草业学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 1-12.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2022192
• 研究论文 •
高婕1(), 赵新全2, 刘文亭1, 杨晓霞1, 张春平1, 俞旸1, 曹铨1, 刘玉祯1, 张雪1, 董全民1,2()
收稿日期:
2022-04-27
修回日期:
2022-06-08
出版日期:
2023-05-20
发布日期:
2023-03-20
通讯作者:
董全民
作者简介:
. E-mail: qmdong@qhu.edu.cn基金资助:
Jie GAO1(), Xin-quan ZHAO2, Wen-ting LIU1, Xiao-xia YANG1, Chun-ping ZHANG1, Yang YU1, Quan CAO1, Yu-zhen LIU1, Xue ZHANG1, Quan-min DONG1,2()
Received:
2022-04-27
Revised:
2022-06-08
Online:
2023-05-20
Published:
2023-03-20
Contact:
Quan-min DONG
摘要:
青海省是青藏高原的重要组成部分,因此,探究当地的草畜平衡状况,揭示其草地生态系统承载能力的时空变化趋势,对实现草地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以青海省放牧家畜养殖为切入点,结合遥感影像数据与青海省畜牧业统计数据,对青海省草地生态系统的承载状态进行分析。结果显示:1)2005-2020年青海省放牧家畜数量共增长了25.35%;从家畜结构来看,玉树藏族自治州与果洛藏族自治州以牦牛饲养为主,海北藏族自治州、海南藏族自治州及海东市以绵羊饲养为主。2)青海省草地资源消耗量在这16年间增加了13.21%,总体表现为上升趋势,且各地级行政区间有所差异。3)青海省严重超载的地级行政区数量在2010年首次降至3个以下,整体草畜平衡状况于2013年表现最佳,草地承载压力总体有减缓趋势;分地区而言,压力增幅最明显的为海南藏族自治州,降幅最明显的为果洛藏族自治州。结果表明,2005-2020年青海省放牧家畜数量有所增加,但载畜压力有缓解趋势,省内各地级行政区在牲畜结构和压力变化方面都表现出了一定的差异性,明确了因地制宜的重要性。该结果可为青海省高寒草地生态管理及畜牧产业发展等方面提供科学依据。
高婕, 赵新全, 刘文亭, 杨晓霞, 张春平, 俞旸, 曹铨, 刘玉祯, 张雪, 董全民. 基于供给—消耗关系的青海省高寒草地承载力时空变化分析[J]. 草业学报, 2023, 32(5): 1-12.
Jie GAO, Xin-quan ZHAO, Wen-ting LIU, Xiao-xia YANG, Chun-ping ZHANG, Yang YU, Quan CAO, Yu-zhen LIU, Xue ZHANG, Quan-min DONG. Spatio-temporal analysis of the alpine grassland carrying capacity in Qinghai Province considering a supply-consumption relationship[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2023, 32(5): 1-12.
图1 2020年青海省土地利用类型分布该图基于审图号GS(2019)3333号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。下同。The map was based on the standard map with the drawing review No. GS(2019)3333, and the base map was not modified. The same below.
Fig.1 Distribution of land use types in Qinghai Province in 2020
牲畜类型 Livestock type | 绵羊Sheep | 藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 牦牛Yak | 马Horse |
---|---|---|---|---|
折算系数Conversion coefficient | 1.0 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
表1 青海省标准羊单位折算系数
Table 1 Conversion coefficient of standard sheep unit in Qinghai Province
牲畜类型 Livestock type | 绵羊Sheep | 藏羊 Tibetan sheep | 牦牛Yak | 马Horse |
---|---|---|---|---|
折算系数Conversion coefficient | 1.0 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
草地承载状态指数GCSI | <0.6 | 0.6~0.8 | 0.8~1.0 | 1.0~1.2 | 1.2~1.4 | >1.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
草地承载状态GCS | 富富有余Rich | 盈余Surplus | 平衡有余Balance | 临界超载Critical overload | 超载Overload | 严重超载Severe overload |
表2 草地承载状态分级
Table 2 Classification of grassland carrying state
草地承载状态指数GCSI | <0.6 | 0.6~0.8 | 0.8~1.0 | 1.0~1.2 | 1.2~1.4 | >1.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
草地承载状态GCS | 富富有余Rich | 盈余Surplus | 平衡有余Balance | 临界超载Critical overload | 超载Overload | 严重超载Severe overload |
图5 2005-2020年青海省各地级行政区SNPP、CNPP、GCSI变化趋势A: 西宁市Xining City; B: 海东市Haidong City; C: 海北藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Haibei; D: 海南藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Hainan; E: 黄南藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Huangnan; F: 果洛藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Golog; G: 玉树藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yushu; H: 海西蒙古族藏族自治州Mongolian Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Haixi.
