草业学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 13-28.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020410
罗超1(), 郭小平1(), 冯昶栋1, 叶金鹏2, 薛东明1
收稿日期:
2020-09-17
修回日期:
2020-10-19
出版日期:
2021-10-19
发布日期:
2021-10-19
通讯作者:
郭小平
作者简介:
Corresponding author. E-mail: guoxp@bjfu.edu.cn基金资助:
Chao LUO1(), Xiao-ping GUO1(), Chang-dong FENG1, Jin-peng YE2, Dong-ming XUE1
Received:
2020-09-17
Revised:
2020-10-19
Online:
2021-10-19
Published:
2021-10-19
Contact:
Xiao-ping GUO
摘要:
土壤种子库是植被自然更新和恢复的物质基础,对干旱荒漠区生态恢复具有重要意义。本研究以内蒙古乌海周边为研究区,选择典型生境和植被类型,通过样地植被调查、持久和短暂土壤种子库采样、萌发试验、土壤理化性质分析,对土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被和土壤因子的关系进行探讨。结果表明:1)乌海及周边土壤种子库平均密度为217~1547粒·m-2,物种以多年生草本为主,种子库密度随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势。持久土壤种子库占种子库总密度的17.34%~64.22%,且轻度和中度干扰样地的持久种子库占比达40%以上。2)不同生境和植被类型下的土壤种子库差异较为显著,相近地理环境下的土壤种子库具有一定相似性,但中度干扰下的样地种子库密度和物种多样性要高于周边轻度干扰的样地。3)新星矿区周边土壤种子库与地上植被相似性较高,其他区域土壤种子库与地上植被在组成和结构上存在较大差异。4)土壤种子库物种在不同土壤环境中呈现不同的聚类,土壤因子只能部分(30%~40%)反映土壤种子库特征。影响0~5 cm和5~10 cm持久土壤种子库的最主要土壤因子分别为有机质、粉粒、黏粒含量和砾石含量,影响0~5 cm和5~10 cm短暂土壤种子库的最主要土壤因子分别为全磷、黏粒含量和容重、有机质。上述研究可为乌海周边表土种子库的植被恢复潜力及恢复技术提供理论依据和支撑。
罗超, 郭小平, 冯昶栋, 叶金鹏, 薛东明. 乌海周边土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被和土壤因子的关系[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(11): 13-28.
Chao LUO, Xiao-ping GUO, Chang-dong FENG, Jin-peng YE, Dong-ming XUE. The characteristics of the soil seed bank in Wuhai and surrounding areas and the relationship with vegetation and soil factors[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(11): 13-28.
样地代号 Name | 样地位置 Sample location | 地形 Topography | 土壤类型 Soil type | 土壤质地 Soil texture | 干扰程度 Disturbance | 植被盖度 Coverage (%) | 主要植物种 Major species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHS | 四合木自然保护区 Sihemu Nature Reserve | 低山坡面 Slope of low mountain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 22 | 四合木T. mongolica, 红砂Reaumuria songarica, 克氏针茅Stipa krylovii |
SHP | 四合木自然保护区 Sihemu Nature Reserve | 山前平地 Piedmont plain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 细砂土 Fine sand | 轻度 Mild | 48 | 四合木T. mongolica, 珍珠猪毛菜Salsola passerina, 克氏针茅S. krylovii |
LTS | 骆驼山矿区周边 Luotuoshan Mining Area | 平地 Plain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 38 | 红砂R. songarica, 珍珠猪毛菜S. passerina, 克氏针茅S. krylovii |
MX | 蒙西自然保护区 Mengxi Nature Reserve | 平地 Plain | 风沙土 Aeolian sandy soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 37 | 红砂R. songarica, 霸王Sarcozygium xanthoxylon, 无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica |
MXI | 蒙西工业区附近 Mengxi industrial zone | 平地 Plain | 风沙土 Aeolian sandy soil | 细砂土 Fine sand | 中度 Intermediate | 21 | 红砂R. songarica, 霸王S. xanthoxylon, 无芒隐子草C.songorica |
QPJS | 棋盘井东南丘陵 Qipanjing Southeast hill | 丘陵坡面 Slope of hill | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 39 | 半日花H. songaricum, 砂蓝刺头Echinops gmelini, 戈壁针茅Stipa tianschanica |
