草原碳汇管理对策

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国约4亿hm²草原,草原具有强大碳汇功能,但人们对草原碳汇管理的认识和研究还不足。综述了CO₂、温度及降雨等气象因子和草原开垦、放牧、割草、施肥、人工草地建植等草地管理措施对草原碳汇功能的影响及其作用机制,以期对我国草原管理实践提供借鉴。温度和降雨的改变对不同类型草原的碳汇功能影响不同,以碳汇为目标的草地管理,必须综合考虑气候变化对碳固持的影响。草地退化生产力下降,土壤理化环境恶化,土壤有机碳含量降低,退化草地具有较大的固碳潜力,采用合理的草原管理措施能够极大的提高草地有机碳含量,据估算全国重度退化草地如果全面实施围栏封育措施,固碳潜力每年达12.01 Tg C。过度放牧改变了草原植被群落结构,降低净初级生产力,C∶N增加,土壤氮的亏缺限制碳的固持,枯落物的量也降低,减少有机质的形成,草原碳汇功能降低。合理放牧管理增强草原碳汇功能。草原开垦减少枯落物的输入增加了土壤侵蚀,使土壤有机质暴露在空气中,土壤有机质的氧化分解加快,降低土壤有机质含量。高强度的刈割利用不利于草地碳汇,刈割利用要选择合适的刈割时间和刈割高度,并通过粪尿或施肥等管理措施,返还割草地损失的营养物质。施肥、补播、耕翻和灌溉等改良措施促进草原植被更新,提高草原生产力,增强草原固碳能力。农田弃耕和围封禁牧增强草地碳汇功能,配合施肥补播等其他管理措施,可以促进植被恢复,提高其固碳效率。退耕还草增加草原碳汇,牧草固碳能力强弱为:豆禾混播＞多年生豆科牧草＞多年生禾本科牧草＞一年生禾草。

Abstract: About 400 million ha grassland in China is a large potential carbon sink. However, grassland carbon sequestration is not fully understood. This paper reviews the effects of meteorological factors (CO₂, temperature and rainfall change), grassland management (grazing, native grassland conversion to cropland, mowing, fertilization, irrigation, reseeding, abandoned cropland, exclosure, establishment of artificial grassland and ploughing), and degradation on soil carbon content, to guide grassland management for carbon sequestration. Changes of temperature and precipitation play different roles in the function of grassland carbon sequestration, which should be taken into account in grassland management. Degraded grassland with low productivity and soil organic matter content and a worse soil physical and chemical environment has great carbon sequestration potential. Appropriate grassland management measures will greatly improve soil organic carbon. One report suggests that the application of exclosure in degraded grassland in China could sequester over 12.01 Tg C/year. Heavy grazing can reduce carbon sequestration due to changing grassland plant community diversity, net primary productivity reduction, lower litter production and nitrogen limitation in soil. Proper grazing management has been estimated to increase soil carbon storage. Native grassland conversion to cropland has caused negative carbon sequestration, as a result of soil erosion, soil organic matter decomposition and lower litter production. Because high mowing intensity reduced soil organic matter, proper mowing height and frequency, application of manure and fertilizer to balance nutrient loss was needed on hay grassland. Fertilization, reseeding, ploughing and irrigation increased soil organic matter storage by promoting revegetation and net primary productivity. Abandoned cropland and exclosure associated with fertilization and reseeding could promote restoration and soil nutrient content, and increase carbon sequestration efficiency. Carbon sequestration capability of forage was: mixed perennial legume and grass＞legume＞perennial grass＞annual grass.

中图分类号:

S812

张英俊,杨高文,刘楠,常书娟,王晓亚. 草原碳汇管理对策[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(2): 290-299.

ZHANG Ying-jun, YANG Gao-wen, LIU Nan, CHANG Shu-juan, WANG Xiao-ya. Review of grassland management practices for carbon sequestration[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(2): 290-299.

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