基于31P 核磁共振探究退化高寒湿地土壤磷素演变特征及影响因素

doi:10.11686/cyxb2023116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探明高寒湿地不同退化程度土壤磷素组成特征及其形态演变的驱动机制对于湿地生态恢复过程中养分和碳汇的科学管理具有重要意义。以若尔盖自然保护区内相对原生沼泽（RPM）、轻度退化沼泽（LDM）、中度退化沼泽（MDM）、重度退化沼泽（HDM）为对象，采用液相³¹P核磁共振波谱技术、分段式结构方程模型研究了高寒湿地退化过程中土壤磷素演变特征及主要影响因素。结果表明，高寒湿地退化导致植物群落组成由湿生向中生演替，土壤有机质与氮含量降低。正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量随湿地退化呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中正磷酸盐在HDM中相较于RPM降低46.45%，磷酸单酯在LDM、MDM和HDM中相较于RPM分别增加27.02%、54.96%和41.74%；焦磷酸盐和磷酸二酯含量随湿地退化逐渐降低。分段式结构方程模型的拟合结果显示，植被生物量、土壤养分和微生物活性是影响湿地土壤磷素演变的主要因素，其中微生物活性是正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐和磷酸二酯的正向影响因子，是磷酸单酯的负向影响因子，植物生物量是正磷酸盐和磷酸二酯的正向影响因子，土壤养分虽对各形态磷没有直接影响，但可通过调控微生物活性间接影响焦磷酸盐和磷酸二酯含量。综上所述，湿地退化通过改变植物群落组成、降低土壤养分含量和微生物活性，促进了土壤磷酸二酯分解；重度退化湿地土壤磷有效性因磷酸单酯矿化能力减弱、正磷酸盐含量降低而减小。

关键词: 若尔盖高原, 高寒湿地退化, 液相³¹P核磁共振, 磷形态

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to clarify the patterns of soil phosphorus transformation and factors driving this process during alpine wetland degradation. Such information is useful for devising strategies to manage nutrient and carbon “sinks” in the ecological restoration of wetlands. Four types of marsh wetlands in Zoige Nature Reserve， including relatively pristine marsh （RPM）， lightly degraded marsh （LDM）， moderately degraded marsh （MDM）， and heavily degraded marsh （HDM）， were selected to investigate the evolution of phosphorus forms in soil， and factors affecting this process. Analyses were conducted using ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance and a piecewise structural equation model. It was found that the degradation of alpine wetland led to a succession of plant communities from hygrophytes to mesophytes， and reductions in the soil organic matter and nitrogen contents. The contents of orthophosphate and phosphate monoesters displayed a parabolic trend with the maximum occurring in MDM along the gradient of marsh degradation. The orthophosphate content was 46.45% lower in HDM than in RPM. The phosphate monoesters content was 27.02%， 54.96%， and 41.74% higher in LDM， MDM， and HDM than in RPM， respectively. The contents of pyrophosphate and phosphate diesters continuously decreased with increasing severity of wetland degradation. The piecewise structural equation model indicated that microbial activity was a positive factor influencing soil orthophosphates， pyrophosphates， and phosphate diesters， and a negative factor influencing phosphate monoesters. Vegetation biomass was a positive factor influencing soil orthophosphates and phosphate diesters. Soil nutrients indirectly affected pyrophosphates and phosphate diesters by impacting microbial activity. Overall， wetland degradation promoted the decomposition of phosphate diesters by changing the vegetation community and decreasing soil nutrient availability and microbial activity. Soil phosphorus availability decreased in HDM because of the decline in the phosphate monoester mineralization rate and decreased orthophosphate content.

Key words: Zoige Plateau, alpine wetland degradation, solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance, phosphorus forms

罗原骏, 蒲玉琳, 袁大刚, 李亚丽, 钱虹宇. 基于³¹P 核磁共振探究退化高寒湿地土壤磷素演变特征及影响因素[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(2): 1-12.

Yuan-jun LUO, Yu-lin PU, Da-gang YUAN, Ya-li LI, Hong-yu QIAN. Evolution of soil phosphorus forms and factors influencing their formation based on ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of degraded alpine wetland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(2): 1-12.

