草业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 92-105.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023219
收稿日期:
2023-06-28
修回日期:
2023-07-28
出版日期:
2024-05-20
发布日期:
2024-02-03
通讯作者:
刘晓静
作者简介:
E-mail: liuxj@gsau.edu.cn基金资助:
Sheng-ran HE(), Xiao-jing LIU(), Ya-jiao ZHAO, Xue WANG, Jing WANG
Received:
2023-06-28
Revised:
2023-07-28
Online:
2024-05-20
Published:
2024-02-03
Contact:
Xiao-jing LIU
摘要:
为探究紫花苜蓿/甜高粱间作体系对根际土壤微生态环境的影响,改善土壤结构、维持良好的土壤微生态环境和实现土地生态保护提供理论依据,本研究以紫花苜蓿和甜高粱为对象,对其连续3年单作和间作种植下的结瘤固氮特性、根际土壤养分、土壤酶活性以及种植第3年的土壤微生物群落特征及其之间的相互关系进行研究。结果表明:紫花苜蓿/甜高粱间作系统内的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为主要优势菌群,且与单作相比,间作有效提高了根际土壤中的拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和Gp6相对丰度,显著提高了甜高粱根际土壤有机质含量、有效磷含量、脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05),显著提高了紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和单株固氮潜力(P<0.05),同时显著降低了间作中2种牧草的根际土壤pH值(P<0.05)。间作紫花苜蓿根际土壤碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性随着年份的增加逐年提升,同时3种种植模式下根际土壤pH值均随年份的增加显著降低(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现,4个根际土壤酶与碱解氮、速效钾和有机质呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);变形菌门和拟杆菌门与pH值呈极显著负相关,与碱解氮呈极显著正相关,而酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)与pH值呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,紫花苜蓿/甜高粱间作可以改善根际土壤结构,提高土壤微生物活性。
何升然, 刘晓静, 赵雅姣, 汪雪, 王静. 紫花苜蓿/甜高粱间作对根际土壤特性及微生物群落特征的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(5): 92-105.
Sheng-ran HE, Xiao-jing LIU, Ya-jiao ZHAO, Xue WANG, Jing WANG. Effects of alfalfa/sweet sorghum intercropping on rhizosphere soil characteristics and microbial community characteristics[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(5): 92-105.
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | pH | 有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | MA | 8.06±0.02Aa | 12.74±0.09Aa | 0.79±0.01Aa | 81.47±0.96Aa | 15.38±0.29Aa | 106.96±2.45Aa |
IA | 7.99±0.06Aa | 12.98±0.10Aa | 0.74±0.01Ab | 80.35±1.44Aa | 15.04±0.16Aa | 91.37±1.91Ab | |
MS | 8.12±0.01Aa | 11.78±0.13Ac | 0.73±0.01Ab | 64.85±0.72Ac | 13.66±0.19Ab | 81.74±1.17Ac | |
IS | 8.08±0.05Aa | 12.16±0.09Ab | 0.75±0.01Ab | 69.28±1.53Ab | 14.85±0.21Aa | 87.69±1.29Ab | |
2021 | MA | 7.79±0.02Bbc | 12.96±0.25Aa | 0.80±0.01Aa | 80.33±0.33Aa | 15.05±0.17Ab | 99.12±3.61ABa |
IA | 7.75±0.08Bc | 12.81±0.20Aa | 0.74±0.01Ab | 73.49±1.43Bb | 14.63±0.10Ab | 87.69±1.20Ab | |
MS | 8.01±0.01Ba | 10.44±0.14Bc | 0.69±0.01Bc | 62.02±0.39Bd | 13.19±0.03Bc | 75.05±2.16Bc | |
IS | 7.91±0.01Bab | 12.01±0.27Ab | 0.72±0.01ABbc | 66.17±0.58ABc | 15.86±0.29Aa | 79.25±0.47Bc | |
2022 | MA | 7.68±0.01Cc | 13.11±0.07Aa | 0.79±0.01Aa | 78.81±2.79Aa | 14.86±0.12Ab | 92.60±0.34Ba |
IA | 7.63±0.01Bd | 12.67±0.05Ab | 0.72±0.01Ab | 74.81±0.39Ba | 14.04±0.10Bc | 82.60±0.74Bb | |
MS | 7.90±0.02Ca | 9.21±0.02Cd | 0.66±0.01Bc | 59.90±0.91Bb | 13.06±0.04Bd | 71.01±1.16Bd | |
IS | 7.77±0.01Cb | 11.95±0.15Ac | 0.69±0.02Bbc | 62.84±0.43Bb | 15.70±0.43Aa | 76.47±1.54Bc |
表1 不同年份下间作对根际土壤理化性质的影响
Table 1 Effects of intercropping on physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil in different years
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | pH | 有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | 碱解氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | MA | 8.06±0.02Aa | 12.74±0.09Aa | 0.79±0.01Aa | 81.47±0.96Aa | 15.38±0.29Aa | 106.96±2.45Aa |
IA | 7.99±0.06Aa | 12.98±0.10Aa | 0.74±0.01Ab | 80.35±1.44Aa | 15.04±0.16Aa | 91.37±1.91Ab | |
MS | 8.12±0.01Aa | 11.78±0.13Ac | 0.73±0.01Ab | 64.85±0.72Ac | 13.66±0.19Ab | 81.74±1.17Ac | |
IS | 8.08±0.05Aa | 12.16±0.09Ab | 0.75±0.01Ab | 69.28±1.53Ab | 14.85±0.21Aa | 87.69±1.29Ab | |
2021 | MA | 7.79±0.02Bbc | 12.96±0.25Aa | 0.80±0.01Aa | 80.33±0.33Aa | 15.05±0.17Ab | 99.12±3.61ABa |
IA | 7.75±0.08Bc | 12.81±0.20Aa | 0.74±0.01Ab | 73.49±1.43Bb | 14.63±0.10Ab | 87.69±1.20Ab | |
