Research on the current situation of carbon trading markets and the potential of grassland carbon sinks

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017276

Abstract

Abstract: Carbon trading is a market mechanism and key instrument in the mitigation of climate change. This paper summarizes the transaction agencies, types, trading mode and the condition of global carbon trading markets, along with the sequestration projects underway in each continent. We also analyze the potential of grassland carbon sinks. Although there is no unified international carbon trading market, the major developed countries have their own emissions trading systems. The European Union scheme covers a large proportion of global carbon trading volume. Projects located in North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania, maintain total carbon sequestration schemes to reduce CO₂ emissions through reforestation, reducing deforestation, conserving biodiversity, improving energy efficiency and sustainable management. China is responsible for a large proportion of the world’s registered and issued projects for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These CDM projects are mainly distributed in the Sichuan, Yunan and Neimenggu provinces. The major type of emission reduction is the promotion of alternative and renewable energy. Chinese certified emission reduction (CCER) is up to 1028.98 Mt CO₂e, ranking first in the world. In China, the carbon trading market of Hubei has the highest turnover in quota projects, while the Shanghai market has the highest volume. China has enormous potential to both lower emission reduction costs and increase the size of the CDM market. China also has abundant meadow resources. Although the grassland carbon sinks are not in the CDM project, they will play an important role in future trading markets.

Key words: carbon trading market, clean development mechanism, carbon sequestration project, grassland carbon sink

WANG Sui-zi, LIU Shuai, FAN Jiang-wen, ZHANG Ya-xian. Research on the current situation of carbon trading markets and the potential of grassland carbon sinks[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(6): 177-187.

