苏尼特右旗荒漠草原三种放牧方式下群落斑块特征

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020194

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用景观指数、分形模型以及稳定性指数、单变量点格局方法，对内蒙古苏尼特右旗荒漠草原不同放牧方式下群落微斑块特征、形状分形及稳定性、分布格局进行探究，以期揭示荒漠草原微斑块自身特征及其与环境的关系。结果表明：1）3种放牧方式下群落斑块特征差异明显。休牧状态下芨芨草斑块面积占景观整体面积的91.15%，蔓延度指数（CONTAG）为77.92，连接性较好，为优势斑块，分形维数为1.43，稳定性较差；自由放牧状态下银灰旋花斑块空间分布最为密集；轮牧状态下锦鸡儿数量最多，分离度指数（SPLIT）为46.99，破碎化程度较高，分形维数为1.88，形状最不规则。2）3种放牧方式下各斑块类型在样地尺度范围（120 m×120 m）内主要呈聚集分布，且自由放牧状态下各斑块类型的聚集规模均较大，表明其资源分布不均匀。

关键词: 斑块特征, 形状分形, 分布格局, 荒漠草原微斑块

Abstract:

This research investigated the characteristics of vegetation micro-patches in the desert steppe and their relationship with environmental conditions. The landscape index， fractal model， stability index and univariate point pattern methods were used to explore the characteristics， shape fractal， stability and distribution pattern of plant community micropatches under different grazing modes （rested from grazing： It refers to the short-term prohibition of grazing； free grazing： It is a kind of grazing way to drive the herd to swim and feed in a large range； and rotational grazing： It is a kind of grazing way of reincarnation or circular grazing according to season grassland and grazing plot） in Sunite Desert-steppe， Inner Mongolia. It was found that： 1） The patch characteristics of the three grazing methods varied significantly. The area of Achnatherum splendens patches in the area rested from grazing accounted for 91.15% of the overall landscape area. For this community the contat degree index was 77.92， indicating good connectivity and the fractal dimension was 1.43， indicating poor stability. The spatial distribution of Convolvulus ammannii patches was the densest under free grazing. The number of Caragana rosea patches in the rotational grazing area was the largest. For these patches the SPLIT index was 46.99， indicating a high degree of fragmentation. The highest fractal dimension was 1.88， indicating the most irregular shape. 2） Under all three grazing methods， the patch types were mainly distributed in clusters in the scale range of the sampling plots， with random and uniform distributions appearing occasionally. The aggregation scale of each patch type was large in the free grazing state， indicating that the resource distribution was uneven.

Key words: patch characteristics, shape fractal, distribution pattern, desert steppe micropatches

蒙仲举, 陈颜洁, 包斯琴. 苏尼特右旗荒漠草原三种放牧方式下群落斑块特征[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(4): 13-23.

Zhong-ju MENG, Yan-jie CHEN, Si-qin BAO. Characteristics of community patches under three grazing modes in Sunite Desert-steppe[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(4): 13-23.

图/表 9

表1 试验区以及样地概况

Table 1 Test area and sample plot summary

放牧方式

Grazing modes

区域概况

Survey area profile

地理位置

Geographical location

植物斑块

Plant patches

休牧区

Resting pasture area

与轮牧区相邻，休牧时间为一年，围栏保护避免了牲畜的采食破坏，植被呈现自然恢复状态。Adjacent to the rotation grazing area, the grazing rest period is one year, the fence protection avoids the destruction of livestock feeding, and the vegetation is in a natural recovery state.

112°42′10″ E-112°42′15″ E

42°57′44″ N-42°57′48″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块与芨芨草斑块。There are Caraganarosea plaques and Achnatherum splendens plaques.

自由放牧区1 Free grazing area 1

位于休牧区与轮牧区外围，无围栏保护。Located in the outskirts of rest grazing area and rotation grazing area, no fence protection.

112°42′3″ E-112°42′8″ E

42°57′46″ N-42°57′50″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块、芨芨草斑块以及银灰旋花斑块。There are C. rosea plaques, A. splendens plaques and Convolvulus ammannii plaques.

自由放牧区2 Free grazing area 2

位于休牧区与轮牧区外围，无围栏保护。Located in the outskirts of rest grazing area and rotation grazing area, no fence protection.

