草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 61-70.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022212
收稿日期:
2022-05-09
修回日期:
2022-06-06
出版日期:
2023-05-20
发布日期:
2023-03-20
通讯作者:
张成霞
作者简介:
张成霞(1974-),女,青海海东人,博士。E-mail: E-mail: chengxia0211@163.com基金资助:
Cheng-xia ZHANG1(), Le-ta WA2, Xiao-ming MOU2, Sheng-hua CHANG2
Received:
2022-05-09
Revised:
2022-06-06
Online:
2023-05-20
Published:
2023-03-20
Contact:
Cheng-xia ZHANG
摘要:
研究草地植物种群数量特征,可揭示其对环境和放牧干扰的适应性机制,以往龄级水平草地植物种群数量性状研究相对缺乏。本研究以2种放牧年限下黄土高原典型草原优势植物(长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿)为对象,通过对不同龄级下3种植物株丛数量性状及养分特征的定量分析,探究植物种群龄级划分方法,明晰放牧下植物种群数量性状变化规律。结果表明:1)3种植物数量性状在轮牧第6和11年间整体变化小。2)放牧年限对各龄级植物种群株丛特征影响为茵陈蒿<长芒草和达乌里胡枝子,2种轮牧年份下3种植物株丛特征均随龄级增加呈增加趋势;达乌里胡枝子冠幅和基径及长芒草冠幅、基径和分糵数均为幼龄期<其他龄级。3)长芒草磷(P)含量为幼龄期<成年期和老年前期+老年期,达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿则与之相反;3种植物粗蛋白(CP)含量为老年前期+老年期<幼龄期和成年期,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量则与之相反;各龄级磷(P)、钙(Ca)、钾(K)和镁(Mg)含量为长芒草<达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿。研究表明,依据3种植物株丛分蘖或分枝特征及“空心化”程度,可有效划分其龄级;轮牧下3种植物数量性状具有较高稳定性,放牧年限对植物株丛特性的影响受龄级调控。
张成霞, 瓦勒塔, 牟晓明, 常生华. 陇东黄土高原优势植物不同龄级株丛数量性状及养分特征[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(5): 61-70.
Cheng-xia ZHANG, Le-ta WA, Xiao-ming MOU, Sheng-hua CHANG. Quantitative and nutrient characteristics of dominant species in different age classes on the Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(5): 61-70.
植物种 Species | 年龄阶段 Age period | 植株特征 Plant characteristics |
---|---|---|
长芒草 S. bungeana | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与叶片的独立植株称幼苗。幼苗通过无性繁殖产生数个分蘖,但株丛分蘖并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, an independent plant with roots and leaves, the seedlings produced several tillers through asexual propagation, but the cluster tillers did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生种子且株丛内部分蘖形成生殖枝,但中心并无死亡分蘖,未形成“空心”状态。Seeds are produced through sexual reproduction, and tillers in the cluster form reproductive branches, but there are no dead tillers in the center, which does not form a “hollow” state. | |
老年前期 Presenile | 株丛中央枝条因个体发育或缺少养分及水分而开始死亡,中央形成局部“空心”,且“空心”面积≤株丛总面积的1/2。The central branch of the cluster begins to die due to individual development or lack of nutrients and water, and a local “hollow” is formed in the center, and the “hollow” area is ≤1/2 of the total area of the cluster. | |
老年期 Senile | “空心”面积≥株丛总面积1/2;有时,整个株丛被枯叶鞘分为几个“岛”状片段,株丛出现明显“破碎”现象。“Hollow” area ≥1/2 of the total area of cluster; Sometimes, the whole plant cluster is divided into several “island” segments by the dead leaf sheath, and the plant cluster appears obvious “fragmentation”. | |
达乌里胡枝子 L. davurica | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与枝条的独立植株,但株丛分枝并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, independent plants with roots and branches were formed, but the branches of plant clusters did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生分枝在株丛内部形成明显生殖枝,但株丛内部尚未形成点状或月牙形的“空心”。The branches produced by sexual reproduction form obvious reproductive branches in the plant cluster, but there is no point or crescent shaped “hollow” in the plant cluster. | |
老年前期 Presenile | 株丛内部枝条形成明显点状或月牙形等的“空心”。The internal branches of the plant cluster form obvious “hollow” in the shape of point or crescent. | |
老年期Senile | 株丛内部具1~数个“点”状或“岛”状的“空心”。There are one to several “point” or “island” shaped “hollow” in the cluster. | |
茵陈蒿 A. capillaris | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与枝条的独立植株。幼苗通过无性繁殖产生数个分枝,但株丛枝条并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, an independent plant with roots and branches was formed. The seedlings produced several branches through asexual propagation, but the branches of the plant cluster did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生分枝在株丛内部形成明显生殖枝,但株丛内部尚未形成点状或近圆形的“空心”。The branches produced by sexual reproduction form obvious reproductive branches in the plant cluster, but there is no point or nearly circular “hollow” in the plant cluster. | |
