Soil erosion changes and driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters region

doi:10.11686/cyxb2017359

Abstract

Abstract: In this study, the annual soil erosion modulus and amount of soil loss during 1997 to 2012 in the Three-River Headwaters region were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion after the first stage of ecological conservation and restoration project were compared and analyzed. The impacts of rainfall erosivity and fractional vegetation coverage on soil erosion were analyzed using the spatial overlay tool in ArcGIS, and contribution rates of ecological projects and climate change were measured using the model variable control method. The results showed that: 1) The conservation and restoration projects did not curb the trend of increased soil erosion. During 1997 to 2012, total soil erosion increased by 6.5%, although soil erosion decreased in nearly 45% of the total area. 2) Among the three main watersheds, the Yangtze River watershed showed the smallest change in soil erosion. Soil erosion increased by 45% in the Yellow River watershed, and decreased by 9.8% in the Lancang River watershed. 3) The continuous increase in precipitation was the main reason for the increase in soil erosion (contribution rate, 180%), while the increase in fractional vegetation coverage reduced soil erosion by 80%. Persistent efforts are required to curb the trend of increasing soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters Region.

Key words: the Three-River Headwaters Region, ecological conservation and restoration project, soil erosion, driving factors

CAO Wei, LIU Lu-lu, WU Dan. Soil erosion changes and driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters region[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2018, 27(6): 10-22.

