Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 175-188.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024197
Yi-fu LI1,2(), Bin SUN1,2, Zhi-biao NAN3,4, Shi-rong LIU5,6, Zhi-hai GAO1,2(
), Xiao-dong HUANG3, Mei-nan ZHANG5,6, Chang-long LI7, Jing-bo ZHANG8, Shui-rong WU9, Beng-yu WANG1,2
Received:
2024-05-22
Revised:
2024-07-10
Online:
2025-03-20
Published:
2025-01-02
Contact:
Zhi-hai GAO
Yi-fu LI, Bin SUN, Zhi-biao NAN, Shi-rong LIU, Zhi-hai GAO, Xiao-dong HUANG, Mei-nan ZHANG, Chang-long LI, Jing-bo ZHANG, Shui-rong WU, Beng-yu WANG. Classification system of inter-silva grasslands in Northern China[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 175-188.
类型 Class | 代码 Code | 亚类 Subclass | 描述 Description |
---|---|---|---|
林窗草地Forest gap grasslands | 11 | 火烧迹地草地Burnt trace grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,火烧后尚未更新成林(郁闭度<0.1)区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after fire disturbance, with a canopy density of less than 0.1. |
12 | 采伐迹地草地Cutting blank grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,采伐后尚未更新成林(郁闭度<0.1)区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after logging, with a canopy density of less than 0.1. | |
13 | 山间谷地草地Valley grasslands | 位于森林集中分布的山谷区域,阳坡与阴坡均为大面积天然林或人工林,属天然形成的成片草地。 Extensive natural grasslands located in valley regions where forests are concentrated, with both sunny and shady slopes covered by large areas of natural or plantation forests. | |
14 | 其他林窗草地Other forest gap grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,其他原因造成(天然或人为)的成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests caused by other factors (natural or anthropogenic). | |
林缘草地Forest edge grasslands | 21 | 针叶林林缘草地Coniferous forest edge grasslands | 距离针叶林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以针叶树为建群种所组成的各类森林,主要由云杉、冷杉、落叶松和松树等一些耐寒树种组成,包括常绿和落叶,也包括天然和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of coniferous forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests are composed of various coniferous tree species, including spruce, fir, larch, and pine, which are cold-tolerant and include both evergreen and deciduous species, encompassing both natural and plantation forests. |
22 | 阔叶林林缘草地Broadleaf forest edge grasslands | 距离阔叶林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以阔叶树种为主组成的树林,叶子宽阔,北方主要以落叶树种为主,部分常绿树种,包括天然林和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of broadleaf forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests are primarily composed of broadleaf tree species with wide leaves, predominantly deciduous species in northern regions, with some evergreen species, including both natural and plantation forests. | |
23 | 针阔混交林林缘草地Mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest edge grasslands | 距离针阔混交林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。由针叶树和阔叶树混交组成的森林,针叶林或阔叶林的占比均未超过65%。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests consist of a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf trees, with neither coniferous nor broadleaf species exceeding 65% of the composition. | |
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands | 31 | 低郁闭度疏林草地Low canopy density sparse forest grasslands | 因自然或人为因素等形成的乔木疏林地,林木郁闭度为0.1~0.2,林草相间生长。Sparse woodland areas formed by natural or anthropogenic factors, with a canopy density between 0.1 and 0.2, where trees and grass grow intermixed. |
32 | 中郁闭度疏林草地Medium canopy density sparse forest grasslands | 主要由乔木树种组成,森林郁闭度较低,为0.2~0.4,林草相间生长。Forests primarily composed of tree species with low canopy density ranging from 0.2 to 0.4, where trees and grass grow intermixed. | |
灌木林草地Shrub grasslands | 41 | 山地灌木林草地Mountain shrub grasslands | 以灌木为建群种,常呈丛状分布,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌木与草地相间生长,主要分布在山地、丘陵和岩溶等区域,可放牧利用。Dominated by shrub species, typically forming clumps with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, primarily distributed in mountainous, hilly, and karst regions, and are suitable for grazing. |