QPJP | 棋盘井东南丘陵 Qipanjing Southeast hill | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 35 | 黑沙蒿Artemisia ordosica, 砂蓝刺头E. gmelini, 短花针茅Stipa breviflora |
QPJI | 棋盘井工业区附近 Qipanjing industrial zone | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 30 | 红砂R. songarica, 戈壁针茅S. tianschanica, 芨芨草Achnatherum splendens |
XXS | 新星煤矿南侧区域 South of Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 33 | 猫头刺Oxytropis aciphylla, 沙生针茅Stipa glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
XXW | 新星煤矿西侧区域 West of Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 35 | 猫头刺O. aciphylla, 红砂R. songarica, 沙生针茅S. glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
XXM | 新星煤矿采区附近 Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 重度 Severe | 23 | 沙生针茅S. glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica, 雾冰藜Bassia dasyphylla |
HLW | 贺兰山西坡北段 The northern part of the western slope of Helan Mountain | 台地 Meseta | 灰钙土 Sierozem soil | 粉砂土 Mealy sand | 轻度 Mild | 40 | 红砂R. songarica, 珍珠猪毛菜S. passerina, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
表1 样地概况
Table 1 Sample plot overview
样地代号 Name | 样地位置 Sample location | 地形 Topography | 土壤类型 Soil type | 土壤质地 Soil texture | 干扰程度 Disturbance | 植被盖度 Coverage (%) | 主要植物种 Major species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHS | 四合木自然保护区 Sihemu Nature Reserve | 低山坡面 Slope of low mountain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 22 | 四合木T. mongolica, 红砂Reaumuria songarica, 克氏针茅Stipa krylovii |
SHP | 四合木自然保护区 Sihemu Nature Reserve | 山前平地 Piedmont plain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 细砂土 Fine sand | 轻度 Mild | 48 | 四合木T. mongolica, 珍珠猪毛菜Salsola passerina, 克氏针茅S. krylovii |
LTS | 骆驼山矿区周边 Luotuoshan Mining Area | 平地 Plain | 棕钙土 Brown soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 38 | 红砂R. songarica, 珍珠猪毛菜S. passerina, 克氏针茅S. krylovii |
MX | 蒙西自然保护区 Mengxi Nature Reserve | 平地 Plain | 风沙土 Aeolian sandy soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 37 | 红砂R. songarica, 霸王Sarcozygium xanthoxylon, 无芒隐子草Cleistogenes songorica |
MXI | 蒙西工业区附近 Mengxi industrial zone | 平地 Plain | 风沙土 Aeolian sandy soil | 细砂土 Fine sand | 中度 Intermediate | 21 | 红砂R. songarica, 霸王S. xanthoxylon, 无芒隐子草C.songorica |
QPJS | 棋盘井东南丘陵 Qipanjing Southeast hill | 丘陵坡面 Slope of hill | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 39 | 半日花H. songaricum, 砂蓝刺头Echinops gmelini, 戈壁针茅Stipa tianschanica |
QPJP | 棋盘井东南丘陵 Qipanjing Southeast hill | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 35 | 黑沙蒿Artemisia ordosica, 砂蓝刺头E. gmelini, 短花针茅Stipa breviflora |
QPJI | 棋盘井工业区附近 Qipanjing industrial zone | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 30 | 红砂R. songarica, 戈壁针茅S. tianschanica, 芨芨草Achnatherum splendens |