References

[1] IPCC. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis summary for policymakers. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, 2013.
[2] Yin J.Research on the development of Chinese carbon trading market. Changchun: Jilin University, 2013.
阴俊. 我国碳交易市场发展研究. 长春: 吉林大学, 2013.
[3] Cui L B, Fan Y, Zhu L, et al. The cost saving effect of carbon markets in China for achieving the reduction targets in the “12th five-year plan”. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2013, 21(1): 37-46.
崔连标, 范英, 朱磊, 等. 碳排放交易对实现我国“十二五”减排目标的成本节约效应研究. 中国管理科学, 2013, 21(1): 37-46.
[4] The United Nations. Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1998.
联合国. 京都议定书. 1998.
[5] The United Nations.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Rio de Janeiro: The United Nations, 1992.
联合国. 联合国气候变化框架公约. 1992.
[6] Yan Y.Study on the grassland carbon sink pricing. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2014.
闫晔. 草原碳汇定价研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2014.
[7] Li T.A comparative study of the international carbon trading market. Changchun: Jilin University, 2012.
李通. 碳交易市场的国际比较研究. 长春: 吉林大学, 2012.
[8] Lei L J, Jing Z F.Development of international carbon market and its enlightenment for Chinese carbon market construction. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2011, 21(4): 30-36.
雷立钧, 荆哲峰.国际碳交易市场发展对中国的启示. 中国人口、资源与环境, 2011, 21(4): 30-36.
[9] Zhang L, Zhou G S, Ji Y H, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamic simulation of grassland carbon storage in China. Science China Earth Sciences, 2016, 46(10): 1392-1405.
张利, 周广胜, 汲玉河, 等. 中国草地碳储量时空动态模拟研究. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2016, 46(10): 1392-1405.
[10] Gao S Q, Zhao X, Fang J Y.Carbon sequestration of grassland in China. Engineering Science, 2016, 18(1): 73-79.
高树琴, 赵霞, 方精云. 我国草地的固碳功能. 中国工程科学, 2016, 18(1): 73-79.
[11] The World Bank, Ecofys Team, Vivid Economics Team.State and trends of carbon pricing. Washington DC: World Bank Group, 2016.
[12] Alexandre K, Philippe A.State and trends of the carbon market. Washington DC: World Bank, 2005.
[13] Wang X K, Liu W W, Lu F, et al.166 questions & answers carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Beijing: China Science Press, 2015.
王效科, 刘魏魏, 逯非, 等. 陆地生态系统固碳166问. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015.
[14] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Project activities. http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/Public/CDMinsights/index.html, 2017-05-31.
[15] Department of Climate Change, National Development and Reform Commission. CDM project database. http://cdm-en.ccchina.gov.cn/NewItemTable.aspx, 2017-6-15.
国家发展和改革委员会应对气候变化司. CDM项目数据库. http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/NewItemTable.aspx, 2017-6-15.
[16] Lundin N, Sanctuary M, Tian C X.Clean development mechanism market in China before 2012. Beijing: Energy research institute national development and reform commission, 2009.
Lundin N, Sanctuary M, 田春秀. 2012年前中国清洁发展机制市场. 北京: 中国国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所, 2009.
[17] Jiang S M.The tentative plan of constructing Chinese carbon market. Jinan: Shandong normal university, 2009.
江淑敏. 我国碳市场构建的设想. 济南: 山东师范大学, 2009.
[18] Xi S.Seven provinces and cities carbon trading pilot program surfaced free quota once two years. http://www.mlr.gov.cn/xwdt/jrxw/201209/t20120914_1141170.htm, 2012-09-14.
席斯. 七省市碳交易试点方案浮出免费配额两年一次. http://www.mlr.gov.cn/xwdt/jrxw/201209/t20120914_1141170.htm, 2012-09-14.
[19] Sichuan Environmental Exchange.Carbon market transaction data in China at March 21, 2017. Carbon market transaction data in China at March 21, 2017. http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-20936-1.html, 2017-03-21.
四川环境交易所. 2017年3月21日国内碳市场交易数据. . http://www.tanjiaoyi.com/article-20936-1.html, 2017-03-21.
[20] Zhang Y, Kuang J C, Wang Z.Carbon trading market in China and worldwide. Sino-Global Energy, 2014, 19(3): 1-8.
张盈, 匡建超, 王众. 中外碳交易市场发展现状分析. 中外能源, 2014, 19(3): 1-8.
[21] Li N Y, Li J L, Yuan J H, et al. Accelerating the establishing process of China’s forestry carbon sequestration standard system for improving the administration of China’s forestry carbon. Forest Resources Management, 2012, (4): 1-6.
李怒云, 李金良, 袁金鸿, 等. 加快林业碳汇标准化体系建设促进中国林业碳管理. 林业资源管理, 2012, (4): 1-6.
[22] The Ministry of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department of the People’s Republic of China. The resources of Chinese grassland. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1996.
中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司. 中国草地资源. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1996.
[23] Fan Y J, Hou X Y, Shi H X, et al. Effect of carbon in grassland ecosystems on climate warming. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(3): 294-302.
范月君, 侯向阳, 石红霄, 等. 气候变暖对草地生态系统碳循环的影响. 草业学报, 2012, 21(3): 294-302.
[24] Ni J.Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China: estimates at different spatial resolutions and their responses to climate change. Climatic Change, 2001, 49: 339-358.
[25] Wang S Q, Zhou C H, Li K R, et al. Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2001, 11(1): 3-13.
[26] Li K R, Wang S Q, Cao M K.Vegetation and soil carbon storage in China. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2004, 47(1): 149-157.
[27] Yu G R, Li X R, Wang Q G, et al. Carbon storage and its spatial pattern of terrestrial ecosystem in china. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2010, 1(2): 97-109.
[28] Liu J W.The unignorable and important role of grassland in response to global climate change. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2010, 18(1): 1-4.
刘加文. 应对全球气候变化决不能忽视草原的重大作用. 草地学报, 2010, 18(1): 1-4.
[29] Liang G.Grassland carbon: problems, causes and countermeasures. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2012.
梁鸽. 草原碳汇:问题、成因与对策. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学, 2012.
[30] Fang J, Guo Z, Piao S, et al. Terrestrial vegetation carbon sinks in China, 1981-2000. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(9): 1341-1350.
[31] Jiang F, Wang H W, Chen J M, et al. Nested atmospheric inversion for the terrestrial carbon sources and sinks in China. Biogeosciences, 2013, 10(8): 5311-5324.
[32] Zhao N, Shao X Q, Lü J Y, et al. Preliminary analysis of carbon sequestration of grassland ecosystem. Grassland and Turf, 2011, 31(6): 75-82.
赵娜, 邵新庆, 吕进英, 等. 草地生态系统碳汇浅析. 草原与草坪, 2011, 31(6): 75-82.
[33] Zhang Y J, Yang G W, Liu N, et al. Review of grassland management practices for carbon sequestration. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(2): 290-299.
张英俊, 杨高文, 刘楠, 等. 草原碳汇管理对策. 草业学报, 2013, 22(2): 290-299.
[34] Wang T J.Some ideas on establishing the carbon sequestration of Tibet. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Science Edition), 2008, 29(7): 137-141.
王天津. 建立西藏碳汇功能区的若干设想. 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版), 2008, 29(7): 137-141.
[35] Guo J.Digging grassland carbon sink function to boost the harmounious development of economy and society. Modern Agriculture, 2010, (12): 3-4.
郭健. 充分挖掘草原碳汇功能助推经济社会和谐发展. 现代农业, 2010, (12): 3-4.
[36] Zhang W J, Hasbagen. Factors influencing the farmers and herdsmen household’s willingness to participate in the grassland carbon sink project: based on the survey of farmers and herdsmen in the Xilin Gol grassland Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(6): 19-24.
张文娟, 哈斯巴根. 农牧民参与草原碳汇项目意愿的影响因素分析—以锡林郭勒草原牧区调查数据为例. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(6): 19-24.
[37] Zhuang Y, Zhao N, Zhao J.Estimation on grassland carbon sink potential and development countermeasure in Inner Mongolia. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 30(9): 1469-1474.
庄洋, 赵娜, 赵吉. 内蒙古草地碳汇潜力估测及其发展对策. 草业科学, 2013, 30(9): 1469-1474.
[38] Ren J Z, Liang T G, Lin H L, et al. Study on grassland’s responses to global climate change and its carbon sequestration potentials. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 1-22.
任继周, 梁天刚, 林慧龙, 等. 草地对全球气候变化的响应及其碳汇潜势研究. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 1-22.
[39] Zhang L J, Liu S.Protecting grassland and strengthening the function of carbon sequestration of grassland. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(2): 1-5.
章力建, 刘帅. 保护草原增强草原碳汇功能. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(2): 1-5.