42 | 沙地灌木林草地Sandy shrub grasslands | 以灌木为建群种,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌草相间生长,主要分布于固定沙地和半固定沙地等沙质土地,生态脆弱,生态价值大于利用价值。Dominated by shrub species, with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, primarily distributed in fixed and semi-fixed sandy areas. These ecosystems are ecologically fragile, with ecological value outweighing their utilitarian value. | |
43 | 其他灌木林草地Other shrub grasslands | 以灌木为主,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌草相间生长,分布于典型草原、荒漠草原等非山地和沙地的区域。Dominated by shrub species, with shrub coverage greater than 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, distributed in typical steppes and desert steppes, excluding mountainous and sandy areas. |
Table 1 Classification system of inter-silva grasslands in northern China
类型 Class | 代码 Code | 亚类 Subclass | 描述 Description |
---|---|---|---|
林窗草地Forest gap grasslands | 11 | 火烧迹地草地Burnt trace grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,火烧后尚未更新成林(郁闭度<0.1)区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after fire disturbance, with a canopy density of less than 0.1. |
12 | 采伐迹地草地Cutting blank grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,采伐后尚未更新成林(郁闭度<0.1)区域中成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests that have not regenerated into forests after logging, with a canopy density of less than 0.1. | |
13 | 山间谷地草地Valley grasslands | 位于森林集中分布的山谷区域,阳坡与阴坡均为大面积天然林或人工林,属天然形成的成片草地。 Extensive natural grasslands located in valley regions where forests are concentrated, with both sunny and shady slopes covered by large areas of natural or plantation forests. | |
14 | 其他林窗草地Other forest gap grasslands | 大面积天然林或人工林的森林内部,其他原因造成(天然或人为)的成片存在的草地。Extensive grasslands within large natural or plantation forests caused by other factors (natural or anthropogenic). | |
林缘草地Forest edge grasslands | 21 | 针叶林林缘草地Coniferous forest edge grasslands | 距离针叶林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以针叶树为建群种所组成的各类森林,主要由云杉、冷杉、落叶松和松树等一些耐寒树种组成,包括常绿和落叶,也包括天然和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of coniferous forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests are composed of various coniferous tree species, including spruce, fir, larch, and pine, which are cold-tolerant and include both evergreen and deciduous species, encompassing both natural and plantation forests. |
22 | 阔叶林林缘草地Broadleaf forest edge grasslands | 距离阔叶林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。以阔叶树种为主组成的树林,叶子宽阔,北方主要以落叶树种为主,部分常绿树种,包括天然林和人工林。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of broadleaf forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests are primarily composed of broadleaf tree species with wide leaves, predominantly deciduous species in northern regions, with some evergreen species, including both natural and plantation forests. | |
23 | 针阔混交林林缘草地Mixed coniferous and broadleaf forest edge grasslands | 距离针阔混交林(郁闭度>0.2)边缘200 m成片存在的草地。由针叶树和阔叶树混交组成的森林,针叶林或阔叶林的占比均未超过65%。Extensive grasslands located 200 m from the edge of mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests (canopy density greater than 0.2). These forests consist of a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf trees, with neither coniferous nor broadleaf species exceeding 65% of the composition. | |
疏林草地Sparse forest grasslands | 31 | 低郁闭度疏林草地Low canopy density sparse forest grasslands | 因自然或人为因素等形成的乔木疏林地,林木郁闭度为0.1~0.2,林草相间生长。Sparse woodland areas formed by natural or anthropogenic factors, with a canopy density between 0.1 and 0.2, where trees and grass grow intermixed. |
32 | 中郁闭度疏林草地Medium canopy density sparse forest grasslands | 主要由乔木树种组成,森林郁闭度较低,为0.2~0.4,林草相间生长。Forests primarily composed of tree species with low canopy density ranging from 0.2 to 0.4, where trees and grass grow intermixed. | |