Fig.5 Trend of SNPP, CNPP and GCSI in prefecture-level administrative regions of Qinghai Province from 2005 to 2020
1 | Fan Y P, Fang C L. Evolution process and obstacle factors of ecological security in western China, a case study of Qinghai province. Ecological Indicators, 2020, 117: 106659. |
2 | Li G, Sun W L, Zhang H, et al. Balance between actual number of livestock and livestock carrying capacity of grassland after added forage of straw based on remote sensing in Tibetan Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(17): 200-211. |
李刚, 孙炜琳, 张华, 等. 基于秸秆补饲的青藏高原草地载畜量平衡遥感监测. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(17): 200-211. | |
3 | Lin B, Tan Z L, Tang S X, et al. Research progress in methodologies for carrying capacity and proper stocking rate in grassland ecological system. Pratacultural Science, 2008, 25(8): 91-99. |
林波, 谭支良, 汤少勋, 等. 草地生态系统载畜量与合理放牧率研究方法进展. 草业科学, 2008, 25(8): 91-99. | |
4 | Feng Y, Lu Q, Tokola T, et al. Assessment of grassland degradation in Guinan county, Qinghai Province, China, in the past 30 years. Land Degradation & Development, 2009, 20(1): 55-68. |
5 | Harris R B. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes. Journal of Arid Environments, 2010, 74(1): 1-12. |
6 | Phesheya D, Pauline C, Alan M, et al. Land degradation impact on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of sub-tropical humid grasslands in South Africa. Geoderma, 2014, 235/236: 372-381. |
7 | Su Y Z, Li Y L, Cui J Y, et al. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Catena, 2004, 59(3): 267-278. |
8 | Hilker T, Natsagdorj E, Waring R H, et al. Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing. Global Change Biology, 2014, 20(2): 418-428. |
9 | Kang L, Han X G, Zhang Z B, et al. Grassland ecosystems in China: Review of current knowledge and research advancement. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 2007, 362(1482): 997-1008. |
10 | Zhang J T. Grassland degradation and our strategies: A case from Shanxi Province, China. Rangelands, 2006, 28(1): 37-43. |
11 | Martin W, Olivia K, Markus S, et al. Short-term degradation of semiarid grasslands-results from a controlled-grazing experiment in Northern China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2012, 175: 434-442. |
12 | Lyu X, Li X B, Dang D L, et al. A new method for grassland degradation monitoring by vegetation species composition using hyperspectral remote sensing. Ecological Indicators, 2020, 114: 106310. |
13 | Lv X, Wang J L, Kang H J, et al. Balance analysis between forage and livestock based on grassland production estimation by remote sensing in Golog and Yushu Region, Qinghai, China during 2006-2015. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(10): 1821-1832. |
吕鑫, 王卷乐, 康海军, 等. 基于遥感估产的2006-2015年青海果洛与玉树地区草畜平衡分析. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(10): 1821-1832. | |
14 | Zhang F P, Wang H W, Zhu Y W, et al. Study on the aboveground biomass of natural grassland and balance between forage and livestock in Qilian County. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(7): 1183-1192. |
张福平, 王虎威, 朱艺文, 等. 祁连县天然草地地上生物量及草畜平衡研究. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(7): 1183-1192. | |
15 | Liu J Y, Liu M L, Deng X Z, et al. The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2002, 12(3): 275-282. |
16 | Peng S Z. 1 km monthly precipitation dataset for China (1901-2020). National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, 2020. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3185722. |
彭守璋. 中国1 km分辨率逐月降水量数据集(1901-2020). 国家青藏高原科学数据中心, 2020. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3185722. | |
17 | Ding Y X, Peng S Z. Spatiotemporal trends and attribution of drought across China from 1901-2100. Sustainability, 2020, 12(2): 477. |
18 | Li W J, Jiu C L, Tan Z H, et al. Natural grassland productivity and the livestock-feeds balance in Qinghai Province. Resources Science, 2012, 34(2): 367-372. |
