草业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 1-14.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023501
刘晶1(), 杨艺涵1, 钱永强1, 陈雨峰1, 刘丹2, 解孝满2, 刘岳含3, 柳鑫1(), 邹博坤1()
收稿日期:
2023-12-27
修回日期:
2024-03-15
出版日期:
2024-11-20
发布日期:
2024-09-09
通讯作者:
柳鑫,邹博坤
作者简介:
zoubk@caf.ac.cn基金资助:
Jing LIU1(), Yi-han YANG1, Yong-qiang QIAN1, Yu-feng CHEN1, Dan LIU2, Xiao-man XIE2, Yue-han LIU3, Xin LIU1(), Bo-kun ZOU1()
Received:
2023-12-27
Revised:
2024-03-15
Online:
2024-11-20
Published:
2024-09-09
Contact:
Xin LIU,Bo-kun ZOU
摘要:
外来入侵植物对山东省生物多样性和生态系统稳定性构成较大威胁,通过实地调查并分析外来入侵植物的组成特征和风险等级,可以为山东省的生物入侵防控以及外来物种管理提供科学依据。本研究构建了针对尼山-峄山地区生态环境特点的外来入侵植物评估体系,并运用层次分析法对区域内外来入侵草本植物进行风险评估,最终将其划分为4个风险等级。统计结果表明,尼山-峄山区共有入侵草本植物23科56属74种,菊科为最大优势科,有14属20种。生活型以一年生、一年或二年生草本植物为主,共56种;原产地大部分来自美洲,共49种;经风险评估,共确定恶性入侵植物9种,隶属于6科8属,其中小蓬草和垂序商陆评价得分较高,显示出具有较高的入侵性和危害性。此外,局部入侵植物18种,一般入侵植物19种,有待观察类28种,这些植物可能对当地生态系统产生一定的影响,但程度较轻。本研究采用定性和定量相结合的方法,全面评估了外来植物入侵的概率以及对当地生态系统造成的潜在危害。并基于风险评估结果,制定相应的管理策略,旨在为防范外来植物入侵和保护生态安全提供科学依据和保障措施。
刘晶, 杨艺涵, 钱永强, 陈雨峰, 刘丹, 解孝满, 刘岳含, 柳鑫, 邹博坤. 尼山-峄山区外来入侵草本植物风险评估[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(11): 1-14.
Jing LIU, Yi-han YANG, Yong-qiang QIAN, Yu-feng CHEN, Dan LIU, Xiao-man XIE, Yue-han LIU, Xin LIU, Bo-kun ZOU. Risk assessment of invasive alien herbaceous plants in the Nishan-Yishan area[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(11): 1-14.
图1 尼山-峄山区位图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站中审图号为GS(2020)4619号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS(2020)4619 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.1 Nishan-Yishan map of Shandong Province
图2 尼山-峄山区域样地样线区位图以及其生境类型C: 村边Village; R: 路旁Roadside; G: 沟边Gully; MR: 山脊Mountain ridge; P: 耕地Plough; PG: 公园绿地Park green land; L: 林地Woodland; SL: 疏林地Sparse woodland; GL: 灌木林地Shrub land; RL: 人造林地Artificial forest land; M: 草地Meadow; W: 湿地Wetland; FE: 林缘Forest edge.
