DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2016038

摘要/Abstract

摘要： DNDC(denitrifiction-decompostion)模型是以生物地球化学进程为基础模拟碳氮循环的模型,被广泛用来预测稻田温室气体的排放,但利用DNDC模型研究苜蓿绿肥对稻田生态系统的相关研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究结合两种绿肥在上海地区的使用,模拟了4个不同处理:对照(未施氮肥和绿肥)、氮肥(200 kg/hm²)、紫花苜蓿绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥和蚕豆绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥,研究苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,同时,对DNDC模型进行本地化修正,建立适宜我国长江中下游地区绿肥-水稻轮作生态系统的DNDC模型,结果表明,与对照相比,苜蓿、蚕豆和氮肥处理下的水稻产量分别提高了41.85%,29.81%和25.36%;蚕豆绿肥处理下的CH₄排放量高于苜蓿绿肥处理,温室气体的排放强度在苜蓿绿肥处理下未显著提高。通过对DNDC模型多个参数的调整和模拟,DNDC模型对水稻产量和CH₄排放的模拟值与实测值十分接近,其中,水稻产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R²为0.89,相对平均误差RMD为-0.8%。大气温度、大气CO₂浓度、土壤有机碳和土壤粘粒对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放十分敏感,其中,大气温度、CO₂浓度和土壤有机碳与CH₄和N₂O的排放强度呈显著的正相关关系,而土壤粘粒与CH₄排放呈显著的负相关关系,本研究结果说明本地化改进的DNDC模型能够准确模拟紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的作用效果。

Abstract: The denitrification and decomposition (DNDC) model simulates carbon and nitrogen cycles on the basis of biogeochemical processes, and it has been widely used to simulate greenhouse gas emissions in rice (Oryza sativa) paddy fields. However, few studies have used the DNDC model to simulate the effects of green manure on paddy fields in southern China. In this study, we applied four management scenarios, including a control (no N fertilizer, no green manure), N fertilizer (200 kg/ha), alfalfa (Medicago sativa)+N (3000 kg DM/ha+200 kg N/ha), and broad bean (Vicia faba)+N (3000 kg DM/ha+200 kg N/ha), to investigate the effects of green manure on rice production and greenhouse gas emissions. The overall aim of the study was to establish the relationships between green manures and production and greenhouse gas emissions by using the DNDC model. The results showed that the average grain yields in the two years were 41.85%, 29.81%, and 25.36% higher in the alfalfa+N, broad bean+N, and N fertilizer treatments, respectively, than in the control. The most pronounced increase in CH₄ emissions was in the broad bean+N treatment, which had a high C/N. The greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) was not significantly different between the alfalfa+N, control, and N-fertilizer scenarios. Through adjusting the cropping parameters in the DNDC model, the simulated values and observed values for grain yield were quite similar, and the R² value between them in a correlation analysis was 0.89 (relative mean deviation, -0.8%). Air temperature, CO₂ concentration, soil organic carbon, and the soil clay fraction were all sensitive to CH₄ and N₂O emissions. Temperature, CO₂ concentration, and soil organic carbon were all positively related to CH₄ and N₂O emissions, while the soil clay fraction was negatively related to CH₄ emissions. These results indicated that the localized DNDC model could accurately simulate the effects of alfalfa green manure on rice grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions.

高小叶, 袁世力, 吕爱敏, 周鹏, 安渊. DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2016, 25(12): 14-26.

GAO Xiao-Ye, YUAN Shi-Li, LV Ai-Min, ZHOU Peng, AN Yuan. Effects of alfalfa green manure on rice production and greenhouse gas emissions based on a DNDC model simulation[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(12): 14-26.