老年前期Presenile | 株丛内部形成明显的点状或近圆形的“空心”。Obvious “hollow” such as dot or near circle is formed in the cluster. | |
老年期Senile | 株丛内部具有1~数个“点”状或“近圆形”的“空心”。There are one to several dot or nearly round “hollow” in the cluster. |
表1 黄土高原典型草原长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿年龄划分标准
Table 1 Age class standardof S. bungeana, L. davurica and A. capillaris in typical steppe of the Loess Plateau
植物种 Species | 年龄阶段 Age period | 植株特征 Plant characteristics |
---|---|---|
长芒草 S. bungeana | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与叶片的独立植株称幼苗。幼苗通过无性繁殖产生数个分蘖,但株丛分蘖并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, an independent plant with roots and leaves, the seedlings produced several tillers through asexual propagation, but the cluster tillers did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生种子且株丛内部分蘖形成生殖枝,但中心并无死亡分蘖,未形成“空心”状态。Seeds are produced through sexual reproduction, and tillers in the cluster form reproductive branches, but there are no dead tillers in the center, which does not form a “hollow” state. | |
老年前期 Presenile | 株丛中央枝条因个体发育或缺少养分及水分而开始死亡,中央形成局部“空心”,且“空心”面积≤株丛总面积的1/2。The central branch of the cluster begins to die due to individual development or lack of nutrients and water, and a local “hollow” is formed in the center, and the “hollow” area is ≤1/2 of the total area of the cluster. | |
老年期 Senile | “空心”面积≥株丛总面积1/2;有时,整个株丛被枯叶鞘分为几个“岛”状片段,株丛出现明显“破碎”现象。“Hollow” area ≥1/2 of the total area of cluster; Sometimes, the whole plant cluster is divided into several “island” segments by the dead leaf sheath, and the plant cluster appears obvious “fragmentation”. | |
达乌里胡枝子 L. davurica | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与枝条的独立植株,但株丛分枝并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, independent plants with roots and branches were formed, but the branches of plant clusters did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生分枝在株丛内部形成明显生殖枝,但株丛内部尚未形成点状或月牙形的“空心”。The branches produced by sexual reproduction form obvious reproductive branches in the plant cluster, but there is no point or crescent shaped “hollow” in the plant cluster. | |
老年前期 Presenile | 株丛内部枝条形成明显点状或月牙形等的“空心”。The internal branches of the plant cluster form obvious “hollow” in the shape of point or crescent. | |
老年期Senile | 株丛内部具1~数个“点”状或“岛”状的“空心”。There are one to several “point” or “island” shaped “hollow” in the cluster. | |
茵陈蒿 A. capillaris | 幼龄期 Juvenile | 种子萌发后形成具根系与枝条的独立植株。幼苗通过无性繁殖产生数个分枝,但株丛枝条并未形成生殖枝。After seed germination, an independent plant with roots and branches was formed. The seedlings produced several branches through asexual propagation, but the branches of the plant cluster did not form reproductive branches. |
成年期 Reproductive | 通过有性繁殖产生分枝在株丛内部形成明显生殖枝,但株丛内部尚未形成点状或近圆形的“空心”。The branches produced by sexual reproduction form obvious reproductive branches in the plant cluster, but there is no point or nearly circular “hollow” in the plant cluster. | |
老年前期Presenile | 株丛内部形成明显的点状或近圆形的“空心”。Obvious “hollow” such as dot or near circle is formed in the cluster. | |
老年期Senile | 株丛内部具有1~数个“点”状或“近圆形”的“空心”。There are one to several dot or nearly round “hollow” in the cluster. |
图1 长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿不同龄级株丛数量特征不同小写字母表示同一放牧年份不同龄级之间差异显著(P<0.05)。ns表示不同放牧年份同一龄级之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。*、**和***分别表示不同放牧年份同一龄级之间在0.05、0.01和0.001水平差异显著。下同。Different lowercase letters indicate there are significant difference among age classes in the same grazing years (P<0.05). ns indicates that there is no significant difference between the same age class in different grazing years (P>0.05). *, ** and *** indicate that there are significant differences at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 levels in the same age class of different grazing years, respectively.