Fig.2 Sample area and sample line location map in Nishan-Yishan area and habitat form
一级指标(权重) Primary indicator (weight) | 二级指标(权重) Secondary indicator (weight) | 三级指标(分值) Tertiary indicator (score) |
---|---|---|
A1入侵性Invasiveness (0.09) | A11引入途径Invasive routes (0.045) | 自然传入Natural introduction (0.5) |
无意引入No intention of introducing (2.5) | ||
有意引入Intention of introducing (4.5) | ||
A12检疫情况Quarantine situation (0.045) | 列入中国外来入侵物种名单Listed in the checklist of the Chinese invasive plants (1.5) | |
未列入中国外来入侵物种名单Not listed in the checklist of the Chinese invasive plants (4.5) | ||
A2定殖性Colonization (0.16) | A21生活型Life form (0.04) | 一年生或二年生草本或藤本植物1-year-old or 2-year-old herb or liana (1.0) |
多年生草本或藤本植物Perennial herb or liana (3.0) | ||
一年或多年生草本或藤本植物1-year-old or perennial herb or liana (4.0) | ||
A22繁殖方式Modes of reproduction (0.04) | 以无性繁殖为主 Mainly asexual reproduction (1.0) | |
以有性繁殖为主Mainly sexual reproduction (2.0) | ||
两者都有Both of them (4.0) | ||
A23繁殖期Reproduction period (0.04) | 繁殖期较短,有性繁殖期小于4个月The reproduction period is shorter, sexual reproduction period last for less than 4 mouths (2.0) | |
繁殖期较长,有性繁殖期大于4个月The reproduction period is longer, sexual reproduction period last for more than 4 mouths (4.0) | ||
A24单株种子量Average seed per plant (0.04) | 单株平均种子产量<10粒 The average seed per plant is less than 10 (2.0) | |
单株平均种子产量>10粒 The average seed per plant is more than 10 (4.0) | ||
A3扩散性Diffusivity (0.39) | A31扩散方式Diffusion modes (0.06) | 利用动物、人类及运输媒介传播Spread through animals, humans, and transportation media (2.0) |
利用风力、水流远距离传播Long-distance transmission by wind and water flow (4.0) | ||
利用多种途径运输Utilize multiple means of transportation (6.0) | ||
A32盖度Coverage (0.12) | 占样地面积百分比30%以下Less than 30% of the sample area (3.0) | |
占样地面积百分比30%~60%Percentage of the sample area is within 30% to 60% (6.0) | ||
占样地面积百分比60%以上More than 60% of the sample area (12.0) | ||
A33频度Frequency (0.21) | 零星分布(占样本量30%以下) Scattered distribution (less than 30% of the sample proportion) (7.0) | |
集中分布(占样本量30%~60%) Sporadic distribution (percentage of the sample area is within 30% to 60%) (14.0) | ||
总体分布(占样本量60%以上) Overall distribution (more than 60% of the sample proportion) (21.0) | ||
A4危害性Harm (0.22) | A41对农、林造成经济影响 Economic harm on agri- culture and forestry (0.04) | 对农、林经济造成轻微影响Little impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (1.0) |
对农、林经济造成一定影响General impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (2.0) | ||
对农、林经济造成严重影响Serious impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (4.0) | ||
A42人类健康危害性Hazards on human (0.06) | 植物无毒、无刺、无臭味Plants without poisonous, prickly and smelly (0.0) | |
植株有毒、有刺或有臭味,只含一种特征Plants are poisonous, prickly or smelly, containing only one characteristic (2.0) | ||
植株具有以上2种特征The plant has the above two characteristics (4.0) | ||
植株具有以上3种特征The plant has the above three characteristics (6.0) | ||
A43生态危害性Ecological harm (0.12) | 对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程无影响No impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (0.0) | |
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程有轻微影响Slightly impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (6.0) | ||
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程有一定影响General impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (8.0) | ||
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程影响严重Serious impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (12.0) | ||
A5防控性Prevention and control (0.14) | A51防治措施Preventive measures (0.07) | 生物防除不可行No feasible to prevent and control by biology (3.0) |
化学防除不可行No feasible to prevent and control by chemistry (5.0) | ||
机械防范不可行No feasible to prevent and control by machine (7.0) | ||
A52根除难度及费用Eradication difficulty and cost (0.07) | 难度低,根除效果好Low difficulty, high eradication effect (1.0) | |
