草原调查、监测与评价的国际经验和启示

doi:10.11686/cyxb2022273

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

草原调查、监测与评价是掌握草原资源现状和发展动态的首要基础工作。我国的草原调查、监测与评价体系基础薄弱、更新慢、发展滞后，使得我国草原资源底数不清，趋势不明，无法满足草原精细化管理需求。我国草原监管正处于机构改革和职能转变期，总结和分析国际草原大国的先进经验，对我国的草原调查、监测与评价体系进行优化和完善，将有利于我国草原监管能力的提升。本研究系统梳理了美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国际草原大国在草原调查、监测与评价体系建设方面的经验，以期为我国草原监管制度的完善提供参考。国际经验表明，开展多时间尺度精细监测、设置丰富的监测指标、研发和应用先进的技术手段、建设固定观测网络、开发数据集成管理平台、发展数据传播共享机制、扩大成果应用范围、组建专业技术队伍、鼓励公众参与等做法，更能满足当前多元利益主体间多目标、精细化草原管理需求，值得我国草原监管工作借鉴。

关键词: 草原资源, 草原调查, 草原监测, 草原评价, 监管体系

Abstract:

Grassland investigation， monitoring and evaluation （GIME） is the foundation for understanding the current situation and development dynamics of grassland resources. China’s GIME system has problems of a weak foundation， slow update and tardy development， which lead to an obscure information base and unclear definition of trends relating to grassland resources in China. Therefore the need for more sophiticated management of grassland can’t be met. The wider management of China’s grassland resource is at the stage of institutional reform and functional transformation. Based on experience from countries that possess abundant grassland resources， optimization and refinement of a GIME system would be conducive to the improvement of national grassland oversight. This study systematically summarizes the experience from construction of GIME systems in America， Canada and Australia and this experience offers valuable guidance for development of grassland supervision systems in China. International experience implies that certain practices， such as implementing multi-time scale fine monitoring， setting ample monitoring indicators， researching and applying advanced technologies， building a field observatory network， developing an integrated data management platform and a mechanism of data sharing， expanding the application range of outcomes， forming professional technical teams， and encouraging public participation， will better fulfill demands for multi-objective and more sophisticated grassland management for different stakeholders， and as such which deserve widespread promotion.

Key words: grassland resources, grassland investigation, grassland monitoring, grassland evaluation, supervision system

张雅娴, 樊江文, 王穗子, 张海燕. 草原调查、监测与评价的国际经验和启示[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(6): 203-213.

Ya-xian ZHANG, Jiang-wen FAN, Sui-zi WANG, Hai-yan ZHANG. Grassland investigation， monitoring and evaluation： international experience and insight[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(6): 203-213.