灌木林草地Shrub grasslands | 41 | 山地灌木林草地Mountain shrub grasslands | 以灌木为建群种,常呈丛状分布,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌木与草地相间生长,主要分布在山地、丘陵和岩溶等区域,可放牧利用。Dominated by shrub species, typically forming clumps with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, primarily distributed in mountainous, hilly, and karst regions, and are suitable for grazing. |
42 | 沙地灌木林草地Sandy shrub grasslands | 以灌木为建群种,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌草相间生长,主要分布于固定沙地和半固定沙地等沙质土地,生态脆弱,生态价值大于利用价值。Dominated by shrub species, with shrub coverage exceeding 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, primarily distributed in fixed and semi-fixed sandy areas. These ecosystems are ecologically fragile, with ecological value outweighing their utilitarian value. | |
43 | 其他灌木林草地Other shrub grasslands | 以灌木为主,灌丛覆盖度在40%以上,灌草相间生长,分布于典型草原、荒漠草原等非山地和沙地的区域。Dominated by shrub species, with shrub coverage greater than 40%. Shrubs and grasses grow intermixed, distributed in typical steppes and desert steppes, excluding mountainous and sandy areas. |
1 | Hao R F, Yu D Y, Liu Y P, et al. Impacts of changes in climate and landscape pattern on ecosystem services. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 579: 718-728. |
2 | Nie H Y, Gao J X. Research progress on the ecological impact and spreading mechanism of weeds on degraded grassland. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2022, 44(7): 101-113. |
聂华月, 高吉喜. 退化草地杂草生态影响及蔓延机制研究进展. 中国草地学报, 2022, 44(7): 101-113. | |
3 | Li L H, Xin X P, Tang H J, et al. China’s meadow grasslands: Challenges and opportunities. Plant and Soil, 2022, 473(1): 89-98. |
4 | Sagar R, Li G Y, Singh J S, et al. Carbon fluxes and species diversity in grazed and fenced typical steppe grassland of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019, 12(1): 10-22. |
5 | Yin Y T, Hou X Y, Yun X J. Advances in the climate change influencing grassland ecosystems in Inner Mongolia. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 1132-1139. |
尹燕亭, 侯向阳, 运向军. 气候变化对内蒙古草原生态系统影响的研究进展. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 1132-1139. | |
6 | Liu X D, Ma Q H, Yu H Y, et al. Climate warming-induced drought constrains vegetation productivity by weakening the temporal stability of the plant community in an arid grassland ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2021, 307: 108526. |
7 | Meng L, Mao P C, Zheng M L, et al. Review of grassland ecological function under the compound planting pattern of forest and grass. Journal of Grassland and Forage Science, 2021, 42(4): 1-5. |
孟林, 毛培春, 郑明利, 等. 浅析林草复合种植模式下的草地生态功能. 草学, 2021, 42(4): 1-5. | |
8 | Wang Y S. Protect grasslands, build grasslands. Plant Journal, 1979, 6(6): 35-36. |
王昱生. 保护草原建设草原. 植物杂志, 1979, 6(6): 35-36. | |
9 | Sun X. Investigation and research on forest and grass intercropping. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 1983, 5(4): 50-54. |
孙祥. 林草间作的调查研究. 中国草原, 1983, 5(4): 50-54. | |
10 | Sun X. Research on forest and grass intercropping. Forest Science and Technology, 1985, 28(1): 20-23. |
孙祥. 关于林草间作的研究. 林业科技通讯, 1985, 28(1): 20-23. | |
11 | Lu D R, Zhang J. An assessment of grassland of Xunyi sheep station of Shaanxi Province and the plan and it’s implementation of establishment of 10000-mu artificial grassland. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 1986, 4(3): 13-23. |
卢得仁, 张军. 陕西省旬邑羊场草地资源评价及万亩人工草地建设的规划与实施. 干旱地区农业研究, 1986, 4(3): 13-23. | |
12 | Li Y T. Develop the grass industry in forested areas. Pratacultural Science, 1988, 5(3): 1-4. |
李毓堂. 发展林区草业. 中国草业科学, 1988, 5(3): 1-4. | |
13 | Zhang C J. Firstly, utilization and secondly construction of grassland resources in western Fujian. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 1982, 3(12): 47-51. |
张长江. 对闽西草山草坡资源一要利用二要建设. 农业经济问题, 1982, 3(12): 47-51. | |
