地膜覆盖和施肥对半干旱区苦荞土壤水分利用及产量的影响

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020233

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 探究地膜覆盖和施肥对西北半干旱区苦荞土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、植株生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,可为半干旱区苦荞抗旱增产、资源高效利用提供理论依据。于2015—2017年设置传统种植不施肥(TNF)、地膜覆盖不施肥(MNF)、地膜覆盖施肥(MF)3个处理,测定了苦荞不同生育时期土壤含水量(0~300 cm土层)、干物质量、叶面积指数、产量等指标,计算土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、收获指数、水分利用效率(WUE)和年降水利用效率(RUE)等指标。结果表明,与TNF、MNF相比,MF能够增加苦荞苗期0~140 cm土层土壤贮水量18.9~42.4 mm、花前土壤耗水量,使苦荞成熟期干物质量平均增加96.3%、3.7%,叶面积指数增加123.7%、7.6%,成穗数增加9.3%、3.9%,单株粒重增加139.2%、12.1%,籽粒饱满率增加14.5%、4.4%,籽粒位高显著降低34.0%、26.8%。由于MF改善了苦荞农田土壤水分状况,调节了生育期耗水进程,显著促进了苦荞生长,其产量较TNF增加33.6%~130.4%、生物量增加62.8%~182.5%、水分利用效率提高34.5%~106.4%,而且这一增产增效作用在欠水年更加显著。综上,地膜覆盖和施肥显著提高了苦荞水分利用效率与产量,是西北黄土高原半干旱区苦荞抗旱增产、资源高效的有效措施。

关键词: 苦荞, 地膜覆盖, 施肥, 水分利用效率, 产量

Abstract: This research investigated the effects of fertilizer application and soil-plastic mulching on soil water storage, periodic evapotranspiration (ET), plant development, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of Tartary buckwheat crops grown in a semiarid rain-fed area, in order to identify cultivation techniques that enhance crop drought resistance and efficient resource utilization. A field experiment comprising three treatments was conducted from 2015 to 2017 at Dingxi Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The three treatments were: traditional planting without fertilization application (TNF), whole field soil-plastic mulching without fertilization application (MNF), and whole field soil-plastic mulching with fertilization application (MF). The soil water content for the 0-300 cm soil depth, crop dry matter, leaf area index and yield of Tartary buckwheat were recorded. The soil water storage, periodic measurements of ET, harvest index, rainwater use efficiency (RUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated, to determine the effects of fertilizer application and soil plastic mulching and bunch seeding on water utilization and yield. It was found that MF increased soil water storage by 18.9-42.4 mm in the 0-140 cm soil layer during the seedling stage, and the ET in the pre-flowering period, as compared with TNF and MNF. Compared to TNF and MNF, respectively, MF increased the dry matter quality at maturity by an average of 96.3% and 3.7%, the leaf area index by 123.7% and 7.6%, the number of ears by 9.3% and 3.9%, the grain weight per plant by 139.2% and 12.1%, the grain plumpness by 14.5% and 4.4%, and reduced the ear height by 34.0% and 26.8%. Compared to TNF, MF significantly promoted the population-level statistics of Tartary buckwheat, with a yield increase of 33.6%-130.4%, a biomass increase of 62.8%-182.5%, an enhancement of WUE of 34.5%-106.4%, and these effects were more pronounced in dry seasons. Therefore, the cultivation practice comprising whole-field soil plastic mulching with fertilizer application improves the yield and WUE of Tartary buckwheat, can be recommended as a suitable planting mode for drought amelioration and yield increase of Tartary buckwheat in the semi-arid area of the northwest Loess Plateau.

Key words: tartary buckwheat, soil-plastic mulching, fertilization, water use efficiency, yield

方彦杰, 张绪成, 于显枫, 侯慧芝, 王红丽, 马一凡, 张国平, 雷康宁. 地膜覆盖和施肥对半干旱区苦荞土壤水分利用及产量的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(11): 46-56.

FANG Yan-jie, ZHANG Xu-cheng, YU Xian-feng, HOU Hui-zhi, WANG Hong-li, MA Yi-fan, ZHANG Guo-ping, LEI Kang-ning. Effects of soil plastic mulching and fertilizer application on the water utilization and yield of Tartary buckwheat crops in a semiarid rain-fed area[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(11): 46-56.

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