陇东旱塬冬小麦复种饲草轮作系统产量和水分利用特征

doi:10.11686/cyxb2016131

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在陇东黄土高原大田条件下,连续2年研究了冬小麦-饲草复种轮作系统的干物质产量和水分利用,研究采用的处理有:休闲-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆-冬小麦(F-W-V-W),休闲-冬小麦-饲用油菜-冬小麦(F-W-R-W),饲用油菜-冬小麦-箭筈豌豆-冬小麦(R-W-V-W)和饲用油菜-冬小麦-饲用油菜-冬小麦(R-W-R-W)。结果表明:麦茬复种饲草可比麦茬休闲提高系统生产力27%,蛋白质产量增加1100 kg/hm², 同时对后茬冬小麦产量无影响。R-W-R-W模式下干物质产量、粗蛋白产量、干物质水分利用效率和蛋白质水分利用效率均最优,分别为30.68 t/hm²、3.25 t/hm²、7.80 kg/(mm·hm²)和0.92 kg/(mm·hm²)(P<0.05)。复种饲用油菜较箭筈豌豆产量高,有效利用了麦茬后降雨量,但箭筈豌豆粗蛋白含量较饲用油菜高22.4%,因此确定麦茬复种模式则需权衡干物质产量与蛋白质产量的需求。

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of winter wheat/forage catch crop rotation systems on dry matter production and water use. This experiment was conducted at the Qingyang Experimental Station of Lanzhou University, which is located in the central part of the Loess Plateau. Four crop rotation systems were tested: fallow/winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)/vetch (Vicia sativa)/winter wheat (F-W-V-W); fallow/winter wheat/rape (Brassica campestris)/winter wheat (F-W-R-W); rape/winter wheat/vetch/winter wheat (R-W-V-W); and rape/winter wheat/rape/winter wheat (R-W-R-W). The results showed that the system productivity of R-W was 27% higher than that of F-W. Compared with F-W, R-W showed 1100 kg/ha greater crude protein yield, but there was no significant difference in the yield of winter wheat stubble. Among the four cropping systems, the R-W-R-W rotation system showed the highest dry matter production, crude protein yield, water use efficiency, and protein water use efficiency [30.68 t/ha, 3.25 t/ha, 7.80 kg/(mm·ha), and 0.92 kg/(mm·ha), respectively]. The yield and water consumption of rape were higher than those of vetch, indicating that precipitation after the winter wheat crop was used more efficiently by rape. However, the protein content of vetch was 22.4% higher than that of rape. This result highlighted the importance of evaluating the relationship between dry matter production and crude protein yield to judge the benefits of different rotation systems.

邓建强, 梁志婷, 刘渊博, 王自奎, 沈禹颖. 陇东旱塬冬小麦复种饲草轮作系统产量和水分利用特征[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(2): 161-170.

DENG Jian-Qiang, LIANG Zhi-Ting, LIU Yuan-Bo, WANG Zi-Kui, SHEN Yu-Ying. Dry matter production and water use of winter wheat-forage catch crop rotation systems on the Longdong Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(2): 161-170.