14 | Li Y T. Grassland legislation and grassland management. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 1985, 7(3): 1-5. |
李毓堂. 草地立法和草地管理. 中国草原, 1985, 7(3): 1-5. | |
15 | Erasmi S, Klinge M, Dulamsuren C, et al. Modelling the productivity of Siberian larch forests from landsat NDVI time series in fragmented forest stands of the Mongolian forest-steppe. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2021,193(4): 200. |
16 | Erdős L, Ambarlı D, Anenkhonov O A, et al. The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest-steppes. Applied Vegetation Science, 2018, 21(3): 345-362. |
17 | Magyari E K, Chapman J C, Passmore D G, et al. Holocene persistence of wooded steppe in the Great Hungarian Plain. Journal of Biogeography, 2010, 37(5): 915-935. |
18 | Baker T P, Marais Z E, Davidson N J, et al. The role of open woodland in mitigating microclimatic extremes in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Management & Restoration, 2021, 22(1): 118-126. |
19 | Taft J B. Savanna and open-woodland communities//Conservation in highly fragmented landscapes. New York: Springer, 1997: 24-54. |
20 | Bergmeier E, Petermann J, Schröder E. Geobotanical survey of wood-pasture habitats in Europe: Diversity, threats and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010, 19(11): 2995-3014. |
21 | Jose S, Dollinger J. Silvopasture: A sustainable livestock production system. Agroforestry Systems, 2019, 93(1): 1-9. |
22 | Orefice J, Carroll J, Conroy D, et al. Silvopasture practices and perspectives in the Northeastern United States. Agroforestry Systems, 2017, 91(1): 149-160. |
23 | Ferraz-de-Oliveira M I, Azeda C, Pinto-Correia T. Management of Montados and Dehesas for high nature value: An interdisciplinary pathway. Agroforestry Systems, 2016, 90(1): 1-6. |
24 | van Noordwijk M. Agroforestry-based ecosystem services: Reconciling values of humans and nature in sustainable development. Land, 2021, 10(7): 699. |
25 | Jia S X. Discussion on classification of grassland types in China. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 1980, 2(1): 1-13. |
贾慎修. 中国草原类型分类的商讨. 中国草原, 1980, 2(1): 1-13. | |
26 | Chen A R. Analysis of forage resources and grassland types in Shanxi Province. Resources Science, 1983, 7(3): 54-61. |
陈安仁. 山西省的牧草资源及草地类型分析. 自然资源, 1983, 7(3): 54-61. | |
27 | Yang R R. Grassland resources and rational utilization in Nanling Mountains. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 1988, 10(1): 6-10. |
杨汝荣. 南岭山区的草地资源及合理利用. 中国草原, 1988, 10(1): 6-10. | |
28 | Gao W, Xiang G Q, Yang Z J. Forest grassland and shrubland on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain-A study on the structure of bird communities in summer. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 1989, 11(3): 13-14. |
高玮, 相桂权, 杨志杰. 长白山北坡林间草地灌丛—夏季鸟类群落结构的研究. 野生动物, 1989, 11(3): 13-14. | |
29 | Bao W K, Wu N. Human-induced disturbance on alpine and sub-alpine meadow and its aftereffects in Deqin County of the Northwestern Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2003, 24(2): 2-9. |
包维楷, 吴宁. 滇西北德钦县高山、亚高山草甸的人为干扰状况及其后果. 中国草地, 2003, 24(2): 2-9. | |
30 | Bai H Q, Wen Y F. Problems and development strategies for grazing utilization of forest grasslands in southern China. Journal of Grassland and Forage Science, 2007, 28(8): 53-55. |
白慧强, 文亦芾. 我国南方林间草地放牧利用存在的问题及发展对策. 草业与畜牧, 2007, 28(8): 53-55. | |
31 | Lei C F, Shangguan T L, Zhao B Q, et al. Diversity analysis of harvesting on Pinus tabulaeformis inter forest grassland in Lingkong Mountain. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(11): 2060-2068. |
雷彩芳, 上官铁梁, 赵冰清, 等. 灵空山采伐干扰下油松林林间草地物种多样性分析. 草业科学, 2014, 31(11): 2060-2068. | |
32 | Erdős L, Török P, Veldman J W, et al. How climate, topography, soils, herbivores, and fire control forest-grassland coexistence in the Eurasian forest-steppe. Biological Reviews, 2022, 97(6): 2195-2208. |
