中国北方林间草地分类体系研究

doi:10.11686/cyxb2024197

草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 175-188.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024197

• 综合评述 • 上一篇

中国北方林间草地分类体系研究

李毅夫¹^,²(), 孙斌¹^,², 南志标³^,⁴, 刘世荣⁵^,⁶, 高志海¹^,²(), 黄晓东³, 张美男⁵^,⁶, 李长龙⁷, 张景波⁸, 吴水荣⁹, 王琫瑜¹^,²

^1.中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所，北京 100091
^2.国家林业和草原局林业遥感与信息技术重点实验室，北京 100091
^3.兰州大学草地农业科技学院，甘肃兰州 730020
^4.国家林业和草原局草原研究中心，北京 100091
^5.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所，北京 100091
^6.国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室，北京 100091
^7.广州商学院信息技术与工程学院，广东广州 511363
^8.中国林业科学研究院沙漠林业实验中心，内蒙古磴口 015200
^9.中国林业科学研究院林业科技信息研究所，北京 100091

收稿日期:2024-05-22 修回日期:2024-07-10 出版日期:2025-03-20 发布日期:2025-01-02
通讯作者: 高志海
作者简介:E-mail： zhgao@ifrit.ac.cn
李毅夫（1986-），男，吉林九台人，博士。E-mail： liyifu@ifrit.ac.cn
基金资助:
中国林业科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(CAFYBB2021MC002-01)

Classification system of inter-silva grasslands in Northern China

Yi-fu LI¹^,²(), Bin SUN¹^,², Zhi-biao NAN³^,⁴, Shi-rong LIU⁵^,⁶, Zhi-hai GAO¹^,²(), Xiao-dong HUANG³, Mei-nan ZHANG⁵^,⁶, Chang-long LI⁷, Jing-bo ZHANG⁸, Shui-rong WU⁹, Beng-yu WANG¹^,²

^1.Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091，China
^2.Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System，National Forestry and Grassland Administration，Beijing 100091，China
^3.College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology，Lanzhou University，Lanzhou 730020，China
^4.Grassland Research Center，National Forestry and Grassland Administration，Beijing 100091，China
^5.Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091，China
^6.Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration，Beijing 100091，China
^7.School of Information Technology and Engineering，Guangzhou College of Commerce，Guangzhou 511363，China
^8.Experimental Center of Desert Forestry，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Dengkou 015200，China
^9.Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091，China

Received:2024-05-22 Revised:2024-07-10 Online:2025-03-20 Published:2025-01-02
Contact: Zhi-hai GAO

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

林间草地作为森林和草地两个相邻生态系统的过渡区，具有重要的生态价值。然而，国内外对其认识存在较大差异，且尚未形成普遍接受的概念和分类体系，限制了对林间草地的生态保护和合理利用。为解决这一问题，在综合分析国内外相关研究成果并开展广泛实地调研的基础上，给出了林间草地的科学定义及内涵，即在森林分布区内生长于大面积森林内部或边缘的成片草地，以及与稀疏林木或灌木共生的区域。在充分考虑我国北方林间草地的地理环境特征、可利用性及其在中、高空间分辨率遥感影像中的可辨识性基础上，建立了我国北方林间草地分类体系，包括林窗草地、林缘草地、疏林草地和灌木林草地4个类型及12个亚类。研究结果为我国林间草地的生态保护和可持续利用提供科学支撑。

关键词: 林间草地, 分类体系, 林窗草地, 林缘草地, 疏林草地, 灌木林草地

Abstract:

Inter-silva grasslands， serving as a critical transitional zone between forest and grassland ecosystems or grassland within forest land， have significant ecological importance. However， a widely accepted concept and a unified standard classification framework for inter-silva grasslands is not well recognized， neither domestically nor internationally， and this lack of recognition leads to constraints on their ecological conservation and rational utilization. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art research findings from around the world along with extensive field surveys in typical forests of northern China， this study proposes a scientific definition of inter-silva grasslands. Inter-silva grasslands are defined as grassland patches of varying sizes and forms that occur within or on the edges of large forests， or that are interspersed with sparse trees or shrubs. Considering the geographic environmental features， usability， and visibility derived from medium to high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery， this classification system for northern China’s inter-silva grasslands includes four classes： forest gap grasslands， forest edge grasslands， sparse forest grasslands， and shrub grasslands， with further subdivision into twelve distinct subclasses. This study provides a conceptual framework to support the ecological protection and sustainable use of inter-silva grasslands in northern China.