Fig.1 Quantitative characteristics of S. bungeana, L. davurica and A. capillaris at different age classes
项目 Item | 株高 Plant height | 冠幅 Crown width | 基径 Base diameter | 分蘖/枝数 Tillers/branches number | 单株重 Single plant weight | 分蘖/枝重 Tillers/branches weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
植物Species | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
龄级Age class | ** | *** | *** | ** | ns | ns |
放牧年限Grazing duration | * | ** | ** | * | - | - |
植物×龄级Species×age class | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ns |
植物×放牧年限Species×grazing duration | *** | *** | *** | *** | - | - |
龄级×放牧年限Age class×grazing duration | * | ** | ** | *** | - | - |
植物×龄级×放牧年限Species×age class×grazing duration | *** | *** | *** | *** | - | - |
表2 不同放牧年份和龄级下植物种群株丛数量特征显著性分析
Table 2 Significant analysis of quantitative characteristics of plant population at different age classes and grazing years
项目 Item | 株高 Plant height | 冠幅 Crown width | 基径 Base diameter | 分蘖/枝数 Tillers/branches number | 单株重 Single plant weight | 分蘖/枝重 Tillers/branches weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
植物Species | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
龄级Age class | ** | *** | *** | ** | ns | ns |
放牧年限Grazing duration | * | ** | ** | * | - | - |
植物×龄级Species×age class | ** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ns |
植物×放牧年限Species×grazing duration | *** | *** | *** | *** | - | - |
龄级×放牧年限Age class×grazing duration | * | ** | ** | *** | - | - |
植物×龄级×放牧年限Species×age class×grazing duration | *** | *** | *** | *** | - | - |
图2 长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿不同龄级株丛单株重和分蘖/枝重
Fig.2 Individual plant weight and tiller/branch weight of different age classes of S. bungeana, L. davurica and A. capillaris
项目 Item | 磷P (mg·g-1) | 钙Ca (mg·g-1) | 钠Na (mg·g-1) | 钾K (mg·g-1) | 镁Mg (mg·g-1) | 铁Fe (mg·kg-1) | 铜Cu (mg·kg-1) | 锰Mn (mg·kg-1) | 锌Zn (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
长芒草S. bungeana | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.08±0.003b | 3.40±0.04a | 0.57±0.04a | 7.14±0.27a | 1.24±0.05a | 0.74±0.05a | 2.91±0.29a | 0.04±0.001a | 0.03±0.02a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.10±0.006a | 3.53±0.12a | 1.30±0.12a | 7.01±0.12a | 1.34±0.03a | 0.79±0.04a | 2.08±0.48a | 0.03±0.001a | 0.01±0.00a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.10±0.003a | 3.41±0.11a | 1.54±0.11a | 6.12±0.27b | 1.40±0.07a | 1.13±0.04a | 2.34±0.14a | 0.03±0.001a | 0.01±0.00a |
达乌里胡枝子L. davurica | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.15±0.01a | 13.91±0.37a | 1.14±0.60a | 11.07±0.38a | 5.15±0.15a | 0.94±0.13a | 3.01±0.69a | 0.08±0.001a | 0.03±0.01a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.13±0.01b | 11.92±0.50b | 0.98±0.49a | 9.83±0.20ab | 4.45±0.08b | 0.64±0.10a | 2.88±0.45a | 0.06±0.001b | 0.03±0.01a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.12±0.00b | 10.32±0.61b | 0.62±0.44a | 8.94±0.32b | 3.71±0.17c | 0.64±0.05a | 2.83±0.74a | 0.05±0.001b | 0.02±0.00a |
