Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 201-216.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025291
Wu LI1(
), Jia-jing LI1(
), Jie-bing LI1, Zhen-zhou LI4, Ming GUO1,2,3, Yan NIU5, Hao SUN1,2,3, De-feng LI1,2,3, Ying-hua SHI1,2,3, Zhen-tian LI1,2,3, Bo-shuai LIU1,2,3, Ya-lei CUI1,2,3, Zhi-chang WANG1,2,3, Yong-tao LI4, Xiao-yan ZHU1,2,3(
)
Received:2025-07-14
Revised:2025-10-09
Online:2026-07-20
Published:2026-05-21
Contact:
Xiao-yan ZHU
Wu LI, Jia-jing LI, Jie-bing LI, Zhen-zhou LI, Ming GUO, Yan NIU, Hao SUN, De-feng LI, Ying-hua SHI, Zhen-tian LI, Bo-shuai LIU, Ya-lei CUI, Zhi-chang WANG, Yong-tao LI, Xiao-yan ZHU. Optimization of fermentation and ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters for alfalfa saponins[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2026, 35(7): 201-216.
水平 Level | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B, h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0.8 | 24 | 0.04 |
| 0 | 1.2 | 48 | 0.06 |
| 1 | 1.6 | 72 | 0.08 |
Table 1 Factors and levels of Box-Behnken design for fermentation process
水平 Level | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B, h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0.8 | 24 | 0.04 |
| 0 | 1.2 | 48 | 0.06 |
| 1 | 1.6 | 72 | 0.08 |
| 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 9.79 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11.81 |
| 2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 10.23 | 11 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 8.28 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.50 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.70 |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 10.70 | 13 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 9.11 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.62 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.61 |
| 6 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 8.50 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9.50 |
| 7 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 9.04 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.90 |
| 8 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 9.30 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9.41 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 9.70 |
Table 2 Box-Behnken design scheme and results for fermentation process
| 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (B) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 9.79 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11.81 |
| 2 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 10.23 | 11 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 8.28 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.50 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.70 |
| 4 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 10.70 | 13 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 9.11 |
| 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.62 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.61 |
| 6 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 8.50 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9.50 |
| 7 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 9.04 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.90 |
| 8 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 9.30 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9.41 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 9.70 |
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Degree of freedom (df) | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 24.72 | 9 | 2.75 | 48.67 | <0.0001 | ** |
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.25 | 0.0014 | ** |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B) | 1.11 | 1 | 1.11 | 19.62 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 菌种添加量Strain inoculum volume (C) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.1929 | NS |
| AB | 0.08 | 1 | 0.08 | 1.42 | 0.2716 | NS |
| AC | 0.60 | 1 | 0.60 | 10.58 | 0.0140 | * |
| BC | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 3.62 | 0.0990 | NS |
| A2 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.17 | 0.0014 | ** |
| B2 | 17.59 | 1 | 17.59 | 311.65 | <0.0001 | ** |
| C2 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.83 | 14.68 | 0.0064 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.40 | 7 | 0.06 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.31 | 3 | 0.10 | 4.64 | 0.0862 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.09 | 4 | 0.02 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 25.12 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9843 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9640 |
Table 3 Analysis of variance for the regression model of saponin yield in fermentation process
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Degree of freedom (df) | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 24.72 | 9 | 2.75 | 48.67 | <0.0001 | ** |
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.25 | 0.0014 | ** |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B) | 1.11 | 1 | 1.11 | 19.62 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 菌种添加量Strain inoculum volume (C) | 0.12 | 1 | 0.12 | 2.07 | 0.1929 | NS |
| AB | 0.08 | 1 | 0.08 | 1.42 | 0.2716 | NS |
| AC | 0.60 | 1 | 0.60 | 10.58 | 0.0140 | * |
| BC | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 3.62 | 0.0990 | NS |
| A2 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 26.17 | 0.0014 | ** |
| B2 | 17.59 | 1 | 17.59 | 311.65 | <0.0001 | ** |
| C2 | 0.83 | 1 | 0.83 | 14.68 | 0.0064 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.40 | 7 | 0.06 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.31 | 3 | 0.10 | 4.64 | 0.0862 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.09 | 4 | 0.02 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 25.12 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9843 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9640 |
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B, h) | 区间内Within the range | 24 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 菌添加量Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) | 区间内Within the range | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 8.28 | 11.90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Table 4 Value ranges and prediction intervals of different fermentation factors
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵料液比Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time (B, h) | 区间内Within the range | 24 | 72 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 菌添加量Strain inoculum volume (C, mL) | 区间内Within the range | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 8.28 | 11.90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
发酵工艺 Fermentation process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | 理想程度 Desirability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (mL) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | P值 P-value | |
| 1∶1.27 | 50.3 | 0.062 | 11.75 | 7.21 | 11.68±0.15a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0177 | 0.95 |
Table 5 Optimal fermentation technology and extraction yield of alfalfa saponins
发酵工艺 Fermentation process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | 理想程度 Desirability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
发酵料液比 Fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time (h) | 菌添加量 Strain inoculum volume (mL) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | P值 P-value | |