XXS | 新星煤矿南侧区域 South of Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 中度 Intermediate | 33 | 猫头刺Oxytropis aciphylla, 沙生针茅Stipa glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
XXW | 新星煤矿西侧区域 West of Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 轻度 Mild | 35 | 猫头刺O. aciphylla, 红砂R. songarica, 沙生针茅S. glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
XXM | 新星煤矿采区附近 Xinxing Minging area | 平地 Plain | 灰漠土 Gray desert soil | 粗砂土 Coarse sand | 重度 Severe | 23 | 沙生针茅S. glareosa, 无芒隐子草C. songorica, 雾冰藜Bassia dasyphylla |
HLW | 贺兰山西坡北段 The northern part of the western slope of Helan Mountain | 台地 Meseta | 灰钙土 Sierozem soil | 粉砂土 Mealy sand | 轻度 Mild | 40 | 红砂R. songarica, 珍珠猪毛菜S. passerina, 无芒隐子草C. songorica |
图2 土壤种子库物种组成X1芨芨草A. splendens, X2小画眉草E. minor, X3砾苔草C. stenophylloides, X4红砂R. songarica, X5盐生草Halogeton glomeratus, X6克氏针茅S. krylovii, X7沙生针茅S. glareosa, X8戈壁针茅S. tianschanica, X9短花针茅S. breviflora, X10珍珠猪毛菜S. passerine, X11猪毛蒿A. scoparia, X12冷蒿A. frigida, X13沙蒿Artemisia desertorum, X14狗尾草Setaria viridis, X15三芒草Aristida adscensionis, X16霸王S. xanthoxylon, X17顶羽菊Rhaponticum repens, X18北高山大戟Euphorbia alpine, X19蝎虎驼蹄瓣Zygophyllum mucronatum, X20狭叶锦鸡儿Caragana stenophylla, X21柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii, X22兴安胡枝子Lespedeza potaninii, X23砂蓝刺头E. gmelini, X24狭叶米口袋Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla, X25冰草Agropyron cristatum, X26无芒隐子草C. songorica, X27冠芒草Enneapogon borealis, X28细叶韭Allium tenuissimum, X29蒺藜Tribulus terrestris, X30赖草Leymus secalinus, X31黄花葱Allium condensatum, X32蒙古韭Allium mongolicum, X33藜Chenopodium album, X34银灰旋花Convolvulus ammannii, X35猫头刺O. aciphylla, X36栉叶蒿Neopallasia petinata, X37中亚滨藜Atriplex centralasiatica, X38雾冰藜G. dasyphylla, X39四合木T. mongolica, X40骆驼蓬Peganum harmala, X41刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica. F1百合科Liliaceae, F2柽柳科Tamaricaceae, F3大戟科Euphorbiaceae, F4豆科Leguminosae, F5禾本科Gramineae, F6蒺藜科Zygophyllaceae, F7菊科Asteraceae, F8藜科Chenopodiaceae, F9莎草科Cyperaceae, F10旋花科Convolvulaceae.
Fig.2 The species composition of soil seed bank
图4 各样地土壤种子库平均密度和垂直分布PSSB: 持久土壤种子库Persistent soil seed bank; TSSB: 短暂土壤种子库Transient soil seed bank; SSB: 土壤种子库Soil seed bank. 下同The same below.
Fig. 4 The average seed density and vertical distribution of soil seed bank in different sample
图5 不同深度持久和短暂土壤种子库密度不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Different small letter indicates significance differences at the P<0.05 level, the same below.
Fig.5 The seed density of persistent and transient soil seed bank in different soil depth
图7 土壤种子库与地上植被物种相似性矩阵SHS_AGV为SHS样地的地上植被;SHS_TSSB为SHS样地的短暂土壤种子库;SHS_PSSB为SHS样地的持久土壤种子库;其他类推。SHS_AGV means aboveground vegetation in SHS sample site, SHS_TSSB means transient soil seed bank in SHS sample site, SHS_PSSB means persistent soil seed bank in SHS sample site. Other is in analogy.