MS | 8.01±0.01Ba | 10.44±0.14Bc | 0.69±0.01Bc | 62.02±0.39Bd | 13.19±0.03Bc | 75.05±2.16Bc | |
IS | 7.91±0.01Bab | 12.01±0.27Ab | 0.72±0.01ABbc | 66.17±0.58ABc | 15.86±0.29Aa | 79.25±0.47Bc | |
2022 | MA | 7.68±0.01Cc | 13.11±0.07Aa | 0.79±0.01Aa | 78.81±2.79Aa | 14.86±0.12Ab | 92.60±0.34Ba |
IA | 7.63±0.01Bd | 12.67±0.05Ab | 0.72±0.01Ab | 74.81±0.39Ba | 14.04±0.10Bc | 82.60±0.74Bb | |
MS | 7.90±0.02Ca | 9.21±0.02Cd | 0.66±0.01Bc | 59.90±0.91Bb | 13.06±0.04Bd | 71.01±1.16Bd | |
IS | 7.77±0.01Cb | 11.95±0.15Ac | 0.69±0.02Bbc | 62.84±0.43Bb | 15.70±0.43Aa | 76.47±1.54Bc |
图1 不同年份下间作对根际土壤酶活性的影响MA: 单作紫花苜蓿Monoculture alfalfa; IA: 间作紫花苜蓿Intercropping alfalfa; MS: 单作甜高粱Monoculture sweet sorghum; IS: 间作甜高粱Intercropping sweet sorghum. 不同小写字母表示同一年份不同种植模式间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示同一种植模式不同年份间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。 Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different planting patterns in the same year (P<0.05), and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different years of the same planting mode (P<0.05), the same below.
Fig.1 Effects of intercropping on enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil in different years
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 细菌 Bacterium (×106 CFU·g-1 DM) | 真菌 Fungus (×103 CFU·g-1 DM) | 放线菌 Actinomycete (×105 CFU·g-1 DM) | 细菌/真菌 Bacterium/fungus | 总量 Total (×106 CFU·g-1 DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | MA | 14.29±0.41Aa | 42.60±0.29Aa | 19.45±0.51Aa | 335.53±9.73Ab | 16.28±0.36Ba |
IA | 15.05±0.34ABa | 40.83±0.40Ab | 18.36±0.32Ba | 368.66±12.00Ba | 16.92±0.37ABa | |
MS | 8.56±0.23Ac | 34.72±0.27Bc | 12.83±0.50Ac | 246.66±8.40Ac | 9.87±0.22Ac | |
IS | 11.07±0.39Bb | 30.80±0.89Ad | 16.01±0.66Bb | 359.51±5.76Cab | 12.70±0.45Bb | |
2021 | MA | 15.72±0.45Aa | 42.79±0.18Aa | 20.28±0.46Aa | 367.29±9.35Ab | 17.79±0.45Aa |
IA | 16.03±0.51Aa | 37.72±0.44Bb | 20.32±0.47Aa | 425.19±15.79Aa | 18.10±0.52Aa | |
MS | 7.85±0.24ABc | 36.89±0.91Ab | 11.62±0.27Ab | 212.99±8.35Bc | 9.04±0.23Bc | |
IS | 13.46±0.29Ab | 29.97±0.65Ac | 19.50±0.37Aa | 448.98±3.23Aa | 15.44±0.32Ab | |
2022 | MA | 14.77±0.38Ab | 43.16±0.59Aa | 19.78±0.45Aa | 342.30±11.00Ab | 16.79±0.40ABa |
IA | 14.02±0.44Bb | 34.49±0.81Cc | 19.00±0.47ABa | 406.30±3.37ABa | 15.95±0.48Bab | |
MS | 7.66±0.20Bc | 38.49±0.51Ab | 12.16±0.15Ab | 199.08±5.04Bc | 8.91±0.21Bc | |
IS | 13.11±0.26Aa | 31.12±1.05Ad | 20.06±0.26Aa | 421.87±7.44Ba | 15.15±0.20Ab |
表2 不同年份下间作对根际土壤微生物数量的影响
Table 2 Effects of intercropping on microbial number in rhizosphere soil in different years
年份 Year | 处理 Treatment | 细菌 Bacterium (×106 CFU·g-1 DM) | 真菌 Fungus (×103 CFU·g-1 DM) | 放线菌 Actinomycete (×105 CFU·g-1 DM) | 细菌/真菌 Bacterium/fungus | 总量 Total (×106 CFU·g-1 DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | MA | 14.29±0.41Aa | 42.60±0.29Aa | 19.45±0.51Aa | 335.53±9.73Ab | 16.28±0.36Ba |
IA | 15.05±0.34ABa | 40.83±0.40Ab | 18.36±0.32Ba | 368.66±12.00Ba | 16.92±0.37ABa | |
MS | 8.56±0.23Ac | 34.72±0.27Bc | 12.83±0.50Ac | 246.66±8.40Ac | 9.87±0.22Ac | |
IS | 11.07±0.39Bb | 30.80±0.89Ad | 16.01±0.66Bb | 359.51±5.76Cab | 12.70±0.45Bb | |
2021 | MA | 15.72±0.45Aa | 42.79±0.18Aa | 20.28±0.46Aa | 367.29±9.35Ab | 17.79±0.45Aa |
IA | 16.03±0.51Aa | 37.72±0.44Bb | 20.32±0.47Aa | 425.19±15.79Aa | 18.10±0.52Aa | |
MS | 7.85±0.24ABc | 36.89±0.91Ab | 11.62±0.27Ab | 212.99±8.35Bc | 9.04±0.23Bc | |
IS | 13.46±0.29Ab | 29.97±0.65Ac | 19.50±0.37Aa | 448.98±3.23Aa | 15.44±0.32Ab | |
2022 | MA | 14.77±0.38Ab | 43.16±0.59Aa | 19.78±0.45Aa | 342.30±11.00Ab | 16.79±0.40ABa |
IA | 14.02±0.44Bb | 34.49±0.81Cc | 19.00±0.47ABa | 406.30±3.37ABa | 15.95±0.48Bab | |
MS | 7.66±0.20Bc | 38.49±0.51Ab | 12.16±0.15Ab | 199.08±5.04Bc | 8.91±0.21Bc | |
IS | 13.11±0.26Aa | 31.12±1.05Ad | 20.06±0.26Aa | 421.87±7.44Ba | 15.15±0.20Ab |