图/表 2

参考文献 43

1	Yang Z， Yang J， Liu S， et al. Summary of rangelands monitoring in Australia. Pratacultural Science， 2010， 27（11）： 166-170.
	杨智，杨季，刘帅，等. 澳大利亚草原监测工作概述. 草业科学， 2010， 27（11）： 166-170.
2	Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine， Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China， National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station. Rangeland resources of China. Beijing： China Science and Technology Publishing House， 1996.
	中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司，全国畜牧兽医总站. 中国草地资源. 北京：中国科学技术出版社， 1996.
3	Wang T M. Thinking of system and method about grassland resource survey in China. China Land， 2020（3）： 39-41.
	王铁梅. 我国草原资源调查的制度与方法思考. 中国土地， 2020（3）： 39-41.
4	Chen Q G. Current status and development of grassland monitoring in China. Pratacultural Science， 2008， 25（2）： 29-38.
	陈全功. 中国草原监测的现状与发展. 草业科学， 2008， 25（2）： 29-38.
5	Liu G X. Current situation of monitoring， assessment problems and countermeasures of grassland eco-environmental quality. Chinese Journal of Grassland， 2009， 31（3）： 8-12.
	刘桂香. 草原环境质量监测评价现状、问题及对策. 中国草地学报， 2009， 31（3）： 8-12.
6	Natural Resources Survey and Monitoring Division， Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China. Mechanisms of comprehensive investigation and monitoring of forest-grassland-water-wetland-sea and island resources. Beijing： China Commerce and Trade Press， 2021.
	自然资源部自然资源调查监测司. 林草水湿海资源综合调查监测机制研究. 北京：中国商务出版社， 2021.
7	Su D X. Survey and mapping of the rangeland resources of China. Beijing： China Agricultural University Press， 2013.
	苏大学. 中国草地资源调查与地图编制. 北京：中国农业大学出版社， 2013.
8	Wang D L， Wang L. A new perspective on the concept of grassland management. Chinese Science Bulletin， 2019， 64（11）： 1106-1113.
	王德利，王岭. 草地管理概念的新释义. 科学通报， 2019， 64（11）： 1106-1113.
9	Wang L， Delgado-Baquerizo M， Wang D L， et al. Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 2019， 116（13）： 6187-6192.
10	Fu J Y， Peng T， Jiang D， et al. Research progress and theoretical framework of multidimensional observation of grassland resources. Resources Science， 2020， 42（10）： 1932-1943.
	付晶莹，彭婷，江东，等. 草地资源立体观测研究进展与理论框架. 资源科学， 2020， 42（10）： 1932-1943.
11	Lin H L， Pu Y F， Wang D N， et al. Index insurances for grasslands： A review and the Chinese scheme design. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2021， 30（8）： 171-185.
	林慧龙，蒲彦妃，王丹妮，等. 草原指数保险：评述与中国方案设计. 草业学报， 2021， 30（8）： 171-185.
12	Bryan B A， Gao L， Ye Y Q， et al. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature， 2018， 559（7713）： 193-204.
13	National Forestry and Grassland Administration， National Development and Reform Commission. The 14th Five-Year Plan of forestry and grassland protection and development. 2021. http：//www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm.
	国家林业和草原局，国家发展和改革委员会. “十四五”林业草原保护发展规划纲要. 2021. http：//www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-08/19/content_5632156.htm.
14	National Forestry and Grassland Administration. National grassland monitoring and evaluation guidelines （Trial）. 2021. http：//www.forestry.gov.cn/cys/4/20210421/092439389350489.html.
	国家林业和草原局. 全国草原监测评价工作指南（试行）. 2021. http：//www.forestry.gov.cn/cys/4/20210421/092439389350489.html.
15	The United States Congress. National environmental policy act. 1969. https：//www.energy.gov/nepa/downloads/national-environmental-policy-act-1969.
16	Han F， Zhang Z T， Zhang X， et al. Legal process and governance of public rangelands： Experiences and implications from America. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2022， 31（9）： 220-232.
	韩枫，张志涛，张鑫，等. 美国公共牧草地法治管理进程的经验借鉴与若干启示. 草业学报， 2022， 31（9）： 220-232.
17	Jiang X Q， Lin Z Y， Shi Y， et al. Historic experience from American public rangeland management policies. Acta Prataculturae Sinica， 2020， 29（11）： 151-164.
	姜晓群，林哲艳，时钰，等. 美国公共放牧地管理政策演进的历史经验. 草业学报， 2020， 29（11）： 151-164.
18	Herrick J E， Van Zee J W， Havstad K M， et al. Monitoring manual： For grassland， shrubland and savanna ecosystems. Tucson： The University of Arizona Press， 2009.
19	Australian Government. Australian government natural resource management monitoring， evaluation， reporting and improvement framework. 2009. https：//www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/proposed/NRM-MERI-Framework.pdf.
20	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. National land and water resources audit-rangeland monitoring. 2000. https：//www.researchgate.net/publication/237548335_National_Land_Water_Resources_Audit.
21	The United States Congress Department of Agriculture. Natural resources conservation service-range & pasture. （2022-02-13）［2022-02-13］. https：//www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/landuse/rangepasture.