Key words: inter-silva grasslands, classification system, forest gap grasslands, forest edge grasslands, sparse forest grasslands, shrub grasslands

李毅夫, 孙斌, 南志标, 刘世荣, 高志海, 黄晓东, 张美男, 李长龙, 张景波, 吴水荣, 王琫瑜. 中国北方林间草地分类体系研究[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(3): 175-188.

Yi-fu LI, Bin SUN, Zhi-biao NAN, Shi-rong LIU, Zhi-hai GAO, Xiao-dong HUANG, Mei-nan ZHANG, Chang-long LI, Jing-bo ZHANG, Shui-rong WU, Beng-yu WANG. Classification system of inter-silva grasslands in Northern China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 175-188.

图/表 5

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类型 Class	代码 Code	亚类 Subclass	描述 Description
林窗草地Forest gap grasslands	11	火烧迹地草地Burnt trace grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，火烧后尚未更新成林（郁闭度<0.1）区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after fire disturbance， with a canopy density of less than 0.1.
	12	采伐迹地草地Cutting blank grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，采伐后尚未更新成林（郁闭度<0.1）区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after logging， with a canopy density of less than 0.1.
	13	山间谷地草地Valley grasslands	位于森林集中分布的山谷区域，阳坡与阴坡均为大面积天然林或人工林，属天然形成的成片草地。 Extensive natural grasslands located in valley regions where forests are concentrated， with both sunny and shady slopes covered by large areas of natural or plantation forests.
	14	其他林窗草地Other forest gap grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，其他原因造成（天然或人为）的成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests caused by other factors （natural or anthropogenic）.
林缘草地Forest edge grasslands	21	针叶林林缘草地Coniferous forest edge grasslands	距离针叶林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以针叶树为建群种所组成的各类森林，主要由云杉、冷杉、落叶松和松树等一些耐寒树种组成，包括常绿和落叶，也包括天然和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of coniferous forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests are composed of various coniferous tree species， including spruce， fir， larch， and pine， which are cold-tolerant and include both evergreen and deciduous species， encompassing both natural and plantation forests.
	22	阔叶林林缘草地Broadleaf forest edge grasslands	距离阔叶林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以阔叶树种为主组成的树林，叶子宽阔，北方主要以落叶树种为主，部分常绿树种，包括天然林和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of broadleaf forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests are primarily composed of broadleaf tree species with wide leaves， predominantly deciduous species in northern regions， with some evergreen species， including both natural and plantation forests.
	23	针阔混交林林缘草地Mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest edge grasslands	距离针阔混交林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。由针叶树和阔叶树混交组成的森林，针叶林或阔叶林的占比均未超过65%。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests consist of a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf trees， with neither coniferous nor broadleaf species exceeding 65% of the composition.
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands	31	低郁闭度疏林草地Low canopy density sparse forest grasslands	因自然或人为因素等形成的乔木疏林地，林木郁闭度为0.1~0.2，林草相间生长。Sparse woodland areas formed by natural or anthropogenic factors， with a canopy density between 0.1 and 0.2， where trees and grass grow intermixed.
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands	32	中郁闭度疏林草地Medium canopy density sparse forest grasslands	主要由乔木树种组成，森林郁闭度较低，为0.2~0.4，林草相间生长。Forests primarily composed of tree species with low canopy density ranging from 0.2 to 0.4， where trees and grass grow intermixed.
灌木林草地Shrub grasslands	41	山地灌木林草地Mountain shrub grasslands	以灌木为建群种，常呈丛状分布，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌木与草地相间生长，主要分布在山地、丘陵和岩溶等区域，可放牧利用。Dominated by shrub species， typically forming clumps with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， primarily distributed in mountainous， hilly， and karst regions， and are suitable for grazing.
	42	沙地灌木林草地Sandy shrub grasslands	以灌木为建群种，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌草相间生长，主要分布于固定沙地和半固定沙地等沙质土地，生态脆弱，生态价值大于利用价值。Dominated by shrub species， with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， primarily distributed in fixed and semi-fixed sandy areas. These ecosystems are ecologically fragile， with ecological value outweighing their utilitarian value.
	43	其他灌木林草地Other shrub grasslands	以灌木为主，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌草相间生长，分布于典型草原、荒漠草原等非山地和沙地的区域。Dominated by shrub species， with shrub coverage greater than 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， distributed in typical steppes and desert steppes， excluding mountainous and sandy areas.

