土壤微生态因子对伊贝母药用品质的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2025139

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伊贝母药用品质的形成受土壤微生态系统内理化性质和微生物群落结构的共同影响。本研究通过比较栽培伊贝母（头茬3、4年和重茬3、4年）与野生伊贝母药用成分含量的差异，探究土壤微生态因子对伊贝母药用品质的影响。结果表明：在栽培伊贝母中头茬4年伊贝母的药用品质最优，其药用成分（总黄酮、西贝母碱、西贝母碱苷、腺苷和β-胸苷）的含量显著高于其他栽培伊贝母，但是与野生伊贝母相比仍有显著差异（P<0.05）。土壤理化性质分析显示，野生区土壤有机碳（SOC）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）含量最高；头茬4年伊贝母土壤SOC、NO₃^--N、AP和AK的含量以及电导率（EC）显著高于头茬3年和重茬3、4年；而重茬4年土壤的pH最高（P<0.05）。微生物群落分析表明，野生区土壤微生物群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数最高（P<0.05），其中，子囊菌门、被孢菌门、担子菌门（82.79%~89.48%）及变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门（50.86%~69.01%）为优势类群。主成分分析（PCA）表明，野生土壤真菌和细菌群落异质性较高，头茬4年群落与野生土壤高度重合。冗余分析（RDA）显示，SOC和NH₄⁺-N显著影响真菌和细菌群落的组成和空间分布。Spearman相关性分析显示，伊贝母药用成分含量与土壤NO₃^--N、SOC、AP含量呈显著正相关，与pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。在属水平上，野生土壤中聚集了更多与药用成分含量显著正相关的有益菌，其共现网络密度和平均邻居数显著高于栽培土壤。在重茬栽培条件下，伊贝母根际土壤中积累了更多的致病菌。本研究结果表明，生境、茬次和株龄通过土壤微生态协同影响伊贝母药用品质，建议通过施用有机肥、采用轮作制度，每隔4年更换种植地块以提升药用品质，以兼顾药用品质和经济效益。

关键词: 伊贝母, 野生与栽培, 药用成分, 土壤微生态因子, 共现网络分析

Abstract:

The accumulation of compounds contributing to the medicinal quality of Fritillaria pallidiflora is influenced by the combined effects of soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure within the soil microecological system. This study investigated the impact of soil microecological factors on the medicinal quality of F. pallidiflora by comparing the differences in contents of medicinal compounds between cultivated F. pallidiflora 3-year first-crop （NF₃）， 4-year first-crop （NF₄）， 3-year replant （NR₃）， 4-year replant （NR₄） and wild F. pallidiflora. Results showed that among cultivated F. pallidiflora， the NF₄ regime exhibited the highest medicinal quality， with significantly higher levels of bioactive compounds （total flavonoids， sipeimine， sipeimine-3β- D-glucoside， adenosine， and β-thymidine） compared to other cultivated treatments. However， for most bioactive compounds assayed， levels were significantly less in all cultivated treatments than in wild F. pallidiflora （P<0.05）. Soil physicochemical analysis revealed that soils associated with wild plants had the highest contents of soil organic carbon （SOC）， nitrate nitrogen （NO₃^--N）， ammonium nitrogen （NH₄⁺-N）， available phosphorus （AP）， and available potassium （AK）. In NF₄ soils， SOC， NO₃^--N， AP， AK， and electrical conductivity （EC） were significantly higher than in NF₃， NR₃， and NR₄ soils， while NR₄ soils had the highest pH （P<0.05）. Microbial community analysis indicated that wild soils exhibited the highest Shannon and Simpson diversity indices （P<0.05）， with dominant fungal phyla （Ascomycota， Mortierellomycota， and Basidiomycota， accounting for 82.79%-89.48%） and bacterial phyla （Proteobacteria， Actinobacteria， and Acidobacteria， accounting for 50.86%-69.01%）. Principal component analysis （PCA） showed higher heterogeneity in fungal and bacterial communities of wild soils， with NF₄ communities closely resembling those of wild soils. Redundancy analysis （RDA） revealed that SOC and NH₄⁺-N significantly influenced the composition and spatial distribution of fungal and bacterial communities. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that medicinal component contents showed significant positive correlations with SOC， NO₃^--N， and AP， but negative correlations with pH （P<0.05）. At the genus level， wild soils harbored more beneficial bacteria positively correlated with medicinal components， with significantly higher co-occurrence network density and average neighbor degree than cultivated soils. Replanted soils （NR₃， NR₄） accumulated more pathogenic bacteria. These findings indicate that habitat， cropping sequence， and plant age synergistically influence F. pallidiflora medicinal quality through soil microecology. We recommend applying organic fertilizers， adopting crop rotation， and changing planting plots every 4 years to enhance medicinal quality while balancing quality and economic benefits.

Key words: Fritillaria pallidiflora, wild and cultivated, medicinal constituents, soil microecological factors, co-occurrence network analysis

石盼洋, 赵文勤, 董建瑞, 曹赛, 李予霞, 李桂芳. 土壤微生态因子对伊贝母药用品质的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(3): 158-169.

