[1] McNaughton S J. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs, 1985, 55: 259-294. [2] Akiyama T, Kawamura K. Grassland degradation in China: methods of monitoring, management and restoration. Grassland Science, 2007, 53: 1-17. [3] Han J G, Zhang Y J, Wang C J, et al . Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2008, 30: 233-239. [4] Han L, Guo Y J, Han J G, et al . A study on the diversity and aboveground biomass in a Leymus chinensis meadow steppe community under cutting intensities. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(3): 70-75. [5] Noy-Meir I, Gutman M, Kaplan Y. Responses of mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection. Journal of Ecology, 1989, 77: 290-310. [6] Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs, 1993, 63: 327-366. [7] Xie Y, Becker U, Wittig R. Vegetation of the Stipa loess steppe in Ningxia (northern China) in relation to grazing intensity. Grassland Science, 2007, 53: 143-154. [8] Zhang M Y, Xue S M, Cui L Y, et al . Effect of harvest time and harvest method on seed yield and quality of Brachiara decumebns ‘basilisk’. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(4): 351-356. [9] Zhang J Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al . Grassland recovery by protection from grazing in a semi-arid sandy region of northern China. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2005, 48: 277-284. [10] Firincioglu H K, Seefeldt S S, Sahin B. The effects of long-term grazing exclosures on range plants in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. Environmental Management, 2007, 39: 326-337. [11] Todd S W, Hoffman M T. A fence-line contrast reveals effects of heavy grazing on plant diversity and community composition in Namaqualand, South Africa. Plant Ecology, 1999, 142: 169-178. [12] Wu G L, Du G Z, Liu Z H, et al . Effect of fencing and grazing on a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Plant and Soil, 2009, 319: 115-126. [13] Li Y H, Wang W, Liu Z L, et al . Grazing gradient versus restoration succession of Leymus chinensis (Trin.)Tzvel. grassland in Inner Mongolia. Restoration Ecology, 2008, 16: 572-583. [14] Sasaki T, Okayasu T, Ohkuro T, et al . Rainfall variability may modify the effects of long-term exclosure on vegetation in Mandalgobi, Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments, 2009, 73: 949-954. [15] Gonzalez A, Loreau M. The causes and consequences of compensatory dynamics in ecological communities. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2009, 40: 393-414. [16] Adler P B, HilleRisLambers J. The influence of climate and species composition on the population dynamics of ten prairie forbs. Ecology, 2008, 89: 3049-3060. [17] Milchunas D G, Lauenroth W K. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs, 1993, 63: 327-366. [18] Bai Y F, Han X G, Wu J G, et al . Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 2004, 431: 181-184. [19] Zhao W, Chen S P, Lin G H. Compensatory growth responses to clipping defoliation in Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) under nutrient addition and water deficiency conditions. Plant Ecology, 2008, 196: 85-99. [20] Thomson V P, Cuniningham S A, Ball M C, et al . Compensation for herbivory by Cucumis sativus through increased photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. Oecologia, 2003, 134: 167-175. [21] Adler P B, Bradford J B. Compensation: an alternative method for analyzing diversity-productivity experiments. Oikos, 2002, 96: 411-420. [22] Alward R D, Joern A. Plasticity and overcompensation in grass responses to herbivory. Oecologia, 1993, 95: 358-364. [23] Reichman O J, Smith S C. Responses to simulated leaf and root herbivory by a biennial, Tragopogon dubius . Ecology, 1991, 72: 116-124. [24] Liu Y S, Pan Q M, Liu H D, et al . Plant responses following grazing removal at different stocking rates in an Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 2011, 340: 199-213. [25] Hawkes C V, Sullivan J J. The impact of herbivory on plants in different resource conditions: a meta-analysis. Ecology, 2001, 82: 2045-2058. [4] 韩龙, 郭彦军, 韩建国, 等. 不同刈割强度下羊草草甸草原生物量与植物群落多样性研究. 草业学报, 2010, 19(3): 70-75. [8] 张美艳, 薛世明, 崔玲艳, 等. 不同收种方式对贝斯里斯克伏生臂形草种子产量和质量的影响. 草业学报, 2014, 23(4): 351-356. |