难度一般,根除效果一般,需短期投入人力及资金Average difficulty, average eradication effect and manpower and capital in the short term (5.0) | ||
难度高,根除效果差,需长期投入人力物力High difficulty, poor eradication effect and manpower and capital in the long term (7.0) |
表1 尼山-峄山区外来入侵植物风险评估体系
Table 1 Risk assessment system for invasive alien plants in Nishan-Yishan area
一级指标(权重) Primary indicator (weight) | 二级指标(权重) Secondary indicator (weight) | 三级指标(分值) Tertiary indicator (score) |
---|---|---|
A1入侵性Invasiveness (0.09) | A11引入途径Invasive routes (0.045) | 自然传入Natural introduction (0.5) |
无意引入No intention of introducing (2.5) | ||
有意引入Intention of introducing (4.5) | ||
A12检疫情况Quarantine situation (0.045) | 列入中国外来入侵物种名单Listed in the checklist of the Chinese invasive plants (1.5) | |
未列入中国外来入侵物种名单Not listed in the checklist of the Chinese invasive plants (4.5) | ||
A2定殖性Colonization (0.16) | A21生活型Life form (0.04) | 一年生或二年生草本或藤本植物1-year-old or 2-year-old herb or liana (1.0) |
多年生草本或藤本植物Perennial herb or liana (3.0) | ||
一年或多年生草本或藤本植物1-year-old or perennial herb or liana (4.0) | ||
A22繁殖方式Modes of reproduction (0.04) | 以无性繁殖为主 Mainly asexual reproduction (1.0) | |
以有性繁殖为主Mainly sexual reproduction (2.0) | ||
两者都有Both of them (4.0) | ||
A23繁殖期Reproduction period (0.04) | 繁殖期较短,有性繁殖期小于4个月The reproduction period is shorter, sexual reproduction period last for less than 4 mouths (2.0) | |
繁殖期较长,有性繁殖期大于4个月The reproduction period is longer, sexual reproduction period last for more than 4 mouths (4.0) | ||
A24单株种子量Average seed per plant (0.04) | 单株平均种子产量<10粒 The average seed per plant is less than 10 (2.0) | |
单株平均种子产量>10粒 The average seed per plant is more than 10 (4.0) | ||
A3扩散性Diffusivity (0.39) | A31扩散方式Diffusion modes (0.06) | 利用动物、人类及运输媒介传播Spread through animals, humans, and transportation media (2.0) |
利用风力、水流远距离传播Long-distance transmission by wind and water flow (4.0) | ||
利用多种途径运输Utilize multiple means of transportation (6.0) | ||
A32盖度Coverage (0.12) | 占样地面积百分比30%以下Less than 30% of the sample area (3.0) | |
占样地面积百分比30%~60%Percentage of the sample area is within 30% to 60% (6.0) | ||
占样地面积百分比60%以上More than 60% of the sample area (12.0) | ||
A33频度Frequency (0.21) | 零星分布(占样本量30%以下) Scattered distribution (less than 30% of the sample proportion) (7.0) | |
集中分布(占样本量30%~60%) Sporadic distribution (percentage of the sample area is within 30% to 60%) (14.0) | ||
总体分布(占样本量60%以上) Overall distribution (more than 60% of the sample proportion) (21.0) | ||
A4危害性Harm (0.22) | A41对农、林造成经济影响 Economic harm on agri- culture and forestry (0.04) | 对农、林经济造成轻微影响Little impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (1.0) |
对农、林经济造成一定影响General impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (2.0) | ||
对农、林经济造成严重影响Serious impact economic harm on agriculture and forestry (4.0) | ||
A42人类健康危害性Hazards on human (0.06) | 植物无毒、无刺、无臭味Plants without poisonous, prickly and smelly (0.0) | |
植株有毒、有刺或有臭味,只含一种特征Plants are poisonous, prickly or smelly, containing only one characteristic (2.0) | ||
植株具有以上2种特征The plant has the above two characteristics (4.0) | ||
植株具有以上3种特征The plant has the above three characteristics (6.0) | ||
A43生态危害性Ecological harm (0.12) | 对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程无影响No impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (0.0) | |
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程有轻微影响Slightly impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (6.0) | ||
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程有一定影响General impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (8.0) | ||
对当地生态环境以及生态系统演化过程影响严重Serious impact on the local ecological environment and the evolution process of the ecosystem (12.0) | ||
A5防控性Prevention and control (0.14) | A51防治措施Preventive measures (0.07) | 生物防除不可行No feasible to prevent and control by biology (3.0) |
化学防除不可行No feasible to prevent and control by chemistry (5.0) | ||
机械防范不可行No feasible to prevent and control by machine (7.0) | ||