112°42′22″ E-112°42′27″ E

42°57′35″ N-42°57′39″ N

轮牧区 Round

pastoral

area

与休牧区相邻，采用划区轮牧的方式，分为夏秋场和冬春场，夏秋场面积为270 hm²，夏秋场放牧时间大约为180 d，载畜率为0.96只·hm^-2。It is adjacent to the rest grazing area, and is divided into summer autumn field and winter spring field. The area of summer and autumn field is 270 ha, the grazing time of summer autumn farm is about 180 days, and the stocking rate is 0.96 animals·ha^-1.

112°42′51″ E-112°42′56″ E

42°57′36″ N-42°57′40″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块以及银灰旋花斑块。There are C. rosea plaques and C. ammannii plaques.

表1 试验区以及样地概况

Table 1 Test area and sample plot summary

放牧方式

Grazing modes

区域概况

Survey area profile

地理位置

Geographical location

植物斑块

Plant patches

休牧区

Resting pasture area

112°42′10″ E-112°42′15″ E

42°57′44″ N-42°57′48″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块与芨芨草斑块。There are Caraganarosea plaques and Achnatherum splendens plaques.

自由放牧区1 Free grazing area 1

位于休牧区与轮牧区外围，无围栏保护。Located in the outskirts of rest grazing area and rotation grazing area, no fence protection.

112°42′3″ E-112°42′8″ E

42°57′46″ N-42°57′50″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块、芨芨草斑块以及银灰旋花斑块。There are C. rosea plaques, A. splendens plaques and Convolvulus ammannii plaques.

自由放牧区2 Free grazing area 2

位于休牧区与轮牧区外围，无围栏保护。Located in the outskirts of rest grazing area and rotation grazing area, no fence protection.

112°42′22″ E-112°42′27″ E

42°57′35″ N-42°57′39″ N

轮牧区 Round

pastoral

area

112°42′51″ E-112°42′56″ E

42°57′36″ N-42°57′40″ N

存在锦鸡儿斑块以及银灰旋花斑块。There are C. rosea plaques and C. ammannii plaques.

表2 景观级别指数

Table 2 Landscape level index

指数Index	公式Formula	公式描述Formula describing
斑块个数 Number of patches (NP)	$N P = n$	表示所有斑块的总个数。该指数值越大，对应的破碎程度就越高。Indicates the total number of all patches. The larger the index value, the higher the corresponding degree of fragmentation.
景观面积 Total landscape area (TA)	$T A = A × 110000$	TA为景观的总面积。该指数表示景观的范围大小。TA is the total area of the landscape. The index indicates the extent of the landscape.
最大斑块指数 Largest patch index (LPI)	$L P I = m a x (a i j) A × 100$	a_ij为斑块面积，A为景观总面积。该指数取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示某一斑块类型在景观整体中的最大斑块面积越小，其值趋近于100时，表示景观整体中存在面积较大的斑块。a_ij is the patch area, and A is the total area of the landscape. The value range of this index is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that the largest patch area of a certain patch type in the whole landscape is smaller. When its value approaches 100, it means there is an larger area plaques in the whole landscape.
蔓延度指数 Contagion index (CONTAG)	$C O N T A G = 1 + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ k = 1 m P i g i k ∑ k = 1 m g i k l n (P i) g i k ∑ k = 1 m g i k 2 l n m$	P_i为类型斑块所占的面积百分比，g_ik为类型i该指数表示景观里所有斑块类型的延展趋势。取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观范围内存在若干小斑块，景观破碎化严重，其值趋近于100时，表示整体景观中存在具有良好连接性的优势斑块，整体环境较为稳定。P_i is the percentage of area occupied by type patches, g_ikis type i. The index represents the extension trend of all patch types in the landscape. The value range is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it indicates there are several small patches in the landscape range, and the fragmentation of the landscape is serious. When the value approaches 100, it indicates that there are dominant patches with good connectivity in the overall landscape and the overall environment is relatively stable.
分离度指数 Splitting index (SPLIT)	$S P L I T = A 2 ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n a i j 2$	a_ij为斑块ij的面积，A为景观面积。该指数表示景观整体被拆分成多个斑块类型，其中同类型斑块在景观中的分散程度或破碎程度。取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观范围内分散程度较小，其值趋近于100时，表示景观范围内斑块类型较为分散。a_ij is the area of patch ij, and A is the landscape area. This index indicates that the entire landscape is divided into multiple patch types, and the degree of dispersion or fragmentation of patches of the same type in the landscape. The value range is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that the degree of dispersion in the landscape is small. When its value approaches 100, it means that the patch types in the landscape are more scattered.

