草业学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 29-46.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2023345
收稿日期:
2023-09-19
修回日期:
2023-10-30
出版日期:
2024-06-20
发布日期:
2024-03-20
通讯作者:
刘会芳
作者简介:
E-mail: liuhf210@163.com基金资助:
Liu-fang SU1(), Huan-guang QIU2, Hui-fang LIU3,4(), Ling-ling HOU4
Received:
2023-09-19
Revised:
2023-10-30
Online:
2024-06-20
Published:
2024-03-20
Contact:
Hui-fang LIU
摘要:
生态补偿有效性不足,资源约束下的生计受限是政策失效的重要原因。从替代性生计视角探讨生态补偿有效性提升,可为生态补偿和生计关系的不一致观点提供调和思路,也有助于促进生态补偿深化改革。本研究以草原生态补奖政策为例,利用甘肃和青海两年追踪调查数据,基于牧户禁牧行为实验,采用区间数据模型和双变量probit模型,从非牧就业和就业培训视角,检验牧户过去6年的替代性生计特征和村级过去4年的替代性生计措施对牧户禁牧受偿意愿的影响,揭示替代性生计对草原生态补奖政策有效性的提升作用。结果发现:牧户替代性生计特征是降低其禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下优化补奖政策效果的重要因素,但只有高收益、高稳定性的高技能非牧就业才能发挥有效作用;村级提供就业培训服务有利于降低牧户禁牧受偿意愿、在当前补偿标准下提升补奖政策有效性,但该作用需持续3~4年的累积才能显现。因此,生态补偿改革应充分重视受偿主体的替代性生计转型和发展问题。
苏柳方, 仇焕广, 刘会芳, 侯玲玲. 替代性生计提高生态补偿有效性的效果与机理——以草原生态补奖政策为例[J]. 草业学报, 2024, 33(6): 29-46.
Liu-fang SU, Huan-guang QIU, Hui-fang LIU, Ling-ling HOU. Effect and mechanisms of alternative livelihood options for improving herder engagement with ecological compensation policy-a study of outcomes under China’s “Grassland ecological compensation policy”[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2024, 33(6): 29-46.
受偿方案编号 Compensation scheme number | 第一次投标值 First bid value | 第二次投标低值 Second low bid value | 第二次投标高值 Second high bid value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 45 | 22.5 | 120 |
2 | 120 | 45 | 300 |
3 | 300 | 120 | 1200 |
4 | 1200 | 300 | 2550 |
5 | 2550 | 1200 | 4500 |
6 | 4500 | 2550 | 7200 |
表1 完全禁牧受偿方案设计
Table 1 Design of compensation scheme for complete grazing ban (CNY·hm-2·yr-1)
受偿方案编号 Compensation scheme number | 第一次投标值 First bid value | 第二次投标低值 Second low bid value | 第二次投标高值 Second high bid value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 45 | 22.5 | 120 |
2 | 120 | 45 | 300 |
3 | 300 | 120 | 1200 |
4 | 1200 | 300 | 2550 |
5 | 2550 | 1200 | 4500 |
6 | 4500 | 2550 | 7200 |
非牧生计活动 Non-farm livelihood | 描述 Description |
---|---|
低技能非牧就业 Low-skilled non-farm work | 1)工厂的工人Factory workers;2)建筑业工人Building workers;3)矿业工人Mining workers;4)其他工人Other workers;5)工匠(木匠、水泥匠)Artisans (carpenters, cement workers);6)服务业工人(餐厅服务员