参考文献

[1] Khan S, Mulvaney R, Ellsworth T, et al . The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007, 36(6): 1821-1832.
[2] Scheer C, Del Grosso S J, Parton W J, et al . Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated agriculture: testing DayCent with high-frequency measurements. Ecological Applications, 2014, 24(3): 528-538.
[3] International Rice Research Institute. World rice statistics, report, Laguna, Philippines. http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/index.asp, 2002.
[4] Scheehle E A, Kruger D. Global anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The Energy Journal, 2006, 27: 33-44.
[5] Cui F, Zheng X, Liu C, et al . Assessing biogeochemical effects and best management practice for a wheat-maize cropping system using the DNDC model. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11(1): 91-107.
[6] Minamikawa K, Fumoto T, Itoh M, et al . Potential of prolonged midseason drainage for reducing methane emission from rice paddies in Japan: a long-term simulation using the DNDC-Rice model. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50(6): 879-889.
[7] Kraus D, Weller S, Klatt S, et al . A new Landscape DNDC biogeochemical module to predict CH 4 and emissions from lowland rice and upland cropping systems. Plant and Soil, 2015, 386(1): 125-149.
[8] Ma L, Zhou P, Gao X Y, et al . Growth and nutrient dynamics of non—fall dormancy and semi—fall dormancy alfalfa cultivars in winter fallow land of south—east China. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2014, 61(1): 119-130.
[9] Bekku Y, Koizumi H, Nakadai T, et al . Measurement of soil respiration using closed chamber method: an IRGA technique. Ecological Research, 1995, 10(3): 369-373.
[10] Frei M, Razzak M, Hossain M, et al . Methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters in rice-fish systems in Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 120(2): 391-398.
[11] Datta A, Nayak D, Sinhababu D, et al . Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an integrated rainfed rice-fish farming system of Eastern India. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2009, 129(1): 228-237.
[12] Pathak H, Byjesh K, Chakrabarti B, et al . Potential and cost of carbon sequestration in Indian agriculture: estimates from long-term field experiments. Field Crops Research, 2011, 120(1): 102-111.
[13] Steinbeiss S, Temperton V, Gleixner G. Mechanisms of short-term soil carbon storage in experimental grasslands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40(10): 2634-2642.
[14] Ma Y, Kong X, Yang B, et al . Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity of annual rice-wheat rotations with integrated soil-crop system management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2013, 164: 209-219.
[15] Mosier A R, Halvorson A D, Reule C A, et al . Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated cropping systems in northeastern Colorado. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2006, 35(4): 1584-1598.
[16] Li C, Frolking S, Frolking T A. A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and sensitivity. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 1992, 97(9): 9759-9776.
[17] Gao X, Lv A, Zhou P, Qian Y, et al . Effect of green manures on rice growth and plant nutrients under conventional and no-till systems. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107(6): 2335-2346.
[18] Zhao Z, Zhang H, Li C, et al . Quantifying nitrogen loading from a paddy field in Shanghai, China with modified DNDC model. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 197: 212-221.
[19] Yang J, Yang J, Liu S, et al . An evaluation of the statistical methods for testing the performance of crop models with observed data. Agricultural Systems, 2014, 127: 81-89.
[20] Smith P, Smith J, Powlson D, et al . A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma, 1997, 81(1): 153-225.
[21] Egodawatta W, Sangakkara U, Stamp P. Impact of green manure and mineral fertilizer inputs on soil organic matter and crop productivity in a sloping landscape of Sri Lanka. Field Crops Research, 2012, 129: 21-27.
[22] Pypers P, Bimponda W, Lodi-Lama J P, et al . Combining mineral fertilizer and green manure for increased, profitable cassava production. Agronomy Journal, 2012, 104(1): 178-187.
[23] Kim S Y, Lee C H, Gutierrez J, et al . Contribution of winter cover crop amendments on global warming potential in rice paddy soil during cultivation. Plant and Soil, 2013, 366(1): 273-286.
[24] Tejada M, Gonzalez J, García-Martínez A, et al . Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99(6): 1758-1767.
[25] Trumbore S. Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems-recent progress and challenges. Global Change Biology, 2006, 12(2): 141-153.
[26] Kimura M, Murase J, Lu Y H. Carbon cycling in rice field ecosystems in the context of input, decomposition and translocation of organic materials and the fates of their end products (CO 2 and CH 4 ). Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2004, 36(9): 1399-1416.
[27] Guo Z, Cai C, Li Z, et al . Crop residue effect on crop performance, soil N 2 O and CO 2 emissions in alley cropping systems in subtropical China. Agroforestry Systems, 2009, 76(1): 67-80.
[28] Lindau C, Bollich P, Delaune R, et al . Effect of urea fertilizer and environmental factors on CH 4 emissions from a Louisiana, USA rice field. Plant and Soil, 1991, 136(2): 195-203.
[29] Zheng J, Zhang X, Li L, et al . Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH 4 and CO 2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 120(2): 129-138.