参考文献

[1] Liu Y B, Tian L H, Zhang Q P, et al . Grain and forage performances of winter wheat in a rape and wheat rotation system. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(7): 1336-1342.
刘渊博, 田莉华, 张清平, 等. 油菜-冬小麦轮作系统中冬小麦的粮饲兼用性能. 草业科学, 2014, 31(7): 1336-1342.
[2] Liao Y C, Wang L X. Study on enhancing farmland water production potential in arid regions of Northern China. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2002, 18(6): 78-80.
廖允成, 王立祥. 中国北方旱区农田水分生产潜力增进研究. 中国农学通报, 2002, 18(6): 78-80.
[3] Bo L D. The Cultivation System Establishment and Assessment Contributing to Yield and Efficiency Improvement of Dryland Maize, and Regional Simulation[D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University, 2013.
卜令铎. 旱地春玉米高产高效栽培体系构建、评价及区域模拟[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2013.
[4] Wang Y, Xie Z, Malhi S S, et al . Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(3): 374-382.
[5] Zhang S L, Grip H. Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature, soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 102(1): 78-86.
[6] Kang S, Zhang L, Liang Y, et al . Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management, 2002, 55(3): 203-216.
[7] Shan L, Chen G L. Dryland Farming for Loess Plateau[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1993.
山仑, 陈国良. 黄土高原旱地农业的理论与实践[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1993.
[8] Yang J. Response of System Compenents to Conservation Tillage Practice in a Maize-wheat-soybean Rotation on the Qingyang Loess Plateau[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2009.
杨晶. 陇东黄土高原塬区玉米-小麦-大豆轮作系统各组分对保护性耕作的响应[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2009.
[9] Yuan S C. The suiable crop rotation and the improvement of the cropping system on rice field in Hubei Province. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 1981, 7(3): 211-216.
元生朝. 合理的复种轮作与湖北省稻田耕作制度改革. 作物学报, 1981, 7(3): 211-216.
[10] Nielsen D C, Lyon D J, Higgins R K, et al . Cover crop effect on subsequent wheat yield in the Central Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 2016, 108(1): 243-256.
[11] Yin W, Feng F X, Zhao C, et al . Effects of wheat straw returning patterns on characteristics of dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of rotation maize. Acta Agronomic Sinica, 2016, 42(5): 751-757.
殷文, 冯福学, 赵财, 等. 小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(5): 751-757.
[12] Glab T, Scigalska B, LAbuz B. Effect of crop rotation on the root system morphology and productivity of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm). The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2014, 152(4): 642-654.
[13] Ou Z H, Li W L. A preliminary study on the effect of different cropping systems on soil fertility and economic efficiency. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2007, (3): 74-75.
欧志宏, 李为龙. 不同种植制度的经济效益及对土壤肥力影响的初步研究. 湖南农业科学, 2007, (3): 74-75.
[14] Huang M, Shao M, Zhang L, et al . Water use efficiency and sustainability of different long-term crop rotation systems in the Loess Plateau of China. Soil and Tillage Research, 2003, 72(1): 95-104.
[15] Hu Z Q, Tian X H, Zhang J D, et al . High efficiency production and water-saving crop rotation systems in Shiyang River Area. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agricultural, 2011, 19(3): 561-567.
胡志桥, 田霄鸿, 张久东, 等. 石羊河流域节水高产高效轮作模式研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(3): 561-567.
[16] Ma A P, Hang X L, Jin H, et al . Effects of crops for rotation and planting pattern on soil water stage, comsumption and water use efficiency in arid land winter wheat. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(2): 31.
马爱平, 亢秀丽, 靖华, 等. 旱地冬小麦茬口、种植模式对土壤贮水、耗水及水分利用效率的影响. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(2): 31.
[17] Li F R, Wang S F. Application of the analytic hierarchy process model to comprehensive evaluation of crop rotational systems with multiple cropping. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 1996, 5(3): 22-27.
李锋瑞, 王树芳. 作物轮作复种模式综合评价的 AHP 模型设计与应用. 草业学报, 1996, 5(3): 22-27.
[18] Yang R J, Niu J Y, Huang W D, et al . Effects of wheat stubble multiple cropping rape to soil aggregate structure on topsoil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 20(5): 77-81.
杨瑞吉, 牛俊义, 黄文德, 等. 麦茬复种饲料油菜对耕层土壤团聚体的影响. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(5): 77-81.
[19] Yang R J. Effect of planting density on growth properties of rapeseed in wheat/silage rape multiple cropping. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2007, 29(4): 479-482.
杨瑞吉. 麦茬复种饲料油菜的播种量对其生长性状的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2007, 29(4): 479-482.
[20] Zhang L F, Bian X J, Liu Y H. Studies on water consumption characteristics and effects of crops rotation in plateau of north Hebei Province. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2001, 34(1): 56-60.
张立峰, 边秀举, 刘玉华. 冀北高原作物耗水特性与倒茬效应研究. 中国农业科学, 2001, 34(1): 56-60.