33 | Erdős L, Tölgyesi C, Horzse M, et al. Habitat complexity of the Pannonian forest-steppe zone and its nature conservation implications. Ecological Complexity, 2014, 17: 107-118. |
34 | House J I, Archer S, Breshears D D, et al. Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems. Journal of Biogeography, 2003, 30(11): 1763-1777. |
35 | Walter H, Breckle S W. Ecological systems of the geobiosphere: 3 temperate and polar zonobiomes of northern Eurasia. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012: 129-139. |
36 | Breshears D D. The grassland-forest continuum: Trends in ecosystem properties for woody plant mosaics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2006, 4(2): 96-104. |
37 | Manning A D, Gibbons P, Lindenmayer D B. Scattered trees: A complementary strategy for facilitating adaptive responses to climate change in modified landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 46(4): 915-919. |
38 | Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C. Microclimate matters: Dynamics of tree cover transition zones in tropical forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2019, 268: 1-10. |
39 | Scholes R J, Archer S R. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1997, 28(1): 517-544. |
40 | Fensham R J, Fairfax R J, Archer S R. Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna. Journal of Ecology, 2005, 93(3): 596-606. |
41 | Sturtevant B R, Hanberry B B. Processes underlying restoration of temperate savanna and woodland ecosystems: Emerging themes and challenges. Forest Ecology and Management, 2021, 481: 118681. |
42 | Wesche K, Ambarlı D, Kamp J, et al. The Palaearctic steppe biome: A new synthesis. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2016, 25(12): 2197-2231. |
43 | Bartha S, Campetella G, Kertész M, et al. Beta diversity and community differentiation in dry perennial sand grasslands. Annali Di Botanica, 2011, 1: 9-18. |
44 | Plieninger T, Flinzberger L, Hetman M, et al. Dehesas as high nature value farming systems: a social-ecological synthesis of drivers, pressures, state, impacts, and responses. Ecology and Society, 2021, 26(3): 23. |
45 | Garrido P, Edenius L, Mikusiński G, et al. Experimental rewilding may restore abandoned wood-pastures if policy allows. Ambio, 2021, 50(1): 101-112. |
46 | Rackham O. Ancient woodlands: Modern threats. New Phytologist, 2008, 180(3): 571-586. |
47 | Jose S. Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: An overview. Agroforestry Systems, 2009, 76(1): 1-10. |
48 | Nair P K R, Kumar B M, Nair V D. Definition and concepts of agroforestry//An introduction to agroforestry: Four decades of scientific developments. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021: 21-28. |
49 | Nair P K R, Kumar B M, Nair V D. Classification of agroforestry systems//An introduction to agroforestry: Four decades of scientific developments. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021: 29-44. |
50 | Ren J Z. Agronomic meaning of forest-grassland ecosystem. Pratacultural Science, 1989, 6(4): 1-4. |
任继周. 森林-草地生态系统的农学含义. 草业科学, 1989, 6(4): 1-4. | |
51 | Song Z M, Meng P. The structure and pattern of agroforestry in China. World Forestry Research, 1993, 6(5): 77-82. |
宋兆民, 孟平. 中国农林业的结构与模式. 世界林业研究, 1993, 6(5): 77-82. | |
52 | Hanberry B B, Bragg D C, Hutchinson T F. A reconceptualization of open oak and pine ecosystems of eastern North America using a forest structure spectrum. Ecosphere, 2018, 9(10): e02431. |
53 | Bullock J M, Hill B C, Silvertown J, et al. Gap colonization as a source of grassland community change: Effects of gap size and grazing on the rate and mode of colonization by different species. Oikos, 1995, 72(2): 273-282. |
54 | Muscolo A, Bagnato S, Sidari M, et al. A review of the roles of forest canopy gaps. Journal of Forestry Research, 2014, 25(4): 725-736. |