A52根除难度及费用Eradication difficulty and cost (0.07) | 难度低,根除效果好Low difficulty, high eradication effect (1.0) | |
难度一般,根除效果一般,需短期投入人力及资金Average difficulty, average eradication effect and manpower and capital in the short term (5.0) | ||
难度高,根除效果差,需长期投入人力物力High difficulty, poor eradication effect and manpower and capital in the long term (7.0) |
风险等级Risk level | 科 Family | 属 Genera | 种 Species | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | 分值Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 斑地锦E. maculata | 7 | 11 | 28 | 10 | 8 | 64 |
菊科Asteraceae | 飞蓬属Erigeron | 小蓬草E. canadensis | 4 | 9 | 37 | 16 | 14 | 80 | |
一年蓬E. annuus | 6 | 9 | 30 | 12 | 14 | 71 | |||
鬼针草属Bidens | 鬼针草B. pilosa | 7 | 7 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 64 | ||
银胶菊属Parthenium | 银胶菊P. hysterophorus | 4 | 11 | 23 | 12 | 12 | 62 | ||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 独行菜属Lepidium | 北美独行菜L. virginicum | 7 | 11 | 26 | 10 | 8 | 62 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 莲子草属Alternanthera | 喜旱莲子草A. philoxeroides | 6 | 11 | 23 | 16 | 10 | 66 | |
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 圆叶牵牛I. purpurea | 6 | 11 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 67 | |
商陆科Phytolaccaceae | 商陆属Phytolacca | 垂序商陆P. americana | 6 | 13 | 30 | 14 | 12 | 75 | |
Ⅱ | 禾本科Gramineae | 燕麦属Avena | 野燕麦A. fatua | 4 | 11 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 52 |
锦葵科Malvaceae | 苘麻属Abutilon | 苘麻A. theophrasti | 7 | 11 | 21 | 10 | 10 | 59 | |
菊科Asteraceae | 藜属Chenopodium | 小藜C. ficifolium | 7 | 11 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 51 | |
飞蓬属Erigeron | 苏门白酒草C. sumatrensis | 6 | 11 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 51 | ||
鬼针草属Bidens | 婆婆针B. bipinnata | 7 | 11 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 57 | ||
向日葵属Helianthus | 菊芋H. tuberosus | 9 | 9 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 56 | ||
鳢肠属Eclipta | 鳢肠E. prostrata | 7 | 7 | 24 | 10 | 8 | 56 | ||
紫菀属Aster | 钻叶紫菀A. subulatus | 4 | 11 | 17 | 10 | 8 | 50 | ||
茄科Solanaceae | 曼陀罗属Datura | 曼陀罗D. stramonium | 7 | 9 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 54 | |
毛曼陀罗D. inoxia | 7 | 9 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 54 | |||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 荠属Capsella | 荠C. bursa-pastoris | 7 | 9 | 22 | 8 | 4 | 50 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 腺毛藜属Dysphania | 土荆芥D. ambrosioides | 4 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 7 | 51 | |
苋属Amaranthus | 刺苋A. spinosus | 4 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 50 | ||
绿穗苋A. hybridus | 7 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 55 | |||
苋A. tricolor | 9 | 11 | 31 | 1 | 4 | 56 | |||
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 牵牛I. nil | 7 | 11 | 22 | 8 | 8 | 56 | |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 莎草属Cyperus | 香附子C. rotundus | 7 | 15 | 19 | 10 | 8 | 59 | |
葡萄科Vitaceae | 地锦属Parthenocissus | 五叶地锦P. quinquefolia | 9 | 13 | 21 | 2 | 8 | 53 | |
Ⅲ | 唇形科Labiatae | 罗勒属Ocimum | 罗勒O. basilicum | 9 | 13 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 40 |
大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 猩猩草E. cyathophora | 9 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 40 | |
通奶草E. hypericifolia | 7 | 13 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 41 | |||
齿裂大戟E. dentata | 7 | 7 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 42 | |||
豆科Leguminosae | 车轴草Trifolium | 白车轴草T. repens | 9 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 43 | |
禾本科Gramineae | 山羊草属Aegilops | 节节麦A. triuncialis | 9 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 47 | |
虎尾草属Chloris | 虎尾草C. virgata | 9 | 9 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 45 | ||
羊茅属Festuca | 苇状羊茅F. arundinacea | 9 | 11 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 47 | ||