处理 Treatment | 测序结果Sequencing results | 多样性指标Diversity indicators | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
序列 Reads | 分类单元 OTU | 覆盖度 Coverage | ACE指数 ACE index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | Shannon指数 Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | |
MA | 145882±2004c | 4751±65a | 0.99±0.0031a | 5662±48a | 5599±67a | 6.71±0.02b | 0.0052±0.0001a |
IA | 142365±739c | 4932±85a | 0.99±0.0000a | 5862±166a | 5768±50a | 6.75±0.01b | 0.0051±0.0000a |
MS | 156325±507b | 5036±58a | 0.99±0.0058a | 5632±49a | 5741±29a | 7.04±0.05a | 0.0022±0.0001b |
IS | 163254±4295a | 5136±62a | 0.99±0.0000a | 5768±35a | 5824±58a | 7.01±0.03a | 0.0021±0.0001b |
表3 不同种植模式下根际土壤细菌多样性指数
Table 3 Rhizosphere soil bacterial diversity index under different planting patterns
处理 Treatment | 测序结果Sequencing results | 多样性指标Diversity indicators | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
序列 Reads | 分类单元 OTU | 覆盖度 Coverage | ACE指数 ACE index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | Shannon指数 Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | |
MA | 145882±2004c | 4751±65a | 0.99±0.0031a | 5662±48a | 5599±67a | 6.71±0.02b | 0.0052±0.0001a |
IA | 142365±739c | 4932±85a | 0.99±0.0000a | 5862±166a | 5768±50a | 6.75±0.01b | 0.0051±0.0000a |
MS | 156325±507b | 5036±58a | 0.99±0.0058a | 5632±49a | 5741±29a | 7.04±0.05a | 0.0022±0.0001b |
IS | 163254±4295a | 5136±62a | 0.99±0.0000a | 5768±35a | 5824±58a | 7.01±0.03a | 0.0021±0.0001b |
MA | IA | MS | IS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance |
芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.58 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.56 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.44 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.94 |
纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.87 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.57 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.49 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.22 |
芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.89 | Gp6 | 3.80 | Gp6 | 4.98 | Gp6 | 5.16 |
链霉菌属 Streptomyces | 3.75 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.15 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.17 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.21 |
假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.67 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.12 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.09 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.03 |
Gp6 | 3.31 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.64 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.84 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.05 |
Aridibacter | 2.35 | Litorilinea | 1.77 | Aridibacter | 2.02 | Aridibacter | 1.97 |
黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.76 | Aridibacter | 1.62 | Litorilinea | 1.96 | Litorilinea | 1.92 |
Litorilinea | 1.62 | 沃斯菌属 Devosia | 1.61 | 铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.74 | 铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.90 |
铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.35 | 黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.33 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.59 | 节杆菌属 Arthrobacter | 1.32 |
类诺卡氏菌属Nocardioides | 1.11 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.31 | 节杆菌属 Arthrobacter | 1.37 | 小梨形菌属 Pirellula | 1.21 |
丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.02 | 脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.16 | Gp7 | 1.22 | Gp7 | 1.13 |
铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.15 | 丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.20 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.10 | ||