55 | Yamaura Y, Narita A, Kusumoto Y, et al. Genomic reconstruction of 100000-year grassland history in a forested country: Population dynamics of specialist forbs. Biology Letters, 2019, 15(5): 20180577. |
56 | King T J. The roles of seed mass and persistent seed banks in gap colonisation in grassland. Plant Ecology, 2007, 193: 233-239. |
57 | Bengtsson J, Nilsson S G, Franc A, et al. Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000, 132(1): 39-50. |
58 | Attiwill P M. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management. Forest Ecology and Management, 1994, 63(2/3): 247-300. |
59 | Geraskina A P, Tebenkova D N, Ershov D V, et al. Wildfires as a factor of loss of biodiversity and forest ecosystem functions. Forest Science Issues, 2022, 5(1): 1-70. |
60 | McCarthy J. Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environmental Reviews, 2001, 9(1): 1-59. |
61 | Van Vooren L, Reubens B, Broekx S, et al. Assessing the impact of grassland management extensification in temperate areas on multiple ecosystem services and biodiversity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2018, 267: 201-212. |
62 | Hisano M, Searle E B, Chen H Y H. Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biological Reviews, 2018, 93(1): 439-456. |
63 | Cadenasso M L, Pickett S T, Weathers K C, et al. A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. BioScience, 2003, 53(8): 750-758. |
64 | Harper K A, Macdonald S E, Burton P J, et al. Edge influence on forest structure and composition in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology, 2005, 19(3): 768-782. |
65 | Bátori Z, Erdős L, Kelemen A, et al. Diversity patterns in sandy forest-steppes: A comparative study from the western and central Palaearctic. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2018, 27(4): 1011-1030. |
66 | Ries L, Fletcher R J, Battin J, et al. Ecological responses to habitat edges: Mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 2004, 35(1): 491-522. |
67 | Walkiewicz A, Bulak P, Khalil M I, et al. Variability in soil CO2 fluxes across a range of forest types and edaphic conditions//EGU General Assembly Conference abstracts. Vienna: European Geosciences Union, 2021: 2530. |
68 | Parui A K, Chatterjee S, Basu P. Habitat characteristics shaping ant species assemblages in a mixed deciduous forest in Eastern India. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2015, 31(3): 267-280. |
69 | Gaumont-Guay D, Black T A, McCaughey H, et al. Soil CO2 efflux in contrasting boreal deciduous and coniferous stands and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(5): 1302-1319. |
70 | Hoffmann W A, Geiger E L, Gotsch S G, et al. Ecological thresholds at the savanna-forest boundary: How plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters, 2012, 15(7): 759-768. |
71 | Maracahipes L, Carlucci M B, Lenza E, et al. How to live in contrasting habitats? Acquisitive and conservative strategies emerge at inter- and intraspecific levels in savanna and forest woody plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 2018, 34: 17-25. |
72 | Homewood K, Brockington D. Biodiversity, conservation and development in Mkomazi game reserve, Tanzania. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 1999, 8(3/4): 301-313. |
73 | Lehmann C E R, Archibald S A, Hoffmann W A, et al. Deciphering the distribution of the savanna biome. The New Phytologist, 2011, 191(1): 197-209. |
74 | Mabry C M, Brudvig L A, Atwell R C. The confluence of landscape context and site-level management in determining Midwestern savanna and woodland breeding bird communities. Forest Ecology and Management, 2010, 260(1): 42-51. |
75 | Nano C E M, Clarke P J. Woody-grass ratios in a grassy arid system are limited by multi-causal interactions of abiotic constraint, competition and fire. Oecologia, 2010, 162(10): 719-732. |
76 | Pierce N A, Archer S R, Bestelmeyer B T. Competition suppresses shrubs during early, but not late, stages of arid grassland-shrubland state transition. Functional Ecology, 2019, 33(8): 1480-1490. |
