草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 201-216.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025291
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
李武1(
), 李佳静1(
), 李洁冰1, 李振舟4, 郭明1,2,3, 牛岩5, 孙浩1,2,3, 李德锋1,2,3, 史莹华1,2,3, 李振田1,2,3, 刘伯帅1,2,3, 崔亚垒1,2,3, 王志昌1,2,3, 李永涛4, 朱晓艳1,2,3(
)
收稿日期:2025-07-14
修回日期:2025-10-09
出版日期:2026-07-20
发布日期:2026-05-21
通讯作者:
朱晓艳
作者简介:Corresponding author. E-mail: zxy_0512@163.com基金资助:
Wu LI1(
), Jia-jing LI1(
), Jie-bing LI1, Zhen-zhou LI4, Ming GUO1,2,3, Yan NIU5, Hao SUN1,2,3, De-feng LI1,2,3, Ying-hua SHI1,2,3, Zhen-tian LI1,2,3, Bo-shuai LIU1,2,3, Ya-lei CUI1,2,3, Zhi-chang WANG1,2,3, Yong-tao LI4, Xiao-yan ZHU1,2,3(
)
Received:2025-07-14
Revised:2025-10-09
Online:2026-07-20
Published:2026-05-21
Contact:
Xiao-yan ZHU
摘要:
旨在优化苜蓿皂苷的发酵和超声提取工艺。选用酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌为发酵菌株,在单因素试验中比较3种单菌及1∶1∶1复合菌的发酵效果,系统分析发酵时间(24、48、72、96 h)、葡萄糖添加量(0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 g)、发酵料液比[1∶0.8、1∶1.2、1∶1.6、1∶2.0 (g∶mL)]和菌液添加量(0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10 mL)对皂苷得率的影响,并评估菌型与发酵参数的交互作用,每个处理设3个独立重复。基于结果筛选出最优菌型及关键发酵参数,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵工艺,并通过3次独立验证试验评估模型的拟合度与可重复性。进一步以最优发酵产物为原料,考察超声时间(45、60、75、90 min)、超声料液比(1∶10、1∶20、1∶30、1∶40)和超声温度(25、37、49、61 ℃)对皂苷得率的影响,分析超声参数与菌型的交互效应,建立响应面模型并优化提取工艺。结果表明:3种菌1∶1∶1组合发酵效果优于单菌发酵(P<0.05),最优发酵条件为料液比1∶1.27、发酵时间50.3 h、菌添加量0.062 mL,皂苷得率为11.68%;在发酵联合超声条件(料液比1∶23.1、超声时间72.7 min、超声温度47.3 ℃)下,皂苷得率提升至13.87%,较对照组提高98.4%(P<0.05)。本研究构建了高效、绿色的发酵-超声协同提取工艺,为苜蓿皂苷的高效提取与后续高值化开发提供了技术支持。
李武, 李佳静, 李洁冰, 李振舟, 郭明, 牛岩, 孙浩, 李德锋, 史莹华, 李振田, 刘伯帅, 崔亚垒, 王志昌, 李永涛, 朱晓艳. 苜蓿皂苷发酵和超声提取工艺条件优化研究[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(7): 201-216.
Wu LI, Jia-jing LI, Jie-bing LI, Zhen-zhou LI, Ming GUO, Yan NIU, Hao SUN, De-feng LI, Ying-hua SHI, Zhen-tian LI, Bo-shuai LIU, Ya-lei CUI, Zhi-chang WANG, Yong-tao LI, Xiao-yan ZHU. Optimization of fermentation and ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters for alfalfa saponins[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(7): 201-216.
图1 菌种类型和发酵时间对苜蓿皂苷得率的影响M: 菌种类型Strain type; T: 发酵时间Fermentation time. ***: P<0.001. 相同处理下,小写字母不同表示不同菌种类型间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Within the same treatment, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among strain types (P<0.05). The same below.
Fig.1 Effects of strain type and fermentation time on alfalfa saponin yield
图2 菌种类型和发酵料液比对苜蓿皂苷得率的影响S: 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio.
Fig.2 Effects of strain type and fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio on alfalfa saponin yield
图4 菌种类型和葡萄糖添加量对苜蓿皂苷得率的影响G: 葡萄糖添加量Glucose addition amount. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.