小梨形菌属 Pirellula | 1.09 | 丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.07 | ||||
黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.08 | 脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.06 | ||||
脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.01 | ||||||
沃斯菌属 Devosia | 1.01 |
表4 不同处理下丰度>1%的细菌优势种
Table 4 The bacterial dominant species with abundance >1% under different treatments (%)
MA | IA | MS | IS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance | 属 Genus | 丰度 Abundance |
芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.58 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.56 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.44 | 芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 6.94 |
纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.87 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.57 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.49 | 纤维弧菌属 Cellvibrio | 5.22 |
芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.89 | Gp6 | 3.80 | Gp6 | 4.98 | Gp6 | 5.16 |
链霉菌属 Streptomyces | 3.75 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.15 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.17 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.21 |
假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.67 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.12 | 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas | 3.09 | 芽单胞菌属 Gemmatimonas | 3.03 |
Gp6 | 3.31 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.64 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.84 | 链霉菌属Streptomyces | 2.05 |
Aridibacter | 2.35 | Litorilinea | 1.77 | Aridibacter | 2.02 | Aridibacter | 1.97 |
黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.76 | Aridibacter | 1.62 | Litorilinea | 1.96 | Litorilinea | 1.92 |
Litorilinea | 1.62 | 沃斯菌属 Devosia | 1.61 | 铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.74 | 铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.90 |
铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.35 | 黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.33 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.59 | 节杆菌属 Arthrobacter | 1.32 |
类诺卡氏菌属Nocardioides | 1.11 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.31 | 节杆菌属 Arthrobacter | 1.37 | 小梨形菌属 Pirellula | 1.21 |
丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.02 | 脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.16 | Gp7 | 1.22 | Gp7 | 1.13 |
铁矿砂单胞菌属 Arenimonas | 1.15 | 丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.20 | 类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.10 | ||
小梨形菌属 Pirellula | 1.09 | 丰佑菌属 Opitutus | 1.07 | ||||
黄杆菌属 Flavobacterium | 1.08 | 脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.06 | ||||
脱硫单胞菌属 Desulfuromonas | 1.01 | ||||||
沃斯菌属 Devosia | 1.01 |
图4 土壤酶、微生物数量与土壤养分的相关性*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. 红色方格表示正相关(0<r<1),蓝色方格表示负相关(-1<r<0)。Red squares refer to positive correlation (0<r<1), whereas blue squares refer to negative correlation (-1<r<0). SOM: 土壤有机质Soil organic matter; TN: 全氮Total nitrogen; AN: 碱解氮Available nitrogen; AP: 有效磷Available phosphorus; AK: 速效钾Available potassium; UE: 脲酶活性Urease activity; ALP: 碱性磷酸酶活性Alkaline phosphatase activity; CAT: 过氧化氢酶活性Catalase activity; INV: 蔗糖酶活性Invertase activity; BAC: 细菌数量Bacterium number; FUN: 真菌数量Fungus number; ACT: 放线菌数量Actinomycete number. 下同The same below.
Fig.4 Correlation between soil enzyme, microbial numbers and soil nutrients
图5 根际土壤理化性质、酶活性与细菌群落(门水平)的冗余分析
Fig.5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity and bacterial community (phylum level)
图6 根际细菌优势菌群(门水平)与根际土壤理化性质的相关性***: P<0.001.
Fig.6 Correlation between dominant flora of rhizosphere bacteria (phylum level) and physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil
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