References

[1] Wang F, Li R, Yang Q K, et al. The methods of soil erosion research at regional scale. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2003, 18(4): 74-78.
王飞, 李锐, 杨勤科, 等. 区域尺度土壤侵蚀研究方法. 西北林学院学报, 2003, 18(4): 74-78.
[2] Wischmeier W H, Smith D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide for conservation planning. Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 537, 1978.
[3] Renard K G, Foser G R, Weesies G A, et al. Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1997.
[4] Liu B Y, Zhang K L, Xie Y.An empirical soil loss equation∥Proceedings 12th international soil conservation organization conference, Vol II: process of soil erosion and its environment effect. Beijing: Qinghua University Press, 2002: 21-25.
[5] Foster G R, Lane L J.User requirements: USDA water erosion prediction project (WEPP)-draft 6.3. Lafayette, IN: USDA, 1987.
[6] Pond R C, Smith D A, Vitek V.The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM): a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchment. Earth Surface Processes & Landforms, 1998, 23(6): 527-544.
[7] De Roo A P J, Wesseling C G, Ritsema C J. LISEM: A single-event physically based hydrological and soil erosion model for drainage basins. Hydrological Processes, 1996, 10(8): 1107-1118.
[8] Liu M, Hu Y M, Xu C G.Quantitative study of forest soil erosion based on GIS, RS, and RUSLE-a case study of Huzhong region, Daxing’anling. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 11(3): 22-24.
刘淼, 胡远满, 徐崇刚. 基于GIS、RS和RUSLE的林区土壤侵蚀定量研究——以大兴安岭呼中地区为例. 水土保持研究, 2004, 11(3): 22-24.
[9] Xu Y Q, Shao X M.Estimation of soil erosion supported by GIS and RUSLE: a case study of Maotiaohe Watershed, Guizhou Province. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(4): 67-71.
许月卿, 邵晓梅. 基于GIS和RUSLE的土壤侵蚀量计算—以贵州省猫跳河流域为例. 北京林业大学学报, 2006, 28(4): 67-71.
[10] Peng J, Li D D, Zhang Y Q.Analysis of spatial characteristics of soil erosion in mountain areas of northwestern Yunnan based on GIS and RUSLE. Mountain Research, 2007, 25(5): 548-556.
彭建, 李丹丹, 张玉清. 基于GIS和RUSLE的滇西北山区土壤侵蚀空间特征分析—以云南省丽江县为例. 山地学报, 2007, 25(5): 548-556.
[11] Qin W, Zhu Q K, Zhang Y.Soil erosion assessment of small watershed in Loess Plateau based on GIS and RUSLE. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2009, 25(8): 157-163.
秦伟, 朱清科, 张岩. 基于GIS和RUSLE的黄土高原小流域土壤侵蚀评估. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(8): 157-163.
[12] Li T H, Zheng L N.Soil erosion change in the Yanhe watershed from 2001 to 2010 based on RUSLE model. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(7): 1164-1175.
李天宏, 郑丽娜. 基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(7): 1164-1175.
[13] Sun W Y, Shao Q Q, Liu J Y.Assessment of soil conservation function of the ecosystem services on the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(3): 365-376.
孙文义, 邵全琴, 刘纪远. 黄土高原不同生态系统水土保持服务功能评价. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(3): 365-376.
[14] Zhao Z P, Wang J B, Wu X P, et al. Soil erosion pattern and change in Hinggan League, Inner Mongolia from 1990 to 2005 based on RUSLE. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2014, 28(6): 124-129.
赵志平, 王军邦, 吴晓莆, 等. 1990-2005年内蒙古兴安盟地区土壤水力侵蚀变化研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2014, 28(6): 124-129.
[15] Yi K, Wang S Y, Wang X, et al. The characteristics of spatial-temporal differentiation of soil erosion based on rusle model: a case study of Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(3): 365-372.
怡凯, 王诗阳, 王雪, 等. 基于RUSLE模型的土壤侵蚀时空分异特征分析—以辽宁省朝阳市为例. 地理科学, 2015, 35(3): 365-372.
[16] Wu W Z, Liu F G, Chen Q, et al. Study on soil erosion types in Three-River Headstream Region. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 2009, 31(4): 423-426.
吴万贞, 刘峰贵, 陈琼, 等. 三江源地区土壤侵蚀类型研究. 地球科学与环境学报, 2009, 31(4): 423-426.
[17] Wu W Z, Zhou Q, Yu B, et al. Characteristics of soil erosion in Three Rivers’ Sources Natural Reserve. Journal of Mountain Science, 2009, 27(6): 683-687.
吴万贞, 周强, 于斌, 等. 三江源地区土壤侵蚀特点. 山地学报, 2009, 27(6): 683-687.
[18] Wu W Z, Liu F G.Analysis on soil erosion in the Three-Rivers Sources Region. Journal of Qinghai University (Nature Science), 2009, 27(4): 78-81.
吴万贞, 刘峰贵. 青海省三江源地区土壤侵蚀状况分析. 青海大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 27(4): 78-81.
[19] Chen Q, Wu W Z, Zhou Q, et al. Synthesis analysis of soil erosion for Three-River Headwater Region based on GIS. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2010, 38(27): 14989-14991, 15039.
陈琼, 吴万贞, 周强, 等. 基于GIS的三江源地区土壤侵蚀综合分析. 安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(27): 14989-14991, 15039.
[20] Qi Y G, Zhang W, Zhang X Z.Practice and exploration on ecological monitoring of Three River Headwater Region. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2007, (11): 23-25.
祁永刚, 张卫, 张小珠. 三江源区水土保持生态监测实践与探索. 中国水土保持, 2007, (11): 23-25.
[21] Liu M C, Li D Q, Wen Y M, et al. The spatial analysis of soil retention function in Sanjiangyuan region and its value evaluation. China Environmental Science, 2005, 25(5): 627-631.
刘敏超, 李迪强, 温琰茂, 等. 三江源地区土壤保持功能空间分析及其价值评估. 中国环境科学, 2005, 25(5): 627-631.
[22] Wischmeier W H.A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil loss equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1959, 23(3): 246-249.
[23] Zhang W B, Fu J S.Rainfall erosivity estimation under different rainfall amount. Resources Science, 2003, 25(1): 35-41.
章文波, 付金生. 不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力. 资源科学, 2003, 25(1): 35-41.
[24] Zhang W B, Xie Y, Liu B Y.Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2002, 22(6): 705-711.
章文波, 谢云, 刘宝元. 利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究. 地理科学, 2002, 22(6): 705-711.
[25] Wischmeier W H, Johnson C B, Cross B V.Soil erodibility monograph for farmland and construction sites. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 1971, 26(5): 189-193.
[26] Liu B Y, Nearing M A, Risse L M.Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes. Transactions of the ASAE, 1994, 37(6): 1835-1840.
[27] Cai C F, Ding S W, Shi Z H, et al. Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 14(2): 19-24.
蔡崇法, 丁树文, 史志华, 等. 应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究. 水土保持学报, 2000, 14(2): 19-24.
[28] Li F, Xiao J S, Yan L D.Precipitation pattern of Three-River Source Area in Qinghai from 1964 to 2014. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2016, 34(5): 282-288.
李璠, 肖建设, 颜亮东. 1964-2014年青海省三江源地区日降水格局分析. 干旱地区农业研究, 2016, 34(5): 282-288.
[29] Li P, Li Z B, Zhang X C.Researches on effect of vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment. Journal of Soil and Water, 2002, 16(1): 32-34.
李鹏, 李占斌, 张兴昌.草灌植被拦蓄径流和泥沙有效性研究. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(1): 32-34.
[30] Shao Q Q, Fan J W, Liu J Y, et al. Assessment on the effects of the first-stage ecological conservation and restoration project in Sanjiangyuan region. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 71(2): 3-20.
[31] Zhang J P, Zhang L B, Liu W L, et al. Livestock-carrying capacity and overgrazing status of alpine grassland in the Three-River Headwaters region, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2014, 24(2): 303-312.
[32] Zhang L X, Fan J W, Shao Q Q, et al. Changes in grassland yield and grazing pressure in the Three Rivers headwater region before and after the implementation of the eco-restoration project. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(5): 116-123.
张良侠, 樊江文, 邵全琴, 等. 生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 116-123.
[33] Lin H L, Zheng S T, Wang X L.Soil erosion assessment based on the RUSLE model in the Three-Rivers Headwaters area, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(7): 11-22.
林慧龙, 郑舒婷, 王雪璐. 基于RUSLE模型的三江源高寒草地土壤侵蚀评价. 草业学报, 2017, 26(7): 11-22.