Effects of additives and crop ratio on quality of mixed naked oat (Avena nuda) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage

doi:10.11686/cyxb2014400

Abstract

Abstract: This experiment evaluated the effects of two additives and of crop mix ratio on quality of silage made from mixtures of naked oats and alfalfa, in order to provide guidelines for optimisation of quality. Freshly cut herbage of naked oats and alfalfa was mixed in ratios by weight of 1∶1, 2∶1, and 1∶2 and either 0.4% formic acid (FA) or 2% sucrose (S) were added, or no additive included. The fermentation quality and nutritional composition were assessed after 60 days by measurement of sensory factors (colour, odour, texture), nutritional properties (CP, WSC, NDF, ADF, Ash), pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia N (NH₃-N) and total N (TN), among others. For sensory characters, a 2∶1 crop mix ratio of naked oats and alfalfa resulted in better silage quality score than the other two crop mix ratios, regardless of additive, while silages with either 0.4% FA or 2% S added tended to have lower pH and had significantly lower NH₃-N than silages without additive (P<0.05). Silage made from a 2∶1 mix of naked oats and alfalfa also had higher lactic acid content (1.45%-1.83% DM) than the other two crop mix ratios (0.84%-1.14% DM), while propionic acid and butyric acid were not detected in analysis of the 2∶1 naked oats∶alfalfa crop mix, whereas these acids were detected in other mixtures. However, CP of silages increased with proportion of alfalfa from 11.9% CP at 2∶1 naked oats∶alfalfa to 14.6% CP at 1∶2 naked oats∶alfalfa. The effects of additives on silage nutritional properties were not statistically significant. However, the two additives changed volatile fatty acid profiles and resulted in a significant increase in % DM as lactic acid compared to silage without additive. In addition there was a significant decrease in % DM as acetic acid (mean 0.62%), compared to control silages (mean 1.00%) (P<0.05). In summary, silage made from a mixture of naked oats and alfalfa exhibited improved nutritional quality and the addition of either 0.4% formic acid or 2% sucrose also benefited the fermentation process and silage quality.

GE Jian, YANG Cui-Jun, LIU Gui-He, YANG Zhi-Min, BAI Xue-Mei. Effects of additives and crop ratio on quality of mixed naked oat (Avena nuda) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(6): 116-124.