茵陈蒿A. capillaris | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.17±0.01a | 12.44±0.70a | 0.14±0.04a | 23.51±1.37a | 5.09±0.23a | 1.07±0.19a | 17.06±1.49a | 0.08±0.001a | 0.03±0.001a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.14±0.00b | 9.72±0.52b | 0.15±0.10a | 19.70±2.36ab | 3.85±0.21b | 0.75±0.07a | 11.55±1.22b | 0.06±0.001b | 0.03±0.010a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.13±0.00c | 9.18±0.12b | 0.18±0.08a | 16.15±0.52b | 3.66±0.31b | 0.71±0.06a | 11.30±1.07b | 0.05±0.001b | 0.05±0.010a |
植物Species | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns |
龄级Age class | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns |
植物×龄级 Species×age class | *** | *** | ns | * | *** | ** | ** | ** | ns |
表3 长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿不同龄级常量和微量元素含量
Table 3 Contents of major elements and microelement in S. bungeana, L. davurica and A. capillaris at different age classes
项目 Item | 磷P (mg·g-1) | 钙Ca (mg·g-1) | 钠Na (mg·g-1) | 钾K (mg·g-1) | 镁Mg (mg·g-1) | 铁Fe (mg·kg-1) | 铜Cu (mg·kg-1) | 锰Mn (mg·kg-1) | 锌Zn (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
长芒草S. bungeana | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.08±0.003b | 3.40±0.04a | 0.57±0.04a | 7.14±0.27a | 1.24±0.05a | 0.74±0.05a | 2.91±0.29a | 0.04±0.001a | 0.03±0.02a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.10±0.006a | 3.53±0.12a | 1.30±0.12a | 7.01±0.12a | 1.34±0.03a | 0.79±0.04a | 2.08±0.48a | 0.03±0.001a | 0.01±0.00a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.10±0.003a | 3.41±0.11a | 1.54±0.11a | 6.12±0.27b | 1.40±0.07a | 1.13±0.04a | 2.34±0.14a | 0.03±0.001a | 0.01±0.00a |
达乌里胡枝子L. davurica | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.15±0.01a | 13.91±0.37a | 1.14±0.60a | 11.07±0.38a | 5.15±0.15a | 0.94±0.13a | 3.01±0.69a | 0.08±0.001a | 0.03±0.01a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.13±0.01b | 11.92±0.50b | 0.98±0.49a | 9.83±0.20ab | 4.45±0.08b | 0.64±0.10a | 2.88±0.45a | 0.06±0.001b | 0.03±0.01a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.12±0.00b | 10.32±0.61b | 0.62±0.44a | 8.94±0.32b | 3.71±0.17c | 0.64±0.05a | 2.83±0.74a | 0.05±0.001b | 0.02±0.00a |
茵陈蒿A. capillaris | |||||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 0.17±0.01a | 12.44±0.70a | 0.14±0.04a | 23.51±1.37a | 5.09±0.23a | 1.07±0.19a | 17.06±1.49a | 0.08±0.001a | 0.03±0.001a |
成年期Reproductive | 0.14±0.00b | 9.72±0.52b | 0.15±0.10a | 19.70±2.36ab | 3.85±0.21b | 0.75±0.07a | 11.55±1.22b | 0.06±0.001b | 0.03±0.010a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile and senile | 0.13±0.00c | 9.18±0.12b | 0.18±0.08a | 16.15±0.52b | 3.66±0.31b | 0.71±0.06a | 11.30±1.07b | 0.05±0.001b | 0.05±0.010a |
植物Species | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns |
龄级Age class | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | ns |
植物×龄级 Species×age class | *** | *** | ns | * | *** | ** | ** | ** | ns |
项目 Item | 粗蛋白 CP (%) | 可溶性糖 WSC (%) | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) | 代谢能 ME (MJ·kg-1) | 有机质消化率 OMD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