22	National Science Foundation. The national ecological observatory network. （2022-02-13）［2022-02-13］. https：//data.neonscience. org.
23	Gelfand I， Cui M， Tang J， et al. Short-term drought response of N₂O and CO₂ emissions from mesic agricultural soils in the US midwest. Agriculture， Ecosystems & Environment， 2015， 212： 127-133.
24	Hall F C. Photo point monitoring handbook. Portland， OR： U.S. Department of Agriculture， Forest Service， Pacific Northwest Research Station， 2002.
25	Adams B W， Ehlert G， Stone C， et al. Rangeland health assessment for grassland， forest and tame pasture. Alberta， Canada： Alberta Environment and Parks， Rangeland Management Branch， 2016.
26	Yang Z H， Li M， Zhang Y J， et al. Study on the experience of grassland protection and animal husbandry development in the United States. World Agriculture， 2015（1）： 36-40.
	杨振海，李明，张英俊，等. 美国草原保护与草原畜牧业发展的经验研究. 世界农业， 2015（1）： 36-40.
27	Wachendorf M， Fricke T， Grass T J， et al. Remote sensing as a tool to assess botanical composition， structure， quantity and quality of temperate grasslands. Grass Forage Science， 2018， 73（1）： 1-14.
28	National Science Foundation. Airborne remote sensing. （2022-02-13）［2022-02-13］. https：//www.neonscience.org/data-collection/airborne-remote-sensing.
29	Fu B J， Liu Y. Global ecosystem observation and research programs： Evolution and insights for future development. Progress in Geography， 2014， 33（7）： 893-902.
	傅伯杰，刘宇. 国际生态系统观测研究计划及启示. 地理科学进展， 2014， 33（7）： 893-902.
30	Zhao S D. United States national ecological observatory network-with special references to its concepts， desing and progress. Advances in Earth Science， 2005， 20（5）： 578-583.
	赵世洞. 美国国家生态观测站网络（NEON）-概念、设计和进展. 地球科学进展， 2005， 20（5）： 578-583.
31	Department of Sustainability， Environment， Water， Population and Communities of Australian Government. The Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System （ACRIS）： Reporting change in the rangelands. 2013. https：//www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/acris-reporting-change.pdf.
32	Bastin G N， Stafford Smith D M， Watson I W， et al. The Australian Collaborative Rangelands Information System： Preparing for a climate of change. The Rangeland Journal， 2009， 31（1）： 111-125.
33	Ren Y T. Current situation of grassland resource management in the United States. China Animal Industry， 2013（23）： 50-52.
	任榆田. 美国草地资源管理现状. 中国畜牧业， 2013（23）： 50-52.
34	The United States. Department of Agriculture. Rangeland analysis platform user guide. 2018. https：//rangelands.app/about/rapUserGuide.pdf.
35	The United States. Department of Agriculture. Rangeland analysis platform. （2022-02-13）［2022-02-13］. http：//rangelands.app.
36	Pellant M， Shaver P L， Pyke D A， et al. Interpreting indicators of rangeland health， version 5. U.S. Department of the Interior， Bureau of Land Management. 2020. https：//pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70215720.
37	Miao J M， Li W W. Grassland resource management and reference in the United States. Pratacultural Science， 2006， 23（5）： 20-23.
	缪建明，李维薇. 美国草地资源管理与借鉴. 草业科学， 2006， 23（5）： 20-23.
38	Cork S， Gorrie G， Ampt P， et al. Discussion paper on ecosystem services for the Department of Agriculture， Fisheries and Forestry. 2012. https：//www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/natural-resources/ecosystem-services/ ecosystem-final-full.pdf.
39	Yang P. Thoughts on future development of field observation and research network of Chinese academy of sciences. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences， 2021， 36（1）： 104-112.
	杨萍. 中国科学院野外科学观测研究网络未来发展的思考. 中国科学院院刊， 2021， 36（1）： 104-112.
40	Fu B J， Niu D， Yu G R. The roles of ecosystem observation and research network in earth system science. Progress in Geography， 2007， 26（1）： 1-16.
	傅伯杰，牛栋，于贵瑞. 生态系统观测研究网络在地球系统科学中的作用. 地理科学进展， 2007， 26（1）： 1-16.
41	Watson I W， Novelly P E， Thomas P W E. Monitoring changes in pastoral rangelands-the western Australian rangeland monitoring system （WARMS）. The Rangeland Journal， 2007， 29（2）： 191-205.
42	Natural Resources Conservation Service， U.S. Department of Agriculture. National range and pasture handbook. 2003. https：//www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/？cid=STELPRDB1043084.
43	Liu X C， Zhang J， Xin X P， et al. Grassland ecological environment monitoring system in foreign countries and its enlightenment to China. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning， 2022， 43（1）： 1-9.
	刘欣超，张靖，辛晓平，等. 国外草原生态环境监测体系现状及对我国的启示. 中国农业资源与区划， 2022， 43（1）： 1-9.