图/表 8

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湿地性质 Marsh properties	相对原生沼泽 RPM	轻度退化沼泽 LDM	中度退化沼泽 MDM	重度退化沼泽 HDM
沼泽湿地退化指数Marsh degradation index， MDI	0.85±0.02a	0.38±0.04b	0.23±0.01c	0.07±0.01d
植被盖度Vegetation coverage （%）	83.00±2.50a	88.33±4.40a	86.33±1.90a	50.67±4.70b
地上生物量Aboveground biomass （g·m^-2）	423.33±58.40a	551.67±134.17a	500.00±70.00a	199.00±28.84b
根系生物量Root biomass （g·m^-2）	1367.93±169.39a	1158.93±53.93a	683.17±71.31b	521.48±126.55b
容重Bulk density （g·cm^-3）	0.38±0.03b	0.40±0.05b	0.35±0.03b	0.87±0.07a
砂粒Sand （%）	21.84±0.34c	26.88±0.74a	24.45±0.43b	22.71±0.51c
粉粒Silt （%）	55.12±2.56b	45.00±0.54c	58.33±0.67ab	60.64±0.26a
黏粒Clay （%）	23.05±2.84 a	28.12±1.21a	17.22±0.34b	16.65±0.52b
pH	7.33±0.04a	7.03 ± 0.28a	6.62±0.67a	7.25±0.14a
有机质Organic matter， OM （g·kg^-1）	319.80±14.10a	309.71±18.93a	256.93±57.08ab	158.39±88.89b
全氮Total nitrogen， TN （g·kg^-1）	15.50±0.72a	13.01±1.06ab	11.43±2.34ab	6.94±3.96b
全磷Total phosphorus， TP （g·kg^-1）	0.81±0.18ab	0.96±0.05ab	1.12±0.11a	0.75±0.16b
碱解氮Available nitrogen， AN （mg·kg^-1）	1117.98±33.53a	1004.03±136.98a	936.04±197.01a	626.76±317.84a
有效磷Available phosphorus， AP （mg·kg^-1）	16.24±3.75b	21.72±3.02ab	27.87±4.08a	15.04±5.9b
微生物量磷Microbial biomass phosphorus， MBP （mg·kg^-1）	256.50±19.84a	220.91±50.22a	246.16±47.07a	154.23±15.82b
磷酸单酯酶Phosphomonoesterase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	14.21±1.88ab	12.54±2.17ab	19.43±3.03a	8.27±3.09b
磷酸二酯酶Phosphodiesterase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	12.46±1.13a	10.61±1.48a	13.01±3.29a	6.13±3.62a
植酸酶Phytase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	6.64±1.34a	2.31±0.77b	2.47±0.88b	1.24±0.47b

湿地性质 Marsh properties	相对原生沼泽 RPM	轻度退化沼泽 LDM	中度退化沼泽 MDM	重度退化沼泽 HDM
沼泽湿地退化指数Marsh degradation index， MDI	0.85±0.02a	0.38±0.04b	0.23±0.01c	0.07±0.01d
植被盖度Vegetation coverage （%）	83.00±2.50a	88.33±4.40a	86.33±1.90a	50.67±4.70b
地上生物量Aboveground biomass （g·m^-2）	423.33±58.40a	551.67±134.17a	500.00±70.00a	199.00±28.84b
根系生物量Root biomass （g·m^-2）	1367.93±169.39a	1158.93±53.93a	683.17±71.31b	521.48±126.55b
容重Bulk density （g·cm^-3）	0.38±0.03b	0.40±0.05b	0.35±0.03b	0.87±0.07a
砂粒Sand （%）	21.84±0.34c	26.88±0.74a	24.45±0.43b	22.71±0.51c
粉粒Silt （%）	55.12±2.56b	45.00±0.54c	58.33±0.67ab	60.64±0.26a
黏粒Clay （%）	23.05±2.84 a	28.12±1.21a	17.22±0.34b	16.65±0.52b
pH	7.33±0.04a	7.03 ± 0.28a	6.62±0.67a	7.25±0.14a
有机质Organic matter， OM （g·kg^-1）	319.80±14.10a	309.71±18.93a	256.93±57.08ab	158.39±88.89b
全氮Total nitrogen， TN （g·kg^-1）	15.50±0.72a	13.01±1.06ab	11.43±2.34ab	6.94±3.96b
全磷Total phosphorus， TP （g·kg^-1）	0.81±0.18ab	0.96±0.05ab	1.12±0.11a	0.75±0.16b
碱解氮Available nitrogen， AN （mg·kg^-1）	1117.98±33.53a	1004.03±136.98a	936.04±197.01a	626.76±317.84a
有效磷Available phosphorus， AP （mg·kg^-1）	16.24±3.75b	21.72±3.02ab	27.87±4.08a	15.04±5.9b
微生物量磷Microbial biomass phosphorus， MBP （mg·kg^-1）	256.50±19.84a	220.91±50.22a	246.16±47.07a	154.23±15.82b
磷酸单酯酶Phosphomonoesterase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	14.21±1.88ab	12.54±2.17ab	19.43±3.03a	8.27±3.09b
磷酸二酯酶Phosphodiesterase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	12.46±1.13a	10.61±1.48a	13.01±3.29a	6.13±3.62a
植酸酶Phytase （μmol·g^-1·h^-1）	6.64±1.34a	2.31±0.77b	2.47±0.88b	1.24±0.47b

