势,且相同施氮量下,拔节至灌浆期随灌水量的增大而增大,而灌浆至成熟期则随灌水量的增大而减小。相同施氮量下,燕麦耗水量与籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加而显著增加,水分利用效率却随着灌水量的增加而降低。所有处理中,N₃I₃产量最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg/hm²),N₃I₂次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg/hm²),N₁I₁最小(4504.5~4804.3 kg/hm²),而N₃I₂的水分利用效率最大[12.11~12.82 kg/(mm·hm²)],N₃I₁次之[12.04~12.63 kg/(mm·hm²)],N₁I₃最小[9.79~10.58 kg/(mm·hm²)]。由此表明,水氮耦合对燕麦水分利用及产量具有显著互作效应,施氮量150 kg/hm²、灌溉定额337.5 mm是西北绿洲灌区燕麦种植较佳的节水、高产水氮管理模式。

Abstract: Irrigation and fertilization are the two most important methods to increase crop growth and yield. Understanding the water consumption characteristics and grain yield of oat (Avena sativa) under different water-nitrogen (N) regimes is useful to optimize oat cultivation. In the 2014-2015 oat growing seasons, field experiments were conducted with three irrigation levels and three N application rates to study the effects of the water-N interaction on soil water consumption in the 0-150 mm layer, soil evaporation, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of the oat variety ‘Longyan 3’. The three irrigation amounts were 270 (I₁), 337.5 (I₂), and 405 mm (I₃) and the three N application rates were 90 (N₁), 120 (N₂), and 150 kg/ha (N₃). The soil evaporation and the proportion of soil evaporation (E) to evapotranspiration (E/ET) decreased and then increased during the growing period. Under the same N application rate, E and its proportion of E/ET increased with increasing amounts of irrigation from the jointing to the filling stage, but decreased from the filling to the harvest stage. The oat water consumption and grain yield under a fixed N application rate were positively related to the amount of irrigation, whereas WUE was negatively related to the amount of irrigation. The highest grain yield of oat was in N₃I₃ (5466.0-5727.5 kg/ha), followed by N₃I₂ (5428.5-5678.5 kg/ha), and then N₁I₁ (4504.5-4804.3 kg/ha). The highest WUE was in N₃I₂ [(12.11-12.82 kg/(mm·ha)], followed by N₃I₁ [12.04-12.63 kg/(mm·ha)], and then N₁I₃ [9.79-10.58 kg/(mm·ha)]. The water-nitrogen interaction had significant effects on WUE and oat yield. Our results suggest that N application at 150 kg/ha combined with irrigation at 337.5 mm is a water-saving method to cultivate oat with high-yields in the Northwest Oasis area.

冯福学, 慕平, 赵桂琴, 柴继宽, 刘欢, 陈国栋. 西北绿洲灌区饲用燕麦耗水特性及产量变化对水氮耦合的响应[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(8): 74-84.

FENG Fu-Xue, MU Ping, ZHAO Gui-Qin, CHAI Ji-Kuan, LIU Huan, CHEN Guo-Dong. Water consumption characteristics and yields of fodder oat under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilization regimes in the northwest oasis irrigation area[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(8): 74-84.

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