Fig.7 The species similarity matrix of aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank
图8 土壤种子库与地上植被的NMDS排序SHS-ve为SHS样地的地上植被;SHS-t为SHS样地的短暂土壤种子库;SHS-p为SHS样地的持久土壤种子库;其他类推。SHS-ve means aboveground vegetation in SHS sample site, SHS-t means transient soil seed bank in SHS sample site, SHS-p means persistent soil seed bank in SHS sample site. Other are in analogy.
Fig.8 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation
种子库类型 Types | 约束轴 Constraint axis | 所有约束轴特征值总和 Sum of all eigenvalue | 特征值 Eigenvalue | 物种方差累计占比 Cumulation percentage variance species date | 物种-土壤因子方差累计占比Cumulation percentage variance species-soil factor relation | 约束轴显著性检验Significance testing(P) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSSB-5 cm | RDA1 | 0.386 | 0.137 | 0.240 | 0.422 | 0.009** |
RDA2 | 0.065 | 0.354 | 0.619 | 0.009** | ||
RDA3 | 0.049 | 0.441 | 0.768 | 0.009** | ||
RDA4 | 0.028 | 0.489 | 0.852 | 0.027* | ||
PSSB-10 cm | RDA1 | 0.361 | 0.099 | 0.168 | 0.341 | 0.009** |
RDA2 | 0.061 | 0.271 | 0.539 | 0.009** | ||
RDA3 | 0.049 | 0.354 | 0.704 | 0.009** | ||
RDA4 | 0.036 | 0.416 | 0.822 | 0.036* | ||
TSSB-5 cm | RDA1 | 0.444 | 0.105 | 0.164 | 0.314 | 0.008** |
RDA2 | 0.097 | 0.315 | 0.599 | 0.008** | ||
RDA3 | 0.047 | 0.388 | 0.734 | 0.008** | ||
RDA4 | 0.039 | 0.448 | 0.844 | 0.008** | ||
TSSB-10 cm | RDA1 | 0.297 | 0.097 | 0.169 | 0.378 | 0.006** |
RDA2 | 0.074 | 0.299 | 0.670 | 0.006** | ||
RDA3 | 0.045 | 0.377 | 0.809 | 0.024* | ||
RDA4 | 0.034 | 0.436 | 0.901 | 0.330 |
表2 不同层土壤种子库与土壤因子的RDA分析
Table 2 Results of RDA between soil seed bank and soil factor in different soil depth
种子库类型 Types | 约束轴 Constraint axis | 所有约束轴特征值总和 Sum of all eigenvalue | 特征值 Eigenvalue | 物种方差累计占比 Cumulation percentage variance species date | 物种-土壤因子方差累计占比Cumulation percentage variance species-soil factor relation | 约束轴显著性检验Significance testing(P) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSSB-5 cm | RDA1 | 0.386 | 0.137 | 0.240 | 0.422 | 0.009** |
RDA2 | 0.065 | 0.354 | 0.619 | 0.009** | ||
RDA3 | 0.049 | 0.441 | 0.768 | 0.009** | ||
RDA4 | 0.028 | 0.489 | 0.852 | 0.027* | ||
PSSB-10 cm | RDA1 | 0.361 | 0.099 | 0.168 | 0.341 | 0.009** |
RDA2 | 0.061 | 0.271 | 0.539 | 0.009** | ||
RDA3 | 0.049 | 0.354 | 0.704 | 0.009** | ||
RDA4 | 0.036 | 0.416 | 0.822 | 0.036* | ||
TSSB-5 cm | RDA1 | 0.444 | 0.105 | 0.164 | 0.314 | 0.008** |
RDA2 | 0.097 | 0.315 | 0.599 | 0.008** | ||
RDA3 | 0.047 | 0.388 | 0.734 | 0.008** | ||
RDA4 | 0.039 | 0.448 | 0.844 | 0.008** | ||
TSSB-10 cm | RDA1 | 0.297 | 0.097 | 0.169 | 0.378 | 0.006** |
RDA2 | 0.074 | 0.299 | 0.670 | 0.006** | ||
RDA3 | 0.045 | 0.377 | 0.809 | 0.024* | ||
RDA4 | 0.034 | 0.436 | 0.901 | 0.330 |
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | SOM | PC | CC | TK | TP | TN | GC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSSB-5 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 11.67 | 6.26 | 4.70 | 3.91 | 3.63 | 2.48 | 2.42 | |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 16.37 | 8.78 | 6.60 | 5.48 | 5.10 | 3.48 | 3.40 | ||
显著性P | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.027 | 0.018 | ||
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | CC | GC | SM | CP | SOM | PC | NCP | TK |