菊科Asteraceae | 金鸡菊属Coreopsis | 剑叶金鸡菊C. lanceolata | 9 | 13 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 44 | |
藜属Chenopodium | 灰绿藜C. glaucum | 7 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 48 | ||
百日菊属Zinnia | 多花百日菊Z. peruviana | 9 | 9 | 22 | 1 | 4 | 45 | ||
苦苣菜属Sonchus | 花叶滇苦菜S. asper | 7 | 11 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 42 | ||
金光菊属Rudbeckia | 大花金鸡菊C. grandiflora | 9 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 43 | ||
柳叶菜科Onagraceae | 月见草属Oenothera | 月见草O. biennis | 9 | 7 | 23 | 1 | 4 | 44 | |
山桃草属Gaura | 小花山桃草G. parviflora | 9 | 9 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 46 | ||
茄科Solanaceae | 茄属Solanum | 牛茄子S. capsicoides | 7 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 41 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 青葙属Celosia | 青葙C. argentea | 7 | 11 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 40 | |
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 橙红茑萝I. hederifolia | 9 | 11 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 41 | |
石竹科Caryophyllaceae | 鹅肠菜属Myosoton | 鹅肠菜M. aquaticum | 7 | 11 | 22 | 1 | 4 | 45 | |
Ⅳ | 唇形科Labiatae | 鼠尾草属Salvia | 一串红S. splendens | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 |
豆科Leguminosae | 田菁属Sesbania | 田菁S. cannabina | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | |
苜蓿属Medicago | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa | 9 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 37 | ||
锦葵科Malvaceae | 木槿属Hibiscus | 野西瓜苗H. trionum | 7 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 35 | |
黄花稔属Sida | 黄花稔S. acuta | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | ||
菊科Asteraceae | 百日菊属Zinnia | 百日菊Z. elegans | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | |
苦苣菜属Sonchus | 苦苣菜S. oleraceus. | 7 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | ||
天人菊属Gaillardia | 天人菊G. pulchella | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | ||
秋英属Cosmos | 秋英C. bipinnatus | 9 | 10 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 37 | ||
万寿菊属Tagetes | 万寿菊T. erecta | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | ||
金光菊属Rudbeckia | 黑心金光菊R. hirta | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | ||
松香草属Silphium | 串叶松香草S. perfoliatum | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 | ||
马齿苋科Portulacaceae | 马齿苋属Portulaca | 大花马齿苋P. grandiflora | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | |
茄科Solanaceae | 酸浆属Physalis | 小酸浆P. minima | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
毛酸浆P. philadelphica | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 碎米荠属Cardamine | 弯曲碎米荠C. flexuosa | 7 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 31 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 青葙属Celosia | 鸡冠花C. cristata | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | |
苋属Amaranthus | 凹头苋A. blitum | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | ||
皱果苋A. viridis | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | |||
合被苋A. polygonoides | 5 | 9 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |||
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 瘤梗番薯I. lacunosa | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | |
紫茉莉科Nyctaginaceae | 紫茉莉属Mirabilis | 紫茉莉M. jalapa | 9 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | |
叶子花属Bougainvillea | 叶子花B. spectabilis | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 | ||
凤仙花Balsaminaceae | 凤仙花属Impatiens | 凤仙花I. balsamina | 9 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
桑科Moraceae | 大麻属Cannabis | 大麻C. sativa | 9 | 7 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 35 | |
玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 婆婆纳属Veronica | 婆婆纳V. polita | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
罂粟科Papaveraceae | 罂粟属Papaver | 虞美人P. rhoeas | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | |
车前科Plantaginaceae | 车前属Plantago | 长叶车前P. lanceolata | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 |
表2 尼山-峄山区外来入侵草本植物种类及各指标风险分值
Table 2 Risk scores of invasive alien herbaceous plant species and indicators in Nishan-Yishan area
风险等级Risk level | 科 Family | 属 Genera | 种 Species | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | 分值Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⅰ | 大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 斑地锦E. maculata | 7 | 11 | 28 | 10 | 8 | 64 |
菊科Asteraceae | 飞蓬属Erigeron | 小蓬草E. canadensis | 4 | 9 | 37 | 16 | 14 | 80 | |
一年蓬E. annuus | 6 | 9 | 30 | 12 | 14 | 71 | |||
鬼针草属Bidens | 鬼针草B. pilosa | 7 | 7 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 64 | ||
银胶菊属Parthenium | 银胶菊P. hysterophorus | 4 | 11 | 23 | 12 | 12 | 62 | ||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 独行菜属Lepidium | 北美独行菜L. virginicum | 7 | 11 | 26 | 10 | 8 | 62 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 莲子草属Alternanthera | 喜旱莲子草A. philoxeroides | 6 | 11 | 23 | 16 | 10 | 66 | |
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 圆叶牵牛I. purpurea | 6 | 11 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 67 | |
商陆科Phytolaccaceae | 商陆属Phytolacca | 垂序商陆P. americana | 6 | 13 | 30 | 14 | 12 | 75 | |
Ⅱ | 禾本科Gramineae | 燕麦属Avena | 野燕麦A. fatua | 4 | 11 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 52 |
锦葵科Malvaceae | 苘麻属Abutilon | 苘麻A. theophrasti | 7 | 11 | 21 | 10 | 10 | 59 | |
菊科Asteraceae | 藜属Chenopodium | 小藜C. ficifolium | 7 | 11 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 51 | |
飞蓬属Erigeron | 苏门白酒草C. sumatrensis | 6 | 11 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 51 | ||
鬼针草属Bidens | 婆婆针B. bipinnata | 7 | 11 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 57 | ||
向日葵属Helianthus | 菊芋H. tuberosus | 9 | 9 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 56 | ||
鳢肠属Eclipta | 鳢肠E. prostrata | 7 | 7 | 24 | 10 | 8 | 56 | ||
紫菀属Aster | 钻叶紫菀A. subulatus | 4 | 11 | 17 | 10 | 8 | 50 | ||
茄科Solanaceae | 曼陀罗属Datura | 曼陀罗D. stramonium | 7 | 9 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 54 | |
毛曼陀罗D. inoxia | 7 | 9 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 54 | |||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 荠属Capsella | 荠C. bursa-pastoris | 7 | 9 | 22 | 8 | 4 | 50 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 腺毛藜属Dysphania | 土荆芥D. ambrosioides | 4 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 7 | 51 | |
苋属Amaranthus | 刺苋A. spinosus | 4 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 8 | 50 | ||
绿穗苋A. hybridus | 7 | 9 | 24 | 7 | 8 | 55 | |||
苋A. tricolor | 9 | 11 | 31 | 1 | 4 | 56 | |||
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 牵牛I. nil | 7 | 11 | 22 | 8 | 8 | 56 | |
莎草科Cyperaceae | 莎草属Cyperus | 香附子C. rotundus | 7 | 15 | 19 | 10 | 8 | 59 | |
葡萄科Vitaceae | 地锦属Parthenocissus | 五叶地锦P. quinquefolia | 9 | 13 | 21 | 2 | 8 | 53 | |
Ⅲ | 唇形科Labiatae | 罗勒属Ocimum | 罗勒O. basilicum | 9 | 13 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 40 |
大戟科Euphorbiaceae | 大戟属Euphorbia | 猩猩草E. cyathophora | 9 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 40 | |
通奶草E. hypericifolia | 7 | 13 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 41 | |||
齿裂大戟E. dentata | 7 | 7 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 42 | |||
豆科Leguminosae | 车轴草Trifolium | 白车轴草T. repens | 9 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 43 | |
禾本科Gramineae | 山羊草属Aegilops | 节节麦A. triuncialis | 9 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 47 | |
虎尾草属Chloris | 虎尾草C. virgata | 9 | 9 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 45 | ||
羊茅属Festuca | 苇状羊茅F. arundinacea | 9 | 11 | 21 | 2 | 4 | 47 | ||
菊科Asteraceae | 金鸡菊属Coreopsis | 剑叶金鸡菊C. lanceolata | 9 | 13 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 44 | |