References

[1] Yang Y X, Wang C Z, Lian H X, et al . Effect of alfalfa meal on production performance, egg quality and egg yolk color of layers. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2004, 23(3): 314-319.
[2] Shan G L, Xue S M, Xu Z, et al . Drying characteristics and hay quality of Medicago sativa by different hay making methods. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2008, 17(4): 56-60.
[3] Xu Q F, Han J G, Zhou H, et al . Effect of additives on baled alfalfa silage. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(7): 1464-1471.
[4] McDonald P, Henderson N, Heron S. The Biochemistry of Silage[M]. Marlow, Berkshire, Great Britain: Chalcombe Publications, 1991: 30-36.
[5] Li X L, Wan L Q. Research progress on Medicago sativa silage technology. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(2): 9-15.
[6] Xu Q F, Zhou H, Yu Z, et al . The effect of different storage time and dilution previous fermented juice on bagged alfalfa silage. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2006, 15(2): 129-133.
[7] Li G Y. Effect of Raining to the Mildew of Alfalfa and Study on Optimized Silage Technique for Alfalfa[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2009: 12.
[8] Guo X, Ha S. Studies on introduction trial of naked oat ( Avena nuda ) in Henan Province. Pratacultural Science, 2004, 21: 36-37.
[9] Guo X, Jie X L, Hu H F, et al . Effects of basal Se fertilizers on nutrition values of naked oats. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 53-59.
[10] Yang Y G, Cheng T L, Yang X J, et al . Effects of different growth stages of three oat cultivars on the nutritive value of silage. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2013, 21(4): 683-688.
[11] Rezende A, Freitas G, Costa M, et al . Nutritional composition of white oat ( Avena sativa L.) with different levels of dry matter for use in the diet of horses. Forages and Grazing in Horse Nutrition, 2012, 132: 275-277.
[12] Owens V N, Albrecht K A, Muck R E, et al . Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates. Crop Science, 1999, 39: 1873-1880.
[13] Zhang L Y. Feed and Feed Quality Detection Technology[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2007: 53-56, 67-68.
[14] The Ministry of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department. Silage quality evaluation standards (trial implementation). China Feed, 1996, 21: 5-7.
[15] Liu J X. Hay Straw Silage Processing Technology[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2004: 180-194.
[16] Han K J, Collins M, Vanzant E S. Bale density and moisture effects on alfalfa round bale silage. Crop Science, 2004, 44(3): 914-919.
[17] Xu Q F. Studies of the Factors of Affecting Alfalfa Silage Quality and the Utilization of Alfalfa Silage in Dairy Cows Diet[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2005: 24-26.
[18] Broderick G A, Kang J H. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and amino acids in ruminal fluids and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 1980, 33: 64-75.
[19] The Evaluation Council of Self-Feed Quality. The Evaluation Manual of Crude Feed[M]. Tokyo: The Association of Grassland and Livestock Products in Japan, 2001: 82-87.
[20] Sun X L, Zhou H, Li P, et al . A study on mixed silage of alfalfa and maize straw. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(5): 86-92.
[21] Peng X P, Xiao X S, Li J. The comparison of different silage nutritional value. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 45(19): 47-49.
[22] Wu W L. Research of mixed silage of leguminous forage and whole-plant corn. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2007, 2: 68.
[23] Wang L, Sun Q Z, Zhang H J. A study on quality of mixed silage of alfalfa and corn. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(4): 202-209.
[24] Xue Y L, Sun J, Nie M D, et al . A study of mixed silage fermentation quality on alfalfa fibrous residues and wheat straw. China Feed, 2008, 2: 42-44.
[25] Cai D J, Zhou X M, Zhu L, et al . Study on using additives silage and wilted silage and mixed silage of alfalfa. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 1997, 5(2): 123-127.
[26] Xue Z L, Luo F C, Kuang C Y, et al . Analysis to mixed silage effect of sorghum-sudan grass hybrid and alfalfa. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University, 2013, 28(3): 340-345.
[27] Wen A Y, Yuan X J, Wang J, et al . Study on fermentation quality of mixed silage of alfalfa and Italian ryegrass. Journal of Anhui Science and Technology University, 2011, 25(6): 10-14.
[28] Wei H J. Studies on Improving the Fermentation Quality of Mixed Silages of Alfalfa with Perennial Ryegrass or Tall Fescue[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2011.
[29] Zhu H S, Dong K H. Effect of different silage additives on alfalfa silage quality. Prataculture & Animal Husbandry, 2009, 10: 15-17.
