草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 1-19.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025327
• 研究论文 •
王亦波1(
), 韩新宁2(
), 安可3, 张梦婕4, 田慧慧1, 拓行行5, 张潇珊5, 叶发明6,7, 尹子鸣5, 马晓瑞5, 杨庆6,7, 师涛5, 李伟5(
)
收稿日期:2025-08-14
修回日期:2025-09-15
出版日期:2026-05-20
发布日期:2026-03-11
通讯作者:
韩新宁,李伟
作者简介:hanxinning@163.com基金资助:
Yi-bo WANG1(
), Xin-ning HAN2(
), Ke AN3, Meng-jie ZHANG4, Hui-hui TIAN1, Hang-hang TUO5, Xiao-shan ZHANG5, Fa-ming YE6,7, Zi-ming YIN5, Xiao-rui MA5, Qing YANG6,7, Tao SHI5, Wei LI5(
)
Received:2025-08-14
Revised:2025-09-15
Online:2026-05-20
Published:2026-03-11
Contact:
Xin-ning HAN,Wei LI
摘要:
渭河流域作为黄河流域的核心支流,其生态质量优劣直接关系到区域可持续发展进程。本研究利用Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台构建了基于遥感的生态指数(RSEI),系统分析了2000-2024年间渭河流域生态质量的时空变化及其驱动机制。结果表明:研究期内流域年均RSEI为0.37~0.53,整体以2.73×10-3·a-1的速率显著改善,空间上呈现“东南高西北低、边缘高中心低”梯度,秦岭北麓生态脊梁凸显。天水-平凉、延安-庆阳等地RSEI极显著增加,西安-咸阳都市圈显著退化,同时泾河上游矿区及都市圈西扩区存在24.4%的持续退化风险,高波动区占59.3%,生态恢复瓶颈突出。通过SHAP解释XGBoost发现,生态质量空间异质性主要由气候因素主导,其中实际蒸散发与地表温度的驱动作用较强,影响力远高于地形、人类活动等其他因素,且适宜区间内(10~25 ℃)的气温升高、降水量增加(550~600 mm)和阈值范围内人口密度形成协同作用,对RSEI提升具有显著正向效应。本研究在气候变化背景下分析和监测渭河流域RSEI的动态演变,为黄河流域生态保护修复和高质量发展提供了科学依据。
王亦波, 韩新宁, 安可, 张梦婕, 田慧慧, 拓行行, 张潇珊, 叶发明, 尹子鸣, 马晓瑞, 杨庆, 师涛, 李伟. 基于GEE的渭河流域生态质量动态监测及其驱动机制[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(5): 1-19.
Yi-bo WANG, Xin-ning HAN, Ke AN, Meng-jie ZHANG, Hui-hui TIAN, Hang-hang TUO, Xiao-shan ZHANG, Fa-ming YE, Zi-ming YIN, Xiao-rui MA, Qing YANG, Tao SHI, Wei LI. Google Earth Engine-based dynamic monitoring of ecological status in the Weihe River Basin and mechanisms driving it[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(5): 1-19.
图1 渭河流域概况A: 研究区在黄河流域位置Location of the study area in the Yellow River Basin; B: 渭河流域数字高程模型Digital elevation model (DEM) of the Weihe River Basin (WRB); C: 研究区土地利用情况Land use of the study area; D: 研究区25年平均年降水量25-year average precipitation of the study area; E: 研究区25年平均气温25-year average temperature of the study area. 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2016)2923号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS(2016)2923 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.1 Overview of the Weihe River Basin
数据类型 Data type | 变量 Variant | 空间分辨率 Spatial resolution | 来源 Source |
|---|---|---|---|
遥感生态指数 Remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) | 绿度Greenness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD13A1_v6 |
| 湿度Wetness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD09A1_v6 | |
| 干度Dryness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD09A1_v6 | |
| 热度Heat | 1 km | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD11A2_v6 | |
气候和土壤 Climate and soils | 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn |
| 温度Temperature (TMP) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 相对湿度Relative humidity (RH) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 实际蒸散发Actual evapotranspiration (AET) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 潜在蒸散发Potential evapotranspiration (PET) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 地表温度Land surface temperature (LST) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 土壤湿度Soil moisture (SM) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 土地覆盖Land cover (LC) | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MCD12Q1_061 | |
| 地形Topography | 数字高程模型Digital elevation model (DEM) | 30 m | https://www.ncdc.ac.cn |
| 坡度Slope | 30 m | 从高程数据中提取Extraction from elevation data | |
| 社会经济和人类活动Socio-economic and human activities | 人口密度Density of population (DOP) | 100 m | https://hub.worldpop.org |
| 国内生产总值Gross domestic product (GDP) | 1 km | https://www.resdc.cn | |
| 夜间灯光指数Nighttime light index (NL) | 1 km | https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/ | |
| 人类足迹Human footprint (HFP) | 1 km | https://www.x-mol.com/groups/li_xuecao/news/48145 |
表1 数据集及来源
Table 1 Data sets and sources
数据类型 Data type | 变量 Variant | 空间分辨率 Spatial resolution | 来源 Source |
|---|---|---|---|