表2 景观级别指数

Table 2 Landscape level index

指数Index	公式Formula	公式描述Formula describing
斑块个数 Number of patches (NP)	$N P = n$	表示所有斑块的总个数。该指数值越大，对应的破碎程度就越高。Indicates the total number of all patches. The larger the index value, the higher the corresponding degree of fragmentation.
景观面积 Total landscape area (TA)	$T A = A × 110000$	TA为景观的总面积。该指数表示景观的范围大小。TA is the total area of the landscape. The index indicates the extent of the landscape.
最大斑块指数 Largest patch index (LPI)	$L P I = m a x (a i j) A × 100$	a_ij为斑块面积，A为景观总面积。该指数取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示某一斑块类型在景观整体中的最大斑块面积越小，其值趋近于100时，表示景观整体中存在面积较大的斑块。a_ij is the patch area, and A is the total area of the landscape. The value range of this index is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that the largest patch area of a certain patch type in the whole landscape is smaller. When its value approaches 100, it means there is an larger area plaques in the whole landscape.
蔓延度指数 Contagion index (CONTAG)	$C O N T A G = 1 + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ k = 1 m P i g i k ∑ k = 1 m g i k l n (P i) g i k ∑ k = 1 m g i k 2 l n m$	P_i为类型斑块所占的面积百分比，g_ik为类型i该指数表示景观里所有斑块类型的延展趋势。取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观范围内存在若干小斑块，景观破碎化严重，其值趋近于100时，表示整体景观中存在具有良好连接性的优势斑块，整体环境较为稳定。P_i is the percentage of area occupied by type patches, g_ikis type i. The index represents the extension trend of all patch types in the landscape. The value range is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it indicates there are several small patches in the landscape range, and the fragmentation of the landscape is serious. When the value approaches 100, it indicates that there are dominant patches with good connectivity in the overall landscape and the overall environment is relatively stable.
分离度指数 Splitting index (SPLIT)	$S P L I T = A 2 ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n a i j 2$	a_ij为斑块ij的面积，A为景观面积。该指数表示景观整体被拆分成多个斑块类型，其中同类型斑块在景观中的分散程度或破碎程度。取值范围为(0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观范围内分散程度较小，其值趋近于100时，表示景观范围内斑块类型较为分散。a_ij is the area of patch ij, and A is the landscape area. This index indicates that the entire landscape is divided into multiple patch types, and the degree of dispersion or fragmentation of patches of the same type in the landscape. The value range is (0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that the degree of dispersion in the landscape is small. When its value approaches 100, it means that the patch types in the landscape are more scattered.