[30] Li C H, Ban C L. Research of mixed silage on Elymus dahuricus and silage. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2006, 2: 56-57.
[31] Wang L, Zhang H J, Yu Z, et al . The fermentation quality of mixed silage of Medicago sativa and Roegneria turczaninovii . Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(10): 1888-1893.
[32] Zeng L, Yan J Y, Zhang X F, et al . Research of mixed silage on alfalfa and reed. The Xinjiang Animal Husbandry, 2011, (S1): 19-21.
[33] Yu Z, Bai C S, Sun Q Z, et al . The effect of different silage additives on the quality of brome grass silage. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2008, 10(4): 76-81.
[34] Wang B P, Dong X Y, Xu Q F, et al . The effect of different silage additives on the quality of Cichorium endivia silage. China Herbivores Science, 2012, 2: 35-38.
[35] Selmer O I, Henderson A R, Roberson S, et al . Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage: The fermentation of enzyme treated ryegrass in laboratory silos. Grass and Forage Science, 1993, 48: 45-54.
[36] Wang Y, Yu Z. Effect of different additives on quality of Medicago sativa silage. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(5): 80-84.
[37] Wang J, Wang Y Q, Wen A Y, et al . Effects of molasses addition on the fermentation quality of broccoli residue, rice straw and alfalfa mixed silage. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(3): 248-254.
[38] Jones B A, Hatfield R D, Muck R E. Characterization of proteolysis in alfalfa and red clover. Crop Science, 1995, 35(2): 537-541.
[39] Guo X S, Zhou H, Liu G X. Proteolysis in alfalfa silage and its inhibiting method. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(11): 50-54.
[40] Li X L, Zhang X Y, Tang Y G, et al . Effect of concentrate-forage ratio in diet on liveweight gain of stall-fed goats. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2008, 17(2): 43-47.
[41] Hristov A N, Sandev S G. Proteolysis and rumen degradability of protein in alfalfa preserved as silage, wilted silage or hay. Animal Feed Science Technology, 1998, 72: 175-181.
[1] 杨雨鑫, 王成章, 廉红霞, 等. 紫花苜蓿草粉对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄颜色的影响. 华中农业大学学报, 2004, 23(3): 314-319.
[2] 单贵莲, 薛世明, 徐柱, 等. 不同调制方法紫花苜蓿干燥特性及干草质量的研究. 草业学报, 2008, 17(4): 56-60.
[3] 许庆方, 韩建国, 周禾, 等. 不同添加剂对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮的影响. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39(7): 1464-1471.
[5] 李向林, 万里强. 苜蓿青贮技术研究进展. 草业学报, 2005, 14(2): 9-15.
[6] 许庆方, 周禾, 玉柱, 等. 贮藏期和添加绿汁发酵液对袋装苜蓿青贮的影响. 草地学报, 2006, 15(2): 129-133.
[7] 李改英. 淋雨对苜蓿霉变的影响与苜蓿优化青贮技术的研究[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2009: 12.
[8] 郭孝, 哈斯. 莜麦在河南省引种试验的研究. 草业科学, 2004, 21(11): 36-37.
[9] 郭孝, 介晓磊, 胡华锋, 等. 基施硒肥对裸燕麦营养水平的影响. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 53-59.
[10] 杨云贵, 程天亮, 杨雪娇, 等. 3个燕麦品种不同收获期对青贮饲草营养价值的影响. 草地学报, 2013, 21(4): 683-688.
[13] 张丽英. 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2007: 53-56, 67-78.
[14] 农业部畜牧兽医司. 青贮饲料质量评定标准(试行). 中国饲料, 1996, 21: 5-7.
[15] 刘建新. 干草秸秆青贮饲料加工技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2004: 180-194.
[17] 许庆方. 影响苜蓿青贮品质的主要因素及苜蓿青贮在奶牛日粮中应用效果的研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2005: 24-26.
[19] 自给饲料品质评价研究会. 粗饲料品质评价手册[M]. 东京: 日本草地畜产种子协会, 2001: 82-87.
[20] 孙小龙, 周禾, 李平, 等. 苜蓿与玉米秸秆混贮研究. 草业学报, 2009, 18(5): 86-92.
[21] 彭晓培, 肖西山, 李静. 不同青贮饲料营养价值的比较. 中国畜牧杂志, 2009, 45(19): 47-49.
[22] 吴文林. 豆科牧草与全株玉米混合青贮的试验. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2007, 2: 68.
[23] 王林, 孙启忠, 张慧杰. 苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究. 草业学报, 2011, 20(4): 202-209.
[24] 薛艳林, 孙杰, 聂明达, 等. 苜蓿草渣与小麦秸混贮发酵品质的研究. 中国饲料, 2008, 2: 42-44.
[25] 蔡敦江, 周兴民, 朱廉, 等. 苜蓿添加剂青贮、半干青贮和与麦秸混贮的研究. 草地学报, 1997, 5(2): 123-127.
[26] 薛祝林, 罗富成, 匡崇义, 等高丹草与紫花苜蓿的混合青贮效果分析. 云南农业大学学报, 2013, 28(3): 340-345.
[27] 闻爱友, 原现军, 王坚, 等. 紫花苜蓿与意大利黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质研究. 安徽科技学院学报, 2011, 25(6): 10-14.
[28] 魏化敬. 提高紫花苜蓿与多年生黑麦草、苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质的研究[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2011.
[29] 朱慧森, 董宽虎. 不同青贮添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质的影响. 草业与畜牧, 2009, 10: 15-17.
[30] 李长慧, 班春莉. 披碱草和苜蓿混合青贮试验研究. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2006, 2: 56-57.
[31] 王林, 张慧杰, 玉柱, 等. 苜蓿与直穗鹅观草混贮发酵品质研究. 草业科学, 2011, 28(10): 1888-1893.
[32] 曾黎, 闫京阳, 张想峰, 等. 苜蓿与芦苇混合青贮效果研究. 新疆畜牧业, 2011, (S1): 19-21.
[33] 玉柱, 白春生, 孙启忠, 等. 不同添加剂对无芒雀麦青贮品质的影响. 中国农业科技导报, 2008, 10(4): 76-81.
[34] 王保平, 董晓燕, 许庆方, 等. 不同添加剂对苦荬菜青贮品质的影响. 中国草食动物科学, 2012, 2: 35-38.
[36] 王莹, 玉柱. 不同添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质的影响. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(5): 80-84.
[37] 王坚, 王亚琴, 闻爱友, 等. 糖蜜添加对西兰花茎叶稻秸苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质的影响. 草业学报, 2014, 23(3): 248-254.
[39] 郭旭生, 周禾, 刘桂霞. 苜蓿青贮过程中蛋白的分解及抑制方法. 草业科学, 2005, 22(11): 46-50.
[40] 李向林, 张新跃, 唐一国. 日粮中精料和牧草比例对舍饲山羊增重的影响. 草业学报, 2008, 17(2): 43-47.