遥感生态指数 Remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) | 绿度Greenness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD13A1_v6 |
| 湿度Wetness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD09A1_v6 | |
| 干度Dryness | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD09A1_v6 | |
| 热度Heat | 1 km | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MOD11A2_v6 | |
气候和土壤 Climate and soils | 降水量Precipitation (PRE) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn |
| 温度Temperature (TMP) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 相对湿度Relative humidity (RH) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 实际蒸散发Actual evapotranspiration (AET) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 潜在蒸散发Potential evapotranspiration (PET) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 地表温度Land surface temperature (LST) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 土壤湿度Soil moisture (SM) | 1 km | https://data.tpdc.ac.cn | |
| 土地覆盖Land cover (LC) | 500 m | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/MCD12Q1_061 | |
| 地形Topography | 数字高程模型Digital elevation model (DEM) | 30 m | https://www.ncdc.ac.cn |
| 坡度Slope | 30 m | 从高程数据中提取Extraction from elevation data | |
| 社会经济和人类活动Socio-economic and human activities | 人口密度Density of population (DOP) | 100 m | https://hub.worldpop.org |
| 国内生产总值Gross domestic product (GDP) | 1 km | https://www.resdc.cn | |
| 夜间灯光指数Nighttime light index (NL) | 1 km | https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/ | |
| 人类足迹Human footprint (HFP) | 1 km | https://www.x-mol.com/groups/li_xuecao/news/48145 |
图2 渭河流域2000-2024年RSEI变化情况A: 年际变化Inter-annual changes; B: 变化趋势Trends of changes; C: 面积占比Percentage of area; D: 平均值空间分布特征Spatial distribution characteristics of the mean values. 基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2016)2923号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS(2016)2923 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.2 Changes in RSEI in the Weihe River Basin of 2000-2024
| RSEI趋势变化Changes in RSEI trends | SRSEI | Z值Z-value | 面积占比Percentage of area (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 极显著增加Extremely significant increase | ≥0.0005 | ≥2.580 | 11.63 |
| 显著增加Significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 1.960~2.580 | 11.35 |
| 微显著增加Slightly significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 1.645~1.960 | 8.27 |
| 不显著增加Non-significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 0~1.645 | 46.72 |
| 无变化No change | -0.0005~0.0005 | - | 0.01 |
| 不显著减少Non-significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -1.645~0 | 19.09 |
| 微显著减少Slightly significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -1.960~-1.645 | 1.09 |
| 显著减少Significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -2.580~-1.960 | 1.18 |
| 极显著减少Extremely significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | ≤-2.580 | 0.66 |
表2 渭河流域RSEI变化趋势
Table 2 Trends of RSEI in the Weihe River Basin
| RSEI趋势变化Changes in RSEI trends | SRSEI | Z值Z-value | 面积占比Percentage of area (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 极显著增加Extremely significant increase | ≥0.0005 | ≥2.580 | 11.63 |
| 显著增加Significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 1.960~2.580 | 11.35 |
| 微显著增加Slightly significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 1.645~1.960 | 8.27 |
| 不显著增加Non-significant increase | ≥0.0005 | 0~1.645 | 46.72 |
| 无变化No change | -0.0005~0.0005 | - | 0.01 |
| 不显著减少Non-significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -1.645~0 | 19.09 |
| 微显著减少Slightly significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -1.960~-1.645 | 1.09 |
| 显著减少Significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | -2.580~-1.960 | 1.18 |
| 极显著减少Extremely significant decrease | ≤-0.0005 | ≤-2.580 | 0.66 |
图3 2000-2024年渭河流域RSEI变异系数(A)及未来变化趋势(B)基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站GS(2016)2923号标准地图制作,底图边界无修改。Based on the standard map service website GS(2016)2923 of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the boundary of the base map is not modified.
