Abstract: The aboveground parts of Tamarix elongata and other plants, together with population structure and community structure composition of heavy saline soil and salt dunes in the Middle Reaches of the Shule River are described. 1) Tamariaceae are more suitable for two of the habitats than other species and T. elongata was the dominant species in these two habitats. 2) The spacial pattern of T. elongata was a binomial distribution in heavy saline soil, but a Poisson distribution in sand dunes. 3) The importance values of the dominant species in heavy saline soil are T. elongata 0.323, Alhagi sparsifolia 0.215, Phragmites australis 0.037, Agriophyllum splendens 0.029, Asparagus persicus 0.018 4, Poacynum hendersonii 0.014 and in salt dunes is T. elongata 0.902, A. sparsifolia 0.193, L. ruthenicum 0.081 4, P. australis 0.020, Karelinia caspica 0.006, and Reaumuria soongorica 0.001. 4) There are dominant negative inter-specific ecological associations between T. elongata and A. sparsifolia in heavy saline soil but no obvious direct specific ecological association in salt dunes.