| 1∶1.27 | 50.3 | 0.062 | 11.75 | 7.21 | 11.68±0.15a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0177 | 0.95 |
水平 Level | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 10 | 60 | 37 |
| 0 | 20 | 75 | 49 |
| 1 | 30 | 90 | 61 |
Table 6 Factors and levels of Box-Behnken design for ultrasonic process
水平 Level | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 10 | 60 | 37 |
| 0 | 20 | 75 | 49 |
| 1 | 30 | 90 | 61 |
| 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 13.14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.73 |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12.37 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.99 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.75 | 12 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 12.99 |
| 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12.04 | 13 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 12.62 |
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12.76 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.64 |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.06 | 15 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 11.94 |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 12.06 | 16 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 12.01 |
| 8 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 13.39 | 17 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 11.35 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 11.06 |
Table 7 Box-Behnken design scheme and results for ultrasonic process
| 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) | 编号Number | 超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (B) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 皂苷得率 Yield of saponins (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 13.14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.73 |
| 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12.37 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.99 |
| 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.75 | 12 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 12.99 |
| 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12.04 | 13 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 12.62 |
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12.76 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.64 |
| 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.06 | 15 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 11.94 |
| 7 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 12.06 | 16 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 12.01 |
| 8 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 13.39 | 17 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 11.35 |
| 9 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 11.06 |
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 13.23 | 9 | 1.47 | 19.44 | 0.0004 | ** |
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.49 | 1 | 1.49 | 19.74 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B) | 0.96 | 1 | 0.96 | 12.66 | 0.0092 | ** |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.4793 | NS |
| AB | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.5624 | NS |
| AC | 0.71 | 1 | 0.71 | 9.43 | 0.0180 | * |
| BC | 1.20 | 1 | 1.20 | 15.83 | 0.0053 | ** |
| A2 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.03 | 13.61 | 0.0078 | ** |
| B2 | 2.25 | 1 | 2.25 | 29.73 | 0.0010 | ** |
| C2 | 4.70 | 1 | 4.70 | 62.09 | 0.0001 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.53 | 7 | 0.08 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.40 | 3 | 0.13 | 4.05 | 0.1051 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.13 | 4 | 0.03 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 13.76 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9615 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9121 |
Table 8 Analysis of variance for the regression model of saponin yield in ultrasonic process
方差来源 Source of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 13.23 | 9 | 1.47 | 19.44 | 0.0004 | ** |
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 1.49 | 1 | 1.49 | 19.74 | 0.0030 | ** |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B) | 0.96 | 1 | 0.96 | 12.66 | 0.0092 | ** |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C) | 0.04 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.4793 | NS |
| AB | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.5624 | NS |
| AC | 0.71 | 1 | 0.71 | 9.43 | 0.0180 | * |
| BC | 1.20 | 1 | 1.20 | 15.83 | 0.0053 | ** |
| A2 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.03 | 13.61 | 0.0078 | ** |
| B2 | 2.25 | 1 | 2.25 | 29.73 | 0.0010 | ** |
| C2 | 4.70 | 1 | 4.70 | 62.09 | 0.0001 | ** |
| 残差Residual | 0.53 | 7 | 0.08 | |||
| 失拟项Lack of fit | 0.40 | 3 | 0.13 | 4.05 | 0.1051 | NS |
| 纯误差Pure error | 0.13 | 4 | 0.03 | |||
| 总离差Total deviation | 13.76 | 16 | ||||
| R2 | 0.9615 | |||||
| R2Adj | 0.9121 |
Fig.11 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction between ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and ultrasonication time (B)
Fig.12 Contour plot (a) and response surface plot (b) of the interaction of ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) and ultrasonication temperature (C)
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 10 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 区间内Within the range | 60 | 90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) | 区间内Within the range | 37 | 61 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 11.06 | 14.06 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Table 9 Value ranges and prediction intervals of different ultrasonication factors
项目 Items | 评价标准 Evaluation criteria | 变量下限 Variable lower limit | 变量上限 Variable upper limit | 权重下限 Weight lower limit | 权重上限 Weight upper limit | 影响程度 Degree of influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 超声料液比Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (A) | 区间内Within the range | 10 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声时间Ultrasonication time (B, min) | 区间内Within the range | 60 | 90 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 超声温度Ultrasonication temperature (C, ℃) | 区间内Within the range | 37 | 61 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 皂苷得率Yield of saponins (%) | 最大值Maximum | 11.06 | 14.06 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
超声工艺 Ultrasonication process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | P值 P-value | 理想 程度 Desirability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (℃) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | ||
| 1∶23.1 | 72.7 | 47.3 | 13.97 | 7.21 | 13.87±0.34a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0042 | 0.96 |
Table 10 Optimal ultrasonication technology and extraction yield of alfalfa saponins
超声工艺 Ultrasonication process | 模型预测皂苷得率 Model prediction of saponin yield (%) | 模型验证皂苷得率 Model validation of saponin yield (%) | P值 P-value | 理想 程度 Desirability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
超声料液比 Ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio | 超声时间 Ultrasonication time (min) | 超声温度 Ultrasonication temperature (℃) | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | 复合菌组 Composite bacteria group | 未加菌组 No bacteria group | ||
| 1∶23.1 | 72.7 | 47.3 | 13.97 | 7.21 | 13.87±0.34a | 6.99±0.39b | 0.0042 | 0.96 |
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