长芒草S. bungeana | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 4.95±0.08ab | 5.54±0.35b | 34.65±0.21b | 72.72±0.40a | 5.91±0.01a | 36.91±0.09a |
成年期Reproductive | 5.19±0.09a | 5.73±0.12a | 35.19±0.18b | 72.40±0.30a | 5.96±0.01a | 37.26±0.09a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 4.86±0.11b | 3.46±0.31c | 37.18±0.46a | 73.16±0.73a | 5.95±0.03a | 37.20±0.16a |
达乌里胡枝子L. davurica | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 12.57±0.32a | 7.66±0.30a | 22.30±0.92c | 32.37±1.27c | 6.98±0.06a | 43.65±0.65a |
成年期Reproductive | 11.76±0.27ab | 6.03±0.37b | 29.84±0.98b | 42.56±1.25b | 7.02±0.03a | 43.85±0.46a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 9.86±0.33b | 4.80±0.26c | 35.81±0.90a | 49.52±1.12a | 6.82±0.05a | 42.60±0.27a |
茵陈蒿A. capillaris | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 10.01±0.32a | 4.37±0.07a | 25.65±0.50c | 36.15±0.68c | 6.60±0.06a | 41.27±0.40a |
成年期Reproductive | 7.34±0.27ab | 4.15±0.33a | 35.37±0.91b | 49.68±1.25b | 6.35±0.03b | 39.70±0.20b |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 6.62±0.33b | 4.88±0.18a | 40.05±0.65a | 55.31±0.78a | 6.33±0.05b | 39.59±0.34b |
植物Species | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
龄级Age class | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** |
植物×龄级 Species×age class | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** |
表4 长芒草、达乌里胡枝子和茵陈蒿不同龄级营养价值
Table 4 Nutritional value of S. bungeana, L. davurica and A. capillaris at different age classes
项目 Item | 粗蛋白 CP (%) | 可溶性糖 WSC (%) | 酸性洗涤纤维 ADF (%) | 中性洗涤纤维 NDF (%) | 代谢能 ME (MJ·kg-1) | 有机质消化率 OMD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
长芒草S. bungeana | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 4.95±0.08ab | 5.54±0.35b | 34.65±0.21b | 72.72±0.40a | 5.91±0.01a | 36.91±0.09a |
成年期Reproductive | 5.19±0.09a | 5.73±0.12a | 35.19±0.18b | 72.40±0.30a | 5.96±0.01a | 37.26±0.09a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 4.86±0.11b | 3.46±0.31c | 37.18±0.46a | 73.16±0.73a | 5.95±0.03a | 37.20±0.16a |
达乌里胡枝子L. davurica | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 12.57±0.32a | 7.66±0.30a | 22.30±0.92c | 32.37±1.27c | 6.98±0.06a | 43.65±0.65a |
成年期Reproductive | 11.76±0.27ab | 6.03±0.37b | 29.84±0.98b | 42.56±1.25b | 7.02±0.03a | 43.85±0.46a |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 9.86±0.33b | 4.80±0.26c | 35.81±0.90a | 49.52±1.12a | 6.82±0.05a | 42.60±0.27a |
茵陈蒿A. capillaris | ||||||
幼龄期Juvenile | 10.01±0.32a | 4.37±0.07a | 25.65±0.50c | 36.15±0.68c | 6.60±0.06a | 41.27±0.40a |
成年期Reproductive | 7.34±0.27ab | 4.15±0.33a | 35.37±0.91b | 49.68±1.25b | 6.35±0.03b | 39.70±0.20b |
老年前期+老年期 Presenile+senile | 6.62±0.33b | 4.88±0.18a | 40.05±0.65a | 55.31±0.78a | 6.33±0.05b | 39.59±0.34b |
植物Species | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
龄级Age class | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** |
植物×龄级 Species×age class | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** |
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