Fig.4 Effects of strain type and glucose addition amount on alfalfa saponin yield
水平 Level | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B, h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0.8 | 24 | 0.04 |
| 0 | 1.2 | 48 | 0.06 |
| 1 | 1.6 | 72 | 0.08 |
表1 发酵工艺Box-Behnken设计因素与水平
Table 1 Factors and levels of Box-Behnken design for fermentation process
水平 Level | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B, h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0.8 | 24 | 0.04 |
| 0 | 1.2 | 48 | 0.06 |
| 1 | 1.6 | 72 | 0.08 |
| 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 9.79 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11.81 |
| 2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 10.23 | 11 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 8.28 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.50 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.70 |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 10.70 | 13 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 9.11 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.62 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.61 |
| 6 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 8.50 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9.50 |
| 7 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 9.04 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.90 |
| 8 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 9.30 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9.41 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 9.70 |
表2 发酵工艺Box-Behnken设计方案及结果
Table 2 Box-Behnken design scheme and results for fermentation process
| 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 9.79 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11.81 |
| 2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 10.23 | 11 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 8.28 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.50 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.70 |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 10.70 | 13 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 9.11 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.62 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.61 |
| 6 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 8.50 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9.50 |
| 7 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 9.04 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.90 |
| 8 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 9.30 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9.41 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 9.70 |
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Degree of freedom (df) | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 24.72 | 9 | 2.75 | 48.67 | <0.0001 | ** |
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.25 | 0.0014 | ** |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B) | 1.11 | 1 | 1.11 | 19.62 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 菌种添加量Strain inoculum volume (C) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.1929 | NS |
| AB | 0.08 | 1 | 0.08 | 1.42 | 0.2716 | NS |
| AC | 0.60 | 1 | 0.60 | 10.58 | 0.0140 | * |
| BC | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 3.62 | 0.0990 | NS |
| A2 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.17 | 0.0014 | ** |
| B2 | 17.59 | 1 | 17.59 | 311.65 | <0.0001 | ** |
| C2 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.83 | 14.68 | 0.0064 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.40 | 7 | 0.06 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.31 | 3 | 0.10 | 4.64 | 0.0862 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.09 | 4 | 0.02 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 25.12 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9843 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9640 |
表3 发酵工艺皂苷得率回归模型的方差分析
Table 3 Analysis of variance for the regression model of saponin yield in fermentation process
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Degree of freedom (df) | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 24.72 | 9 | 2.75 | 48.67 | <0.0001 | ** |
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.25 | 0.0014 | ** |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B) | 1.11 | 1 | 1.11 | 19.62 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 菌种添加量Strain inoculum volume (C) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.1929 | NS |
| AB | 0.08 | 1 | 0.08 | 1.42 | 0.2716 | NS |
| AC | 0.60 | 1 | 0.60 | 10.58 | 0.0140 | * |
| BC | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 3.62 | 0.0990 | NS |
| A2 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.17 | 0.0014 | ** |
| B2 | 17.59 | 1 | 17.59 | 311.65 | <0.0001 | ** |
| C2 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.83 | 14.68 | 0.0064 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.40 | 7 | 0.06 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.31 | 3 | 0.10 | 4.64 | 0.0862 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.09 | 4 | 0.02 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 25.12 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9843 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9640 |
图5 发酵料液比(A)与发酵时间(B)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.5 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction between fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and fermentation time (B)
图6 发酵料液比(A)与菌添加量(C)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.6 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction between fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and strain inoculum volume (C)
图7 发酵时间(B)与菌添加量(C)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.7 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction between fermentation time (B) and strain inoculum volume (C)
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B, h) | 区间内Within the range | 24 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 菌添加量Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) | 区间内Within the range | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 8.28 | 11.90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
表4 不同发酵因素取值范围与预测区间
Table 4 Value ranges and prediction intervals of different fermentation factors
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B, h) | 区间内Within the range | 24 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 菌添加量Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) | 区间内Within the range | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 8.28 | 11.90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
发酵工艺 Fermentation process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | 理想程度 Desirability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (mL) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | P值 P-value | |
| 1∶1.27 | 50.3 | 0.062 | 11.75 | 7.21 | 11.68±0.15a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0177 | 0.95 |
表5 苜蓿皂苷最优发酵工艺与提取得率
Table 5 Optimal fermentation technology and extraction yield of alfalfa saponins
发酵工艺 Fermentation process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | 理想程度 Desirability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (mL) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | P值 P-value | |
| 1∶1.27 | 50.3 | 0.062 | 11.75 | 7.21 | 11.68±0.15a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0177 | 0.95 |
图10 菌种类型和超声料液比对苜蓿皂苷得率的影响US: 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio.