[30] Aulakh M S, Khera T S, Doran J W. Yields and nitrogen dynamics in a rice-wheat system using green manure and inorganic fertilizer. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1867-1876.
[31] Aulakh M S, Khera T S, Doran J W, et al . Denitrification, N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes in rice-wheat cropping system as affected by crop residues, fertilizer N and legume green manure. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2001, 34(6): 375-389.
[32] Bhattacharyya P, Roy K, Neogi S, et al . Effects of rice straw and nitrogen fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage in tropical flooded soil planted with rice. Soil and Tillage Research, 2012, 124: 119-130.
[33] Ghani A, Dexter M, Perrott K. Hot-water extractable carbon in soils: a sensitive measurement for determining impacts of fertilisation, grazing and cultivation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, 35(9): 1231-1243.
[34] Le Mer J, Roger P. Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: a review. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2001, 37(1): 25-50.
[35] Gaihre Y K, Wassmann R, Villegas-Pangga G. Impact of elevated temperatures on greenhouse gas emissions in rice systems: interaction with straw incorporation studied in a growth chamber experiment. Plant and Soil, 2013, 373(1): 857-875.
[36] Cheng W, Sakai H, Hartley A, et al . Increased night temperature reduces the stimulatory effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on methane emission from rice paddy soil. Global Change Biology, 2008, 14(3): 644-656.
[37] Yun S I, Kang B M, Lim S S, et al . Further understanding CH 4 emissions from a flooded rice field exposed to experimental warming with elevated CO 2 . Aricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2012, 154: 75-83.
[38] Frey S D, Lee J, Melillo, et al . The temperature response of soil microbial efficiency and its feedback to climate. Nature Climate Change, 2013, 3(4): 395-398.
[39] Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R. Soil and crop response to harvesting corn residues for biofuel production. Geoderma, 2007, 141(3): 355-362.
[40] Nagarajan V K, Jain A, Poling M D, et al . Arabidopsis Pht1; 5 mobilizes phosphate between source and sink organs and influences the interaction between phosphate homeostasis and ethylene signaling. Plant Physiology, 2011, 156(3): 1149-1163.
[41] Kool D M, Dolfing J, Wrage N, et al . Nitrifier denitrification as a distinct and significant source of nitrous oxide from soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43(1): 174-178.
[42] Yang W H, Teh Y A, Silver W L. A test of a field-based 15 N-nitrous oxide pool dilution technique to measure gross N 2 O production in soil. Global Change Biology, 2011, 17(12): 3577-3588.
[43] Zheng X, Xie B, Liu C, et al . Quantifying net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange of a short-plant cropland with intermittent chamber measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2008, 22(3): 148-152.
[44] Liu L, Hu C, Yang P, et al . Effects of experimental warming and nitrogen addition on soil respiration and CH 4 fluxes from crop rotations of winter wheat-soybean/fallow. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2015, 207: 38-47.
[45] Inubushi K, Cheng W, Aonuma S, et al . Effects of free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) on CH 4 emission from a rice paddy field. Global Change Biology, 2003, 9(10): 1458-1464.
[46] Dijkstra F A, Prior S A, Runion G B, et al . Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and increased temperature on methane and nitrous oxide fluxes: evidence from field experiments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2012, 10(10): 520-527.
[47] Guardian T. Global Carbon Dioxide Levels Break 400 ppm Milestone[N][. UK: The Guardian, 2015.
[48] Kundu S, Bhattacharyya R, Prakash V, et al . Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean-wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007, 92(1): 87-95.
[49] Butterbach-bahl K, Papen H, Rennenberg H. Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Plant, Cell & Environment, 1997, 20(9): 1175-1183.
[50] Ma J, Li X, Xu H, et al . Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat straw application on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from a paddy rice field. Soil Research, 2007, 45(5): 359-367.
[51] Schimel J. Global change: rice, microbes and methane. Nature, 2000, 403: 375-377.
[52] Li C, Mosier A, Wassmann R, et al . Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from rice-based production systems: Sensitivity and upscaling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2004, 18(1): 1-19.
[53] Kim Y, Seo Y, Kraus D, et al . Estimation and mitigation of N 2 O emission and nitrate leaching from intensive crop cultivation in the Haean catchment, South Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 529: 40-53.
[54] Li C S, Aber J, Stange F, et al . A process-oriented model of N 2 O and NO emissions from forest soils: 1. Model development. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2000, 105(4): 4369-4384.
[55] Shang Q, Yang X, Gao C, et al . Net annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in Chinese double rice-cropping systems: a 3-year field measurement in long-term fertilizer experiments. Global Change Biology, 2011, 17(6): 2196-2210.
[56] Pittelkow C M, Adviento-Borbe M A, Hill J E, et al . Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2013, 177: 10-20.
[8] 马力, 周鹏, 高小叶, 等. 非秋眠和半秋眠紫花苜蓿品种在华东冬闲田的生长规律和营养动态. 中国草地学报, 2014, 61(1): 119-130.