77 | Wilcox B P, Birt A, Fuhlendorf S D, et al. Emerging frameworks for understanding and mitigating woody plant encroachment in grassy biomes. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2018, 32: 46-52. |
78 | Grover H D, Musick H B. Shrubland encroachment in southern New Mexico, USA: An analysis of desertification processes in the American southwest. Climatic Change, 1990, 17(2): 305-330. |
79 | Kooch Y, Noghre N. The effect of shrubland and grassland vegetation types on soil fauna and flora activities in a mountainous semi-arid landscape of Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 703: 135497. |
80 | Pierce N A, Archer S R, Bestelmeyer B T, et al. Grass-shrub competition in arid lands: An overlooked driver in grassland-shrubland state transition. Ecosystems, 2019, 22(3): 619-628. |
81 | Nicholas A M M, Franklin D C, Bowman D M J S. Coexistence of shrubs and grass in a semi-arid landscape: A case study of mulga (Acacia aneura, Mimosaceae) shrublands embedded in fire-prone spinifex (Triodia pungens, Poaceae) hummock grasslands. Australian Journal of Botany, 2009, 57(5): 396-405. |
[1] | Cai-he ZHANG, Chun-bin LI, Jing WU. Definition of Comprehensive Sequential Classification System subclasses in Chinese montane grassland [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(3): 16-25. |
[2] | Hui-long LIN, Di FAN, Qi-sheng FENG, Tian-gang LIANG. New focus for the study of the Comprehensive Sequential Classification System for grassland: A review from 2008 to 2020 and prospects for future research [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(10): 201-213. |
[3] | LIU Xiao-ni, ZHANG De-gang, WANG Hong-xia, REN Zheng-chao, HAN Tian-hu, SUN Bin, PAN Dong-rong, WANG Bo. GIS-based analysis of the compatibility of two grassland classification systems in China [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2019, 28(6): 1-18. |
[4] | LI Lin, LIN Hui-Long, GAO Ya. Emergy analysis of the value of grassland ecosystem services in the Three Rivers Source Region [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(6): 34-41. |
[5] | GANG Cheng-Cheng, WANG Zhao-Qi, YANG Yue, CHEN Yi-Zhao, ZHANG Yan-Zhen, LI Jian-Long, CHENG Ji-Min. The NPP spatiotemporal variation of global grassland ecosystems in response to climate change over the past 100 years [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016, 25(11): 1-14. |
[6] | LI Chun-bin,WU Jing,LIU Xiao-ni,ZHANG De-gang. A quantitative study of a subclass of a comprehensive sequential classification system (CSCS) taking Gansu Province as an example [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(1): 312-321. |
[7] | REN Ji-zhou, LIN Hui-long. Study on the simulation methods of grassland soil organic carbon: a review [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(6): 280-294. |
[8] |
XIU Li-na, FENG Qi-sheng, LIANG Tian-gang.
A study on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of NDVI for natural vegetation in Gannan based on CSCS [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(4): 239-246. |
[9] | WANG Chong, LIN Hui-long. An integrated orderly classification system of natural wetland and its application in China [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2012, 21(1): 262-272. |
[10] | LIANG Tian-gang, FENG Qi-sheng, HUANG Xiao-dong, REN Ji-zhou. Review in the study of comprehensive sequential classification system of grassland [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(5): 252-258. |
[11] | REN Ji-zhou, LIANG Tian-gang, LIN Hui-long, FENG Qi-sheng, HUANG Xiao-dong, HOU Fu-jiang, ZOU De-fu, WANG Chong. Study on grassland’s responses to global climate change and its carbon sequestration potentials [J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 1-22. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||