Fig.10 Effects of strain type and ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio on alfalfa saponin yield
水平 Level | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 10 | 60 | 37 |
| 0 | 20 | 75 | 49 |
| 1 | 30 | 90 | 61 |
表6 超声工艺Box-Behnken设计因素与水平
Table 6 Factors and levels of Box-Behnken design for ultrasonic process
水平 Level | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 10 | 60 | 37 |
| 0 | 20 | 75 | 49 |
| 1 | 30 | 90 | 61 |
| 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 13.14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.73 |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12.37 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.99 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.75 | 12 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 12.99 |
| 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12.04 | 13 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 12.62 |
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12.76 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.64 |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.06 | 15 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 11.94 |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 12.06 | 16 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 12.01 |
| 8 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 13.39 | 17 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 11.35 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 11.06 |
表7 超声工艺Box-Behnken设计方案及结果
Table 7 Box-Behnken design scheme and results for ultrasonic process
| 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 13.14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.73 |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12.37 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.99 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.75 | 12 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 12.99 |
| 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12.04 | 13 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 12.62 |
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12.76 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.64 |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.06 | 15 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 11.94 |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 12.06 | 16 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 12.01 |
| 8 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 13.39 | 17 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 11.35 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 11.06 |
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 13.23 | 9 | 1.47 | 19.44 | 0.0004 | ** |
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.49 | 1 | 1.49 | 19.74 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B) | 0.96 | 1 | 0.96 | 12.66 | 0.0092 | ** |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.4793 | NS |
| AB | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.5624 | NS |
| AC | 0.71 | 1 | 0.71 | 9.43 | 0.0180 | * |
| BC | 1.20 | 1 | 1.20 | 15.83 | 0.0053 | ** |
| A2 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.03 | 13.61 | 0.0078 | ** |
| B2 | 2.25 | 1 | 2.25 | 29.73 | 0.0010 | ** |
| C2 | 4.70 | 1 | 4.70 | 62.09 | 0.0001 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.53 | 7 | 0.08 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.40 | 3 | 0.13 | 4.05 | 0.1051 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.13 | 4 | 0.03 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 13.76 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9615 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9121 |
表8 超声工艺皂苷得率回归模型的方差分析
Table 8 Analysis of variance for the regression model of saponin yield in ultrasonic process
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 13.23 | 9 | 1.47 | 19.44 | 0.0004 | ** |
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.49 | 1 | 1.49 | 19.74 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B) | 0.96 | 1 | 0.96 | 12.66 | 0.0092 | ** |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.4793 | NS |
| AB | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.5624 | NS |
| AC | 0.71 | 1 | 0.71 | 9.43 | 0.0180 | * |
| BC | 1.20 | 1 | 1.20 | 15.83 | 0.0053 | ** |
| A2 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.03 | 13.61 | 0.0078 | ** |
| B2 | 2.25 | 1 | 2.25 | 29.73 | 0.0010 | ** |
| C2 | 4.70 | 1 | 4.70 | 62.09 | 0.0001 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.53 | 7 | 0.08 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.40 | 3 | 0.13 | 4.05 | 0.1051 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.13 | 4 | 0.03 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 13.76 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9615 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9121 |
图11 超声料液比(A)与超声时间(B)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.11 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction between ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and ultrasonication time (B)
图12 超声料液比(A)与超声温度(C)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.12 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction of ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and ultrasonication temperature (C)
图13 超声时间(B)与超声温度(C)交互作用的等高线图(a)和响应面图(b)
Fig.13 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction of ultrasonication time (B) and ultrasonication temperature (C)
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 10 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 区间内Within the range | 60 | 90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) | 区间内Within the range | 37 | 61 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 11.06 | 14.06 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
表9 不同超声因素取值范围与预测区间
Table 9 Value ranges and prediction intervals of different ultrasonication factors
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 10 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 区间内Within the range | 60 | 90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) | 区间内Within the range | 37 | 61 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 11.06 | 14.06 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
超声工艺 Ultrasonication process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | P值 P-value | 理想 程度 Desirability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (℃) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | ||
| 1∶23.1 | 72.7 | 47.3 | 13.97 | 7.21 | 13.87±0.34a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0042 | 0.96 |
表10 苜蓿皂苷最优超声工艺与提取得率
Table 10 Optimal ultrasonication technology and extraction yield of alfalfa saponins
超声工艺 Ultrasonication process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | P值 P-value | 理想 程度 Desirability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (℃) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | ||
| 1∶23.1 | 72.7 | 47.3 | 13.97 | 7.21 | 13.87±0.34a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0042 | 0.96 |
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