李文娟, 九次力, 谭忠厚, 等. 青海省草地生产力及草畜平衡状况研究. 资源科学, 2012, 34(2): 367-372. | |
19 | Liu J H, Huang X, He X Y, et al. Estimation of grassland yield and carrying capacity in Qinghai Province based on MODIS data. Pratacultural Science, 2018, 35(10): 2520-2529. |
刘建红, 黄鑫, 何旭洋, 等. 基于MODIS的青海草原产草量及载畜平衡估算. 草业科学, 2018, 35(10): 2520-2529. | |
20 | Zhao H F, Li X D, Zhang D, et al. Aboveground biomass in grasslands in Qinghai Province estimated from MODIS data and its influencing factors. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(12): 5-16. |
赵慧芳, 李晓东, 张东, 等. 基于MODIS数据的青海省草地地上生物量估算及影响因素研究. 草业学报, 2020, 29(12): 5-16. | |
21 | Li M, He Y T, Zhang L B, et al. Dynamics of grassland ANPP and its relationship with climate change and carrying capacity in the Three River Headwater Region. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2017, 39(3): 49-56. |
李猛, 何永涛, 张林波, 等. 三江源草地ANPP变化特征及其与气候因子和载畜量的关系. 中国草地学报, 2017, 39(3): 49-56. | |
22 | Zeng C X, Wu J S, Zhang X Z. Effects of grazing on above- vs. below-ground biomass allocation of alpine grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau. PLoS One, 2015, 10(8): e0135173. |
23 | Su D X, Yang Z, Yun X J, et al. NY/T 635-2015. Calculation of reasonable stocking capacity of natural grassland. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2015. |
苏大学, 杨智, 贠旭疆, 等. NY/T 635-2015. 天然草地合理载畜量的计算. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2015. | |
24 | Dong Y, Yan H M, Du W P, et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of grassland carrying capacity in Mongolian Plateau based on supply-consumption relationship. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(5): 1093-1107. |
董昱, 闫慧敏, 杜文鹏, 等. 基于供给—消耗关系的蒙古高原草地承载力时空变化分析. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(5): 1093-1107. | |
25 | Wang Q, Wu C Y, Chen K L, et al. Estimating grassland yield and carrying capacity in Qinghai Lake Basin based on MODIS NPP data. Ecological Science, 2019, 38(4): 178-185. |
王琪, 吴成永, 陈克龙, 等. 基于MODIS NPP数据的青海湖流域产草量与载畜量估算研究. 生态科学, 2019, 38(4): 178-185. | |
26 | Chen S R, Wang S X, Zhou Y. Estimation of Chinese grassland productivity using remote sensing. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2008, 24(1): 208-212. |
陈世荣, 王世新, 周艺. 基于遥感的中国草地生产力初步计算. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 208-212. | |
27 | Piao S L, Fang J Y, He J S, et al. Spatial distribution of grassland biomass in China. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2004, 28(4): 491-498. |
朴世龙, 方精云, 贺金生, 等. 中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2004, 28(4): 491-498. | |
28 | Du W P, Yan H M, Feng Z M, et al. Ecological carrying capacity in the China-Nepal corridor based on supply consumption relationship. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2020, 40(18): 6445-6458. |
杜文鹏, 闫慧敏, 封志明, 等. 基于生态供给-消耗平衡关系的中尼廊道地区生态承载力研究. 生态学报, 2020, 40(18): 6445-6458. | |
29 | Feng Z M, Yang Y Z, Zhang J. The land carrying capacity of China based on man-grain relationship. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(5): 865-875. |
封志明, 杨艳昭, 张晶. 中国基于人粮关系的土地资源承载力研究: 从分县到全国. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(5): 865-875. | |
30 | Shao J A, Lu Q S, Zhang X Y. Remote sensing-based characteristics of grassland degradation in the arid western Three-River Sources Regions of Qinghai in the past 30 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(4): 643-656. |
邵景安, 芦清水, 张小咏. 近30年青海三江源西部干旱区草地退化特征的遥感分析. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(4): 643-656. | |
31 | Zhao Z P, Wu X P, Li G, et al. The cause of grassland degradation in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2013, 33(20): 6577-6586. |
赵志平, 吴晓莆, 李果, 等. 青海三江源区果洛藏族自治州草地退化成因分析. 生态学报, 2013, 33(20): 6577-6586. | |
32 | Qian S, Mao L X, Hou Y Y, et al. Livestock carrying capacity and balance between carrying capacity of grassland with added forage and actual livestock in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(3): 389-397, 498. |