Fig.3 Variable coefficient (A) and predicted future trends of RSEI (B) in the Weihe River Basin of 2000-2024
| Fold | 确定系数 R2 | 均方根误差 Root mean square error (RMSE) | 平均绝对误差 Mean absolute error (MAE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.7590 | 0.0680 | 0.0520 |
| 2 | 0.7630 | 0.0670 | 0.0510 |
| 3 | 0.7580 | 0.0680 | 0.0510 |
| 4 | 0.7600 | 0.0670 | 0.0510 |
| 5 | 0.7590 | 0.0690 | 0.0520 |
| 均值±标准差Mean±SD | 0.7598±0.0019 | 0.0676±0.0008 | 0.0513±0.0005 |
表3 模型稳健性验证:5-fold交叉验证结果
Table 3 Model robustness validation: 5-fold cross-validation results
| Fold | 确定系数 R2 | 均方根误差 Root mean square error (RMSE) | 平均绝对误差 Mean absolute error (MAE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.7590 | 0.0680 | 0.0520 |
| 2 | 0.7630 | 0.0670 | 0.0510 |
| 3 | 0.7580 | 0.0680 | 0.0510 |
| 4 | 0.7600 | 0.0670 | 0.0510 |
| 5 | 0.7590 | 0.0690 | 0.0520 |
| 均值±标准差Mean±SD | 0.7598±0.0019 | 0.0676±0.0008 | 0.0513±0.0005 |
指标 Index | 训练集 Training set | 测试集 Test set | Δ(测试-训练Test-training) |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | 0.7668 | 0.7598 | -0.0070 |
| RMSE | 0.0662 | 0.0676 | +0.0014 |
| MAE | 0.0492 | 0.0513 | +0.0022 |
表4 模型稳健性验证:训练-测试差异度
Table 4 Model robustness validation: training-test variances
指标 Index | 训练集 Training set | 测试集 Test set | Δ(测试-训练Test-training) |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2 | 0.7668 | 0.7598 | -0.0070 |
| RMSE | 0.0662 | 0.0676 | +0.0014 |
| MAE | 0.0492 | 0.0513 | +0.0022 |
图4 XGBoost模型测试集RSEI预测精度评估:观测值与预测值对比(A)及其残差分布(B)
Fig.4 Evaluation of RSEI prediction accuracy for the test set of XGBoost model: observed values vs. predicted values (A) and their residual distributions (B)
图5 XGBoost模型测试集残差正态性检验:Q-Q图(A)与残差分布直方图(B)
Fig.5 XGBoost model test set residual normality test: Q-Q plot (A) and histogram of residual distribution (B)
层级 Level | 特征 Characterization | 平均绝对SHAP值 Mean |SHAP| | 累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一级驱动Primary drivers | AET, LST | 0.0558, 0.0337 | 0.0895 |
| 二级驱动Secondary drivers | PET, DOP, TMP, PRE | 0.0259, 0.0239, 0.0207, 0.0113 | 0.0819 |
| 三级驱动Three-stage drivers | DEM, LC, RH, SM, HFP, GDP, SLOPE, NL | <0.010 | 0.0280 |
表5 特征重要性的层级划分
Table 5 Hierarchical division of feature importance
层级 Level | 特征 Characterization | 平均绝对SHAP值 Mean |SHAP| | 累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一级驱动Primary drivers | AET, LST | 0.0558, 0.0337 | 0.0895 |
| 二级驱动Secondary drivers | PET, DOP, TMP, PRE | 0.0259, 0.0239, 0.0207, 0.0113 | 0.0819 |
| 三级驱动Three-stage drivers | DEM, LC, RH, SM, HFP, GDP, SLOPE, NL | <0.010 | 0.0280 |
图6 基于SHAP的XGBoost模型特征贡献方向(A)与重要性排序(B)(测试集)AET: 实际蒸散发Actual evapotranspiration; LST: 地表温度Land surface temperature; PET: 潜在蒸散发Potential evapotranspiration; DOP: 人口密度Density of population; TMP: 温度Temperature; PRE: 降水量Precipitation; DEM: 数字高程模型Digital elevation model; LC: 土地覆盖Land cover; RH: 相对湿度Relative humidity; SM: 土壤湿度Soil moisture; HFP: 人类足迹Human footprint; GDP: 国内生产总值Gross domestic product; SLOPE: 坡度Slope; NL: 夜间灯光指数Nighttime light index. 下同The same below.
Fig.6 SHAP-based XGBoost model contribution direction (A) and feature importance ranking (B) (test set)
特征 Feature | 平均绝对SHAP值 Mean |SHAP| | 相对贡献率 Relative contribution (%) | 表现过程 Embodiment process |
|---|---|---|---|
| 气候Climate | 0.0225 | 60.84 | 主导水分-能量平衡Dominant moisture-energy balance |
| 社会经济Socioeconomic | 0.0075 | 20.48 | 人类活动与压力Human activities and stress |
| 静态特征Static feature | 0.0044 | 12.11 | 背景生境条件Background habitat conditions |
| 土地利用 Land use | 0.0024 | 6.57 | 土地覆被与利用Land cover and use |
表6 特征类型重要性分析
Table 6 Importance analysis of feature types
特征 Feature | 平均绝对SHAP值 Mean |SHAP| | 相对贡献率 Relative contribution (%) | 表现过程 Embodiment process |
|---|---|---|---|
| 气候Climate | 0.0225 | 60.84 | 主导水分-能量平衡Dominant moisture-energy balance |
| 社会经济Socioeconomic | 0.0075 | 20.48 | 人类活动与压力Human activities and stress |
| 静态特征Static feature | 0.0044 | 12.11 | 背景生境条件Background habitat conditions |
| 土地利用 Land use | 0.0024 | 6.57 | 土地覆被与利用Land cover and use |
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