[21] Guo T W, Xie Y C, Zhang P L, et al . Effects of different patterns of planting and fertilization on soil moisture and water use efficiency of spring maize on dryland. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(5): 231-238.
郭天文, 谢永春, 张平良, 等. 不同种植和施肥方式对旱地春玉米土壤水分含量及其水分利用效率的影响. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(5): 231-238.
[22] Zhang Q P, Tian L H, Liu Y B, et al . Dry matter and water use efficiency of annual forage crops in the Loess Plateau. Arid Zone Research, 2015, 32(2): 251-257.
张清平, 田莉华, 刘渊博, 等. 黄土高原一年生饲草作物产量与水分利用效率. 干旱区研究, 2015, 32(2): 251-257.
[23] Yang Y C, Zheng Y L, He Z H, et al . Effect of straw returning and fertilization on yields of wheat-rape multiple cropping and resource use efficiency. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(9): 20-26.
杨育川, 郑月兰, 何智宏, 等. 不同秸秆还田方式及施肥对春小麦复种小油菜产量和资源利用率的影响. 中国农学通报, 2016, 32(9): 20-26.
[24] Niu Y N, Nan Z B. Dry matter yield and productivity of forage crops under rotation systems in Longdong loess plateau. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(9): 1422-1427.
牛伊宁, 南志标. 陇东黄土高原饲草作物生产力研究. 草业科学, 2012, 29(9): 1422-1427.
[25] Li J, Wang L X. Weibei plateau summer fallow land utilization research. Journal of Kasetsart University, 1994, 22(2): 99-102.
李军, 王立祥. 渭北旱塬夏闲地开发利用研究. 西北农业大学学报, 1994, 22(2): 99-102.
[26] Katsvairo T, Cox W J. Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics. Agronomy Journal, 2002, 94(2): 299-304.
[27] Yue Y H, Yang R J, Niu J Y, et al . Effect of Triticum aestivum /feed Brassica napus multiple cropping on soil enzymatic activities. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2007, 16(6): 47-53.
岳永华, 杨瑞吉, 牛俊义, 等. 复种饲料油菜对麦茬耕层土壤酶活性的影响. 草业学报, 2007, 16(6): 47-53.
[28] Smith B J, Kirkegaard J A. Impacts of Brassica break-crops on soil biology and yield of following wheat crops. Crop and Pasture Science, 2004, 55(1): 1-11.
[29] Kirkegaard J A, Gardner P A, Angus J F, et al . Effect of Brassica break crops on the growth and yield of wheat. Crop and Pasture Science, 1994, 45(3): 529-545.
[30] Chen Q X, Mao W H, Cui X R, et al . The characteristics and key points of cultivation of forage rape. Agricultural Science and Technology Communication, 2007, (8): 56.
陈其鲜, 毛万湖, 崔小茹, 等. 饲草油菜新品种饲油 1 号的特征特性及栽培要点. 农业科技通讯, 2007, (8): 56.
[31] Lv J B. Performance of multiple cropping rape yield and cultivation technology after wheat in Wuwei. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology, 2002, (9): 14-15.
吕经邦. 武威市麦后复种饲用油菜的产量表现及栽培技术. 甘肃农业科技, 2002, (9): 14-15.
[32] Han L N, Ding J, Han Q F, et al . Effects of alfalfa-grain (oil) crop plowing rotation on soil moisture and crop yield in Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 28(24): 129-137.
韩丽娜, 丁静, 韩清芳, 等. 黄土高原区草粮 (油) 翻耕轮作的土壤水分及作物产量效应. 农业工程学报, 2013, 28(24): 129-137.
[33] Xiao J L, Lai Y C, Liu M, et al . Northeast spring wheat after wheat multiple cropping rape cultivation techniques. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2014, (12): 156.
肖佳雷, 来永才, 刘明, 等. 东北春小麦麦后复种饲料油菜栽培技术. 黑龙江农业科学, 2014, (12): 156.
[34] Larbi A, Hassan S, Kattash G, et al . Annual feed legume yield and quality in dryland environments in north-west Syria: 2. Grain and straw yield and straw quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010, 160(3): 90-97.
[35] Wang L, Fan T L, Wang Y, et al . Effects of cultivation modes in summer fallow period on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2015, 34(5): 55-58.
王磊, 樊廷录, 王勇, 等. 夏闲期栽培模式对土壤水分及冬小麦水分利用效率的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2015, 34(5): 55-58.
[36] Wang X C, Li J, Fang X Y, et al . Restoration of soil water in alfalfa-grain crop rotation fields on semi-arid region. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2011, 27(1): 81-88.
王学春, 李军, 方新宇, 等. 半干旱区草粮轮作田土壤水分恢复效应. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(1): 81-88.
[37] Sun J, Li J, Wang M Y, et al . Effects of alfalfa-grain rotation on soil moisture restoration in semi-arid and drought-inclined areas of the Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009, 25(6): 33-39.
孙剑, 李军, 王美艳, 等. 黄土高原半干旱偏旱区苜蓿-粮食轮作土壤水分恢复效应. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(6): 33-39.
[38] Lenssen A W, Johnson G D, Carlson G R. Cropping sequence and tillage system influences annual crop production and water use in semiarid Montana, USA. Field Crops Research, 2007, 100(1): 32-43.
[39] Gu X B, Li Y N, Yin M H, et al . Effects of biodegradable film mulching on root distribution, yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 2015, 46(12): 184-193.
谷晓博, 李援农, 银敏华, 等. 降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响. 农业机械学报, 2015, 46(12): 184-193.
[40] Zhao Y G. Effects of rape cropping in summer fallow period on dryland soil moisture content and winter wheat yield. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(10): 2807-2813.
赵摇刚. 夏休闲期复种油菜对旱地土壤水分和小麦产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(10): 2807-2813.