类型 Class	代码 Code	亚类 Subclass	描述 Description
林窗草地Forest gap grasslands	11	火烧迹地草地Burnt trace grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，火烧后尚未更新成林（郁闭度<0.1）区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after fire disturbance， with a canopy density of less than 0.1.
	12	采伐迹地草地Cutting blank grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，采伐后尚未更新成林（郁闭度<0.1）区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after logging， with a canopy density of less than 0.1.
	13	山间谷地草地Valley grasslands	位于森林集中分布的山谷区域，阳坡与阴坡均为大面积天然林或人工林，属天然形成的成片草地。 Extensive natural grasslands located in valley regions where forests are concentrated， with both sunny and shady slopes covered by large areas of natural or plantation forests.
	14	其他林窗草地Other forest gap grasslands	大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部，其他原因造成（天然或人为）的成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests caused by other factors （natural or anthropogenic）.
林缘草地Forest edge grasslands	21	针叶林林缘草地Coniferous forest edge grasslands	距离针叶林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以针叶树为建群种所组成的各类森林，主要由云杉、冷杉、落叶松和松树等一些耐寒树种组成，包括常绿和落叶，也包括天然和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of coniferous forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests are composed of various coniferous tree species， including spruce， fir， larch， and pine， which are cold-tolerant and include both evergreen and deciduous species， encompassing both natural and plantation forests.
	22	阔叶林林缘草地Broadleaf forest edge grasslands	距离阔叶林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以阔叶树种为主组成的树林，叶子宽阔，北方主要以落叶树种为主，部分常绿树种，包括天然林和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of broadleaf forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests are primarily composed of broadleaf tree species with wide leaves， predominantly deciduous species in northern regions， with some evergreen species， including both natural and plantation forests.
	23	针阔混交林林缘草地Mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest edge grasslands	距离针阔混交林（郁闭度>0.2）边缘200 m成片存在的草地。由针叶树和阔叶树混交组成的森林，针叶林或阔叶林的占比均未超过65%。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests （canopy density greater than 0.2）. These forests consist of a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf trees， with neither coniferous nor broadleaf species exceeding 65% of the composition.
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands	31	低郁闭度疏林草地Low canopy density sparse forest grasslands	因自然或人为因素等形成的乔木疏林地，林木郁闭度为0.1~0.2，林草相间生长。Sparse woodland areas formed by natural or anthropogenic factors， with a canopy density between 0.1 and 0.2， where trees and grass grow intermixed.
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands	32	中郁闭度疏林草地Medium canopy density sparse forest grasslands	主要由乔木树种组成，森林郁闭度较低，为0.2~0.4，林草相间生长。Forests primarily composed of tree species with low canopy density ranging from 0.2 to 0.4， where trees and grass grow intermixed.
灌木林草地Shrub grasslands	41	山地灌木林草地Mountain shrub grasslands	以灌木为建群种，常呈丛状分布，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌木与草地相间生长，主要分布在山地、丘陵和岩溶等区域，可放牧利用。Dominated by shrub species， typically forming clumps with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， primarily distributed in mountainous， hilly， and karst regions， and are suitable for grazing.
	42	沙地灌木林草地Sandy shrub grasslands	以灌木为建群种，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌草相间生长，主要分布于固定沙地和半固定沙地等沙质土地，生态脆弱，生态价值大于利用价值。Dominated by shrub species， with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， primarily distributed in fixed and semi-fixed sandy areas. These ecosystems are ecologically fragile， with ecological value outweighing their utilitarian value.
	43	其他灌木林草地Other shrub grasslands	以灌木为主，灌丛覆盖度在40%以上，灌草相间生长，分布于典型草原、荒漠草原等非山地和沙地的区域。Dominated by shrub species， with shrub coverage greater than 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed， distributed in typical steppes and desert steppes， excluding mountainous and sandy areas.

中国北方林间草地分类体系研究

Classification system of inter-silva grasslands in Northern China

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