PSSB-10 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 5.14 | 4.94 | 4.87 | 4.74 | 4.70 | 4.27 | 2.54 | 2.76 |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 5.86 | 5.64 | 5.56 | 5.42 | 5.37 | 4.87 | 2.90 | 3.15 | |
显著性P | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.081 | 0.027 | |
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | TP | CC | TK | SM | PC | PH | GC | SOM |
TSSB-5 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 8.37 | 8.14 | 5.94 | 4.55 | 3.49 | 3.30 | 3.24 | 2.99 |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 9.24 | 8.89 | 6.56 | 5.03 | 3.85 | 3.64 | 3.58 | 3.30 | |
显著性P | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.032 | |
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | SBD | SOM | TK | GC | CC | CP | ||
TSSB-10 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 6.21 | 6.17 | 5.81 | 5.10 | 3.81 | 2.61 | ||
统计量Statistical magnitude | 6.51 | 6.46 | 6.08 | 5.34 | 3.99 | 2.74 | |||
显著性P | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.042 |
表3 土壤因子解释的重要性排序和显著性检验
Table 3 Importance and signification level of soil factors
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | SOM | PC | CC | TK | TP | TN | GC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSSB-5 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 11.67 | 6.26 | 4.70 | 3.91 | 3.63 | 2.48 | 2.42 | |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 16.37 | 8.78 | 6.60 | 5.48 | 5.10 | 3.48 | 3.40 | ||
显著性P | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.027 | 0.018 | ||
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | CC | GC | SM | CP | SOM | PC | NCP | TK |
PSSB-10 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 5.14 | 4.94 | 4.87 | 4.74 | 4.70 | 4.27 | 2.54 | 2.76 |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 5.86 | 5.64 | 5.56 | 5.42 | 5.37 | 4.87 | 2.90 | 3.15 | |
显著性P | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.081 | 0.027 | |
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | TP | CC | TK | SM | PC | PH | GC | SOM |
TSSB-5 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 8.37 | 8.14 | 5.94 | 4.55 | 3.49 | 3.30 | 3.24 | 2.99 |
统计量Statistical magnitude | 9.24 | 8.89 | 6.56 | 5.03 | 3.85 | 3.64 | 3.58 | 3.30 | |
显著性P | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.024 | 0.032 | |
项目Item | 土壤因子Soil factor | SBD | SOM | TK | GC | CC | CP | ||
TSSB-10 cm | 解释变异量Explain variance (%) | 6.21 | 6.17 | 5.81 | 5.10 | 3.81 | 2.61 | ||
统计量Statistical magnitude | 6.51 | 6.46 | 6.08 | 5.34 | 3.99 | 2.74 | |||
显著性P | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.042 |
图9 土壤种子库与土壤因子的RDA排序排序图中红色箭头表示土壤因子,蓝色箭头表示植物种,各排序图仅展示土壤种子库密度前15的物种,编号对应的物种名称同前文图2。土壤因子简写同前文表3。The red arrows represent soil factors and the blue arrows represent plant species. Only the top 15 species in soil seed bank density were shown in each figure. The corresponding numbers of species names are the same as in Fig.2 above. The abbreviation of soil factors are the same as in Table 3 above.
Fig. 9 Biplot of the first two axes of the RDA for soil factor with soil seed bank
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