表3 斑块级别水平指数

Table 3 Plaque level index

指数Index	公式Formula	公式描述Formula describing
斑块个数 Number of patches (NP)	$N P = n$	表示某一斑块类型的总个数。该指数值越大，对应的破碎程度就越高。Indicates the total number of a certain patch type. The larger the index value, the higher the corresponding degree of fragmentation.
斑块类型面积 Class area (CA)	$C A = ∑ a × 110000$	a为某一斑块类型中所有斑块的面积。该指数与斑块个数呈正相关。a is the area of all patches in a certain patch type. This index is positively correlated with the number of plaques.
斑块所占景观面积的比例 Percentage of landscape (PLAND)	$P L A N D = P i = ∑ j = 1 n a i j A 100$	a_ij为斑块的面积，A为所有景观的总面积。该指数表示整个景观面积中某一斑块类型面积所占的比例。取值范围为[0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观中此类型斑块分布较少，其值于趋近于100时，表示景观中此类型斑块分布较多。 a_ij is the area of the patch, and A is the total area of all landscapes. This index represents the proportion of a certain patch type in the entire landscape area. The value range is [0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that there are fewer patches of this type in the landscape. When its value approaches 100, it means that there are more patches of this type in the landscape.
周长面积分形维数 Perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC)	$P A F R A C = 2 n i j ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j - l n a i j - ∑ j = 1 n p i j ∑ j = 1 n a i j n i ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j 2 - ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j 2$	a_ij为斑块ij的面积，P_ij为斑块ij的周长，n_i为斑块数目。该指数用来描述斑块形状的复杂程度。取值范围理论上为[1,2]，其值趋近于1时，表示该类型斑块的形状越简单，边界越规则，其值趋近于2时，表示该类型斑块的形状越复杂，边界曲折蜿蜒。a_ij is the area of plaque ij, p_ij is the perimeter of plaque ij, and n_i is the number of plaques.The index is used to describe the complexity of patch shape, and its value range is theoretically[1,2]. When its value approaches 1, it means that the simpler the shape of the patch is, the more regular the boundary is. When its value approaches 2, it means that the shape of the patch is more complex and the boundary is tortuous.
斑块密度 Patch density (PD)	$P D = n i A 10000100$	n_i为第i类斑块的总面积，A为所有斑块的总面积。该指数表示单位面积上的斑块数，其值大小代表景观中某一类型斑块的分化程度，数值随斑块数量的增多而上升。n_i is the total area of the i type of patches, and A is the total area of all patches. The index represents the number of patches per unit area, and its value represents the degree of differentiation of a certain type of patch in the landscape, and the value increases with the increase in the number of patches.
景观分割指数 Landscape division index (DIVISION)	$D I V I S I O N = 1 - ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n a i j A 2$	a_ij代表斑块ij的面积，A为所有斑块的总面积。该指数表示随机选取两个像元不属于同一个斑块的概率。取值范围为（0,1]，其值越大，表示斑块分布越分散。a_ij represents the area of patch ij, and A is the total area of all patches. This index represents the probability that two randomly selected pixels do not belong to the same patch. The value range is (0,1], the larger the value, the more scattered the patch distribution.
斑块聚合度指数 Aggregation index (AI)	$A I = g i j m a x → g i j (100)$	g_ij代表斑块类型的相似邻接斑块数量。该指数主要用来衡量同种类型斑块内部的连接程度。当斑块中所有像元不存在公共边界时，说明斑块内部连接度低，所以导致该类型斑块的聚合程度低。g_ij represents the number of similar adjacent patches of the patch type.The index is mainly used to measure the degree of connection within the same type of plaque. When all pixels in the patch do not have a common boundary, it means that the internal connection degree of the patch is low, so the aggregation degree of this type of patch is low.

表3 斑块级别水平指数

Table 3 Plaque level index

指数Index	公式Formula	公式描述Formula describing
斑块个数 Number of patches (NP)	$N P = n$	表示某一斑块类型的总个数。该指数值越大，对应的破碎程度就越高。Indicates the total number of a certain patch type. The larger the index value, the higher the corresponding degree of fragmentation.
斑块类型面积 Class area (CA)	$C A = ∑ a × 110000$	a为某一斑块类型中所有斑块的面积。该指数与斑块个数呈正相关。a is the area of all patches in a certain patch type. This index is positively correlated with the number of plaques.
斑块所占景观面积的比例 Percentage of landscape (PLAND)	$P L A N D = P i = ∑ j = 1 n a i j A 100$	a_ij为斑块的面积，A为所有景观的总面积。该指数表示整个景观面积中某一斑块类型面积所占的比例。取值范围为[0,100]，其值趋近于0时，表示景观中此类型斑块分布较少，其值于趋近于100时，表示景观中此类型斑块分布较多。 a_ij is the area of the patch, and A is the total area of all landscapes. This index represents the proportion of a certain patch type in the entire landscape area. The value range is [0,100]. When its value approaches 0, it means that there are fewer patches of this type in the landscape. When its value approaches 100, it means that there are more patches of this type in the landscape.
周长面积分形维数 Perimeter area fractal dimension (PAFRAC)	$P A F R A C = 2 n i j ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j - l n a i j - ∑ j = 1 n p i j ∑ j = 1 n a i j n i ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j 2 - ∑ j = 1 n l n p i j 2$	a_ij为斑块ij的面积，P_ij为斑块ij的周长，n_i为斑块数目。该指数用来描述斑块形状的复杂程度。取值范围理论上为[1,2]，其值趋近于1时，表示该类型斑块的形状越简单，边界越规则，其值趋近于2时，表示该类型斑块的形状越复杂，边界曲折蜿蜒。a_ij is the area of plaque ij, p_ij is the perimeter of plaque ij, and n_i is the number of plaques.The index is used to describe the complexity of patch shape, and its value range is theoretically[1,2]. When its value approaches 1, it means that the simpler the shape of the patch is, the more regular the boundary is. When its value approaches 2, it means that the shape of the patch is more complex and the boundary is tortuous.
斑块密度 Patch density (PD)	$P D = n i A 10000100$	n_i为第i类斑块的总面积，A为所有斑块的总面积。该指数表示单位面积上的斑块数，其值大小代表景观中某一类型斑块的分化程度，数值随斑块数量的增多而上升。n_i is the total area of the i type of patches, and A is the total area of all patches. The index represents the number of patches per unit area, and its value represents the degree of differentiation of a certain type of patch in the landscape, and the value increases with the increase in the number of patches.
景观分割指数 Landscape division index (DIVISION)	$D I V I S I O N = 1 - ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n a i j A 2$	a_ij代表斑块ij的面积，A为所有斑块的总面积。该指数表示随机选取两个像元不属于同一个斑块的概率。取值范围为（0,1]，其值越大，表示斑块分布越分散。a_ij represents the area of patch ij, and A is the total area of all patches. This index represents the probability that two randomly selected pixels do not belong to the same patch. The value range is (0,1], the larger the value, the more scattered the patch distribution.
斑块聚合度指数 Aggregation index (AI)	$A I = g i j m a x → g i j (100)$	g_ij代表斑块类型的相似邻接斑块数量。该指数主要用来衡量同种类型斑块内部的连接程度。当斑块中所有像元不存在公共边界时，说明斑块内部连接度低，所以导致该类型斑块的聚合程度低。g_ij represents the number of similar adjacent patches of the patch type.The index is mainly used to measure the degree of connection within the same type of plaque. When all pixels in the patch do not have a common boundary, it means that the internal connection degree of the patch is low, so the aggregation degree of this type of patch is low.