钱拴, 毛留喜, 侯英雨, 等. 青藏高原载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究. 自然资源学报, 2007, 22(3): 389-397, 498. | |
33 | Qian Q, Zhang X J, Wang J B, et al. The spatio-temporal pattern of grazing pressure in the Three-River Headwaters in Qinghai Province from 2005 to 2017. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2021, 29(6): 1311-1317. |
钱前, 张秀娟, 王军邦, 等. 2005-2017年青海三江源区草地家畜承载力时空格局研究. 草地学报, 2021, 29(6): 1311-1317. | |
34 | Xu X L, Wang L, Li J, et al. Analysis of the grassland restoration trend and degradation situation in the “Three-River Headwaters” Region since the implementation of the ecological project. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017, 19(1): 50-58. |
徐新良, 王靓, 李静, 等. 三江源生态工程实施以来草地恢复态势及现状分析. 地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(1): 50-58. | |
35 | Fan X M. Study on population growth and ecological resources carrying capacity in Qinghai: Analysis based on 2010 statistics. Truth Seeking, 2013(S1): 157-160. |
樊新民. 青海人口增长与生态资源承载力研究——基于2010年统计数据的分析. 求实, 2013(S1): 157-160. | |
36 | Chen X X, Shi F S, Sun F D, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of livestock population and structure of typical animal husbandry counties in northwestern Sichuan. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2019, 25(1): 63-69. |
陈晓霞, 石福孙, 孙飞达, 等. 川西北典型牧业县放牧家畜数量及结构的空间分布特征. 应用与环境生物学报, 2019, 25(1): 63-69. | |
37 | Dan Z. Current situation and strategies of grassland animal husbandry farming and sustainable development in Dangxiong of Tibet. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2005. |
旦增. 当雄县草地畜牧业现状及可持续发展对策. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2005. | |
38 | Wang G Q, Liu X Y. Discussion on the balance of grassland and livestock in Inner Mongolia. Ecological Economy, 2017, 33(4): 160-164. |
王关区, 刘小燕. 内蒙古草原草畜平衡的探讨. 生态经济, 2017, 33(4): 160-164. | |
39 | Li Z Q. Effects of grassland degradation and grazing period on foraging behavior and foraging interaction of cattle and sheep. Changchun: Northeast Normal University, 2019. |
李直强. 草地退化和放牧时期对牛羊采食行为及采食互作关系的影响. 长春: 东北师范大学, 2019. | |
40 | Olff H, Ritchie M E, Prins H H T. Global environmental controls of diversity in large herbivores. Nature, 2002, 415(6874): 901-904. |
41 | Feng X L, Liu M Y, Qiu H G. Impact of grassland eco-compensation policy on herders’ overgrazing behavior: The moderating role of social capital. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019, 29(7): 157-165. |
冯晓龙, 刘明月, 仇焕广. 草原生态补奖政策能抑制牧户超载过牧行为吗?——基于社会资本调节效应的分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019, 29(7): 157-165. | |
42 | Shang H. Analysis on the impact of herders’ behavior on grassland degradation empirical study of Qinghai Lake area in Qinghai Province. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012. |
尚华. 牧户行为对草地退化的影响分析——以环青海湖地区牧户研究为例. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2012. | |
43 | Liu Y Y, Zhang Z Y, Tong L J, et al. Assessing the effects of climate variation and human activities on grassland degradation and restoration across the globe. Ecological Indicators, 2019, 106: 105504. |
[1] | 姜晓群, 林哲艳, 时钰, 赵晋灵, 李昂. 美国公共放牧地管理政策演进的历史经验[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(11): 151-164. |
[2] | 丁文强, 杨正荣, 马驰, 李西良, 尹燕亭, 侯向阳. 草原生态保护补助奖励政策牧民满意度及影响因素研究[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(4): 12-22. |
[3] | 杨帆, 邵全琴, 郭兴健, 李愈哲, 王东亮, 张雅娴, 汪阳春, 刘纪远, 樊江文. 玛多县大型野生食草动物种群数量对草畜平衡的影响研究[J]. 草业学报, 2018, 27(7): 1-13. |
[4] | 崔亚楠, 李少伟, 余成群, 田原, 钟志明, 武建双. 西藏天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策对农牧民家庭收入的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2017, 26(3): 22-32. |
[5] | 张良侠,樊江文,邵全琴,唐风沛,张海燕,李愈哲. 生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析[J]. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 116-123. |
[6] | 徐敏云. 草地载畜量研究进展:中国草畜平衡研究困境与展望[J]. 草业学报, 2014, 23(5): 321-329. |
[7] | 杨博,吴建平,杨联,David Kemp, 宫旭胤,Taro Takahashi,冯明廷. 中国北方草原草畜代谢能平衡分析与对策研究[J]. 草业学报, 2012, 21(2): 187-195. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||