氮磷肥配施对西北羊茅开花期叶片光合特性日变化的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2019149

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于植物对N、P营养元素的需求,试验设计2个施氮量(0、60 kg·hm^-2)和3个施磷量(0、60、90 kg·hm^-2)配施,测定开花期叶片在不同光合有效辐射下的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨西北羊茅对氮、磷添加和光合有效辐射的响应。结果表明,光合有效辐射呈先增后减的日动态变化,下午13:00时高达2000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,且对西北羊茅光合特性的影响大于施肥措施。净光合速率随光合有效辐射增强先增后降,其值在800~1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时最大;气孔导度、气孔限制值、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率与净光合速率表现一致,胞间CO₂浓度表现相反。氮肥和磷肥配施后气孔导度、气孔限制值和蒸腾速率均增大,胞间CO₂浓度则减小,表明施肥主要通过调节气孔导度,以促进叶片与环境间交换水分和CO₂,从而增大净光合速率。随光合有效辐射增强,PSⅡ有效光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数显著降低,非光化学猝灭系数显著增加,电子传递速率先增加后降低,但均在400~800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和大于1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1后快速变化。氮肥和磷肥配施显著提高PSⅡ有效光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率、光化学猝灭系数和电子传递速率,N₆₀P₉₀处理还提高PSⅡ最大光化学效率和非光化学猝灭系数。在光能分配方面,为减轻强光对光合器官的破坏,随光合有效辐射增强光化学反应比例降低,天线热耗散和非光化学反应耗散比例增加。施肥主要通过非光化学反应比例减小补偿于光化学反应比例,从而提高光能利用率。综合以上结果,从西北羊茅叶片的光合特性来看,氮磷肥配施通过调节气孔导度,以促进叶片与环境间水分和CO₂的交换和提高PSⅡ反应中心活性,非光化学反应比例减小补偿于光化学反应比例,进而增加叶片净光合速率。

关键词: 西北羊茅, 氮磷配施, 开花期, 气体交换参数, 叶绿素荧光参数, 光能分配

Abstract: Nitrogen and phosphorous are the two basic elements needed for plant growth, we carried out this experiment with two different levels of nitrogen (0, 60 kg·ha^-1) and three difference levels of phosphorous (0, 60, 90 kg·ha^-1) addition treatments, to investigate the effect of fertilizer addition and daily light radiation on the photosynthetic characters on Festuca kryloviana by analysis the leaf gas exchanges parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. As the results shown, the photosynthetically active radiation increased and decreased in the daytime, the peak value was at 13:00 p.m. 2000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, and which the effect on the photo index were more significant than the fertilizer addition. Net photosynthetic rate (P_n) increased first then decreased with the increasing photosynthetically active radiation and its value was the highest at 800-1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. The change of stomatal conductance (G_s), stomatal limited value (L_s), transpiration rate (T_r), water use efficiency (WUE) were consistent with P_n, but the intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) was opposite. After the nitrogen and phosphorus addition, G_s, L_s and T_r increased, and C_i decreased, indicated that the increase of P_n after fertilization were mainly by the increasing of the water and CO₂ exchange among the leaves and the environment. With the increasing of photosynthetically active radiation, the effective photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v'/F_m'), the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Φ_PSⅡ) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were significantly reduced, the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased significantly and the electron transport rate (ETR) increased first and then decreased, the scale was among the 400 to 800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and changed rapidly after 1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly increased F_v'/F_m', Φ_PSⅡ, qP and ETR. In particular, N₆₀P₉₀ treatment also increased the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m) and NPQ. In terms of light energy allocation and alleviate the light damage, versus thermal dissipation (D) and excess (E) were increased and the proportion of photosynthetic electron transport (P) decreased with the increasing of photosynthetically active radiation. The above results showed that from the photosynthetic characteristics of the leaves of F. kryloviana, the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the leaves P_n through adjust G_s that enhancing of water and CO₂ exchange between the leaves and the environment and increased the activity of the PSⅡ and P by reducing the proportion of E.

Key words: Festuca kryloviana, combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, flowering period, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, light energy allocation

石正海, 刘文辉, 张永超, 秦燕, 魏小星. 氮磷肥配施对西北羊茅开花期叶片光合特性日变化的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(11): 75-85.

SHI Zheng-hai, LIU Wen-hui, ZHANG Yong-chao, QIN Yan, WEI Xiao-xing. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers combined application on diurnal variations of leaves photosynthetic characteristics in Festuca kryloviana[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(11): 75-85.

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