湿地类型 Marsh types	NaOH-EDTA提取无机磷 NaOH-EDTA P_i （mg·kg^-1）	NaOH-EDTA提取有机磷 NaOH-EDTA P_o （mg·kg^-1）	NaOH-EDTA提取总磷 NaOH-EDTA P_t （mg·kg^-1）	回收率 Recovery （%）
RPM	135.83±19.36b	322.79±49.73a	458.63±67.66b	58.11±5.19a
LDM	169.27±12.11ab	382.44±22.35a	551.71±10.35ab	57.72±3.91a
MDM	207.23±9.46a	454.86±24.79a	662.09±16.09a	59.77±4.40a
HDM	67.03±11.41c	375.86±65.08a	442.89±75.77b	60.40±6.18a

湿地类型 Marsh types	NaOH-EDTA提取无机磷 NaOH-EDTA P_i （mg·kg^-1）	NaOH-EDTA提取有机磷 NaOH-EDTA P_o （mg·kg^-1）	NaOH-EDTA提取总磷 NaOH-EDTA P_t （mg·kg^-1）	回收率 Recovery （%）
RPM	135.83±19.36b	322.79±49.73a	458.63±67.66b	58.11±5.19a
LDM	169.27±12.11ab	382.44±22.35a	551.71±10.35ab	57.72±3.91a
MDM	207.23±9.46a	454.86±24.79a	662.09±16.09a	59.77±4.40a
HDM	67.03±11.41c	375.86±65.08a	442.89±75.77b	60.40±6.18a

湿地类型 Marsh types	磷酸单酯 Phosphate monoester					磷酸二酯 Phosphate diester
湿地类型 Marsh types	六磷酸肌醇 IHP	磷酸糖 Sugar phosphate	单核苷酸 Mononucleotide	磷酸乙醇胺 Phosphorylethanolamine	其他单酯 Other monoesters	DNA	其他二酯 Other diesters
RPM	121.17	n.d.	41.55	n.d.	187.69	15.33	55.90
LDM	33.72	n.d.	35.58	n.d.	254.16	11.63	34.76
MDM	23.92	n.d.	31.59	n.d.	366.95	n.d.	48.60
HDM	49.74	29.96	n.d.	94.39	274.15	n.d.	2.35

基于³¹P 核磁共振探究退化高寒湿地土壤磷素演变特征及影响因素

Evolution of soil phosphorus forms and factors influencing their formation based on ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of degraded alpine wetland

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Metrics

项目 Item	植被生物量Vegetation biomass	土壤养分Soil nutrient	微生物活性Microbial activity
项目 Item	PC1	PC1	PC1	PC2
特征根Eigenvalue	2.154	2.917	2.104	1.254
累积方差贡献率Cumulative variance contribution （%）	71.804	97.229	52.601	83.948
植被盖度Vegetation coverage	0.948
地上生物量Aboveground biomass	0.889
根系生物量Root biomass	0.682
有机质Organic matter （OM）		0.986
全氮Total nitrogen （TN）		0.986
碱解氮Available nitrogen （AN）		0.985
微生物量磷Microbial biomass phosphorus （MBP）			0.749	-0.159
磷酸单酯酶Phosphomonoesterase			0.665	0.590
磷酸二酯酶Phosphodiesterase			0.678	0.590
植酸酶Phytase			0.830	-0.426

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