藜属Chenopodium | 灰绿藜C. glaucum | 7 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 48 | ||
百日菊属Zinnia | 多花百日菊Z. peruviana | 9 | 9 | 22 | 1 | 4 | 45 | ||
苦苣菜属Sonchus | 花叶滇苦菜S. asper | 7 | 11 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 42 | ||
金光菊属Rudbeckia | 大花金鸡菊C. grandiflora | 9 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 43 | ||
柳叶菜科Onagraceae | 月见草属Oenothera | 月见草O. biennis | 9 | 7 | 23 | 1 | 4 | 44 | |
山桃草属Gaura | 小花山桃草G. parviflora | 9 | 9 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 46 | ||
茄科Solanaceae | 茄属Solanum | 牛茄子S. capsicoides | 7 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 41 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 青葙属Celosia | 青葙C. argentea | 7 | 11 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 40 | |
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 橙红茑萝I. hederifolia | 9 | 11 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 41 | |
石竹科Caryophyllaceae | 鹅肠菜属Myosoton | 鹅肠菜M. aquaticum | 7 | 11 | 22 | 1 | 4 | 45 | |
Ⅳ | 唇形科Labiatae | 鼠尾草属Salvia | 一串红S. splendens | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 |
豆科Leguminosae | 田菁属Sesbania | 田菁S. cannabina | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | |
苜蓿属Medicago | 紫花苜蓿M. sativa | 9 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 37 | ||
锦葵科Malvaceae | 木槿属Hibiscus | 野西瓜苗H. trionum | 7 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 35 | |
黄花稔属Sida | 黄花稔S. acuta | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | ||
菊科Asteraceae | 百日菊属Zinnia | 百日菊Z. elegans | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | |
苦苣菜属Sonchus | 苦苣菜S. oleraceus. | 7 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | ||
天人菊属Gaillardia | 天人菊G. pulchella | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | ||
秋英属Cosmos | 秋英C. bipinnatus | 9 | 10 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 37 | ||
万寿菊属Tagetes | 万寿菊T. erecta | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | ||
金光菊属Rudbeckia | 黑心金光菊R. hirta | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | ||
松香草属Silphium | 串叶松香草S. perfoliatum | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 | ||
马齿苋科Portulacaceae | 马齿苋属Portulaca | 大花马齿苋P. grandiflora | 9 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 34 | |
茄科Solanaceae | 酸浆属Physalis | 小酸浆P. minima | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
毛酸浆P. philadelphica | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |||
十字花科Brassicaceae | 碎米荠属Cardamine | 弯曲碎米荠C. flexuosa | 7 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 31 | |
苋科Amaranthaceae | 青葙属Celosia | 鸡冠花C. cristata | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | |
苋属Amaranthus | 凹头苋A. blitum | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | ||
皱果苋A. viridis | 7 | 11 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 37 | |||
合被苋A. polygonoides | 5 | 9 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |||
旋花科Convolvulaceae | 虎掌藤属Ipomoea | 瘤梗番薯I. lacunosa | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | |
紫茉莉科Nyctaginaceae | 紫茉莉属Mirabilis | 紫茉莉M. jalapa | 9 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 | |
叶子花属Bougainvillea | 叶子花B. spectabilis | 9 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 38 | ||
凤仙花Balsaminaceae | 凤仙花属Impatiens | 凤仙花I. balsamina | 9 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
桑科Moraceae | 大麻属Cannabis | 大麻C. sativa | 9 | 7 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 35 | |
玄参科Scrophulariaceae | 婆婆纳属Veronica | 婆婆纳V. polita | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 33 | |
罂粟科Papaveraceae | 罂粟属Papaver | 虞美人P. rhoeas | 9 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 36 | |
车前科Plantaginaceae | 车前属Plantago | 长叶车前P. lanceolata | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 35 |
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