Pan-yang SHI, Wen-qin ZHAO, Jian-rui DONG, Sai CAO, Yu-xia LI, Gui-fang LI. Effects of soil microecological factors on the medicinal quality of Fritillaria pallidiflora[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(3): 158-169.

图/表 8

图1 不同生境、茬次和株龄伊贝母药用成分含量的差异W：野生生境Wild habitat； NF3：头茬3年3 years old for the first crop； NF4：头茬4年4 years old for the first crop； NR3：重茬3年3 years old for the second crop； NR4：重茬4年4 years old for the second crop. 不同的小写字母代表不同处理间在0.05水平上差异显著（P<0.05），下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at the 0.05 level （P<0.05）， the same below.

Fig.1 Differences in the content of medicinal components of F. pallidiflora in different habitats， stubbles and plant ages

图2 不同生境、茬次和株龄伊贝母土壤理化因子之间的差异

Fig.2 Differences of soil physico-chemical factors in different habitats， stubbles and plant ages of F. pallidiflora

表1 不同生境、茬次和株龄伊贝母根际土壤中真菌、细菌的多样性指数

Table 1 Diversity indices of fungi and bacteria in the inter-root soils of F. pallidiflora in different habitats， stubbles and plant ages

项目 Items	指标 Index	处理Treatment
项目 Items	指标 Index	W	NF₃	NF₄	NR₃	NR₄
真菌Fungi	Shannon	5.20±0.18a	4.15±0.14b	4.90±0.16b	3.50±0.12c	3.30±0.11c
真菌Fungi	Simpson	0.95±0.02a	0.82±0.03a	0.84±0.04a	0.71±0.05b	0.64±0.06b
细菌Bacteria	Shannon	5.93±0.18a	4.35±0.16a	4.21±0.15b	3.70±0.14c	3.02±0.13c
细菌Bacteria	Simpson	0.92±0.03a	0.80±0.04a	0.78±0.05a	0.65±0.06b	0.53±0.07b

图3 不同生境、茬次和株龄伊贝母根际土壤中真菌、细菌的相对丰度

Fig.3 Relative abundance of fungal and bacterial composition in the inter-root soil of F. pallidiflora in different habitats， stubbles and plant ages

图4 不同生境、茬次和株龄伊贝母根际土壤中真菌、细菌群落的PCA分析

Fig.4 PCA analysis of fungal and bacterial communities in inter-root soils of different habitats， stubbles and plant ages of F. pallidiflora

图5 土壤理化因子和土壤真菌和细菌群落在属水平的冗余分析

Fig.5 Redundancy analysis of soil physicochemical factors and soil fungal and bacterial communities at genus level

图6 伊贝母药用成分与土壤理化因子的Spearman相关性分析热图

Fig.6 Heat map of Spearman’s correlation analysis between medicinal components of F. pallidiflora and soil physico-chemical factors

图7 不同生境、株龄伊贝母根际土壤中的真菌、细菌与土壤性质、药用成分相互作用的共现网络Acremonium：枝顶孢属； Tricharina：毛盘菌属； Tausonia：陶氏霉属； Metarhizium：绿僵菌属； Preussia：普雷孢属； Lecanicillium：拟青霉属； Volutella：周刺座霉属； Phialophora：瓶霉属； Lectera：莱克霉属； Conocybe：锥盖伞属； Mortierella：被孢霉属； Exophiala：外瓶霉属； Setophaeosphaeria：刚毛褐球腔菌属； Tetracladium：四枝孢属； Chaetomium：毛壳菌属； Cephalotrichum：丝孢霉属； Fusarium：镰刀菌属； Serendipita：瑟氏霉属； Chrysosporium：金孢霉属； Botrytis：葡萄孢属； Phoma：疱霉属； Mycosphaerella：球腔菌属； Acidibacter：酸杆菌属； Bacillus：芽孢杆菌属； Flavobacterium：黄杆菌属； Gaiella：盖勒氏菌属； Gemmatimonas：芽单胞菌属； Haliangium：海壤菌属； Lysobacter：溶杆菌属； Mycobacterium：分枝杆菌属； Nordella：诺德氏菌属； Nitrospira：硝化螺菌属； Pedomicrobium：土微菌属； Pseudarthrobacter：假节杆菌属； Pseudomonas：假单胞菌属； Pseudonocardia：假诺卡氏菌属； Rhizobacter：根杆菌属； Rhodophanes：红弯菌属； Rhodoplanes：红游动菌属； Rubrobacter：红色杆菌属； Skermanella：斯克曼氏菌属； Solirubrobacter：土壤红杆菌属； Sphingomonas：鞘氨醇单胞菌属； Terrimonas：土单胞菌属.

Fig.7 Co-occurrence network of fungal and bacterial interactions with soil properties and medicinal components in the inter-root soils of different habitats and plant ages of F. pallidiflora

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