表4 景观水平下各样地植物微斑块景观特征指数

Table 4 Landscape characteristic index of all kinds of plants at landscape level

样地 Sample area	景观面积 TA（hm²）	斑块数量 NP（n≥1）	最大斑块指数 LPI(0,100]	蔓延度指数 CONTAG (0,100]	分离度指数 SPLIT (0,100]
休牧区Resting pasture area	0.03	862	25.42	77.92	12.71
自由放牧区1 Free grazing area 1	0.01	415	10.77	59.19	39.50
自由放牧区2 Free grazing area 2	0.04	893	17.22	72.05	19.56
轮牧区Rotational grazing area	0.01	795	8.18	50.93	46.99

表5 斑块类型水平下各样地植物微斑块景观特征指数

Table 5 The landscape characteristic index of various plant micropatches at the level of patch type

样地 Sample area	斑块类型 Plaque types	斑块数量NP （n≥1）	类型面积 CA （hm²）	斑块所占景观面积比PLAND(%) [0,100]	周长面积维数PAFRAC	斑块密度 PD （No.·100 hm^-2）	景观分割指数DIVISION (0,1]	斑块聚合度AI (0,100]
休牧区 Resting pasture area	锦鸡儿C. rosea	386	0.003	8.85	1.43	0.12	1.00	96.61
休牧区 Resting pasture area	芨芨草A. splendens	476	0.029	91.15	1.36	0.15	0.92	98.75
自由放牧区1 Free grazing area 1	锦鸡儿C. rosea	258	0.001	25.11	1.56	0.46	1.00	96.30
自由放牧区1 Free grazing area 1	芨芨草A. splendens	157	0.004	74.89	1.31	0.28	0.98	98.14
自由放牧区2 Free grazing area 2	芨芨草A. splendens	871	0.037	86.98	1.38	0.20	0.95	99.20
自由放牧区2 Free grazing area 2	银灰旋花C. ammannii	22	0.005	13.02	1.29	0.01	0.99	99.54
轮牧区 Rotational grazing area	锦鸡儿C. rosea	785	0.005	59.92	1.62	0.89	1.00	96.47
轮牧区 Rotational grazing area	银灰旋花C. ammannii	10	0.003	40.08	1.55	0.01	0.97	99.31

表6 不同类型植物微斑块分形维数与稳定性指数

Table 6 Fractal dimension and stability index of micropatches in different types of plants

斑块类型

Patch type

斑块面积

Patch area (hm²)

斑块周长

Patch perimeter (m)

分形维数

Fractal dimension

模型

Model

稳定性指数

Stability index

图1 不同放牧方式下锦鸡儿斑块空间分布格局

Fig.1 The pattern of patch spatial distribution of C. rosea patches under different grazing methods

图2 不同放牧方式下芨芨草斑块空间分布

Fig.2 The pattern of patch spatial distribution of A. splendens patches under different grazing methods

图3 不同放牧方式下银灰旋花斑块空间分布

Fig.3 The pattern of patch spatial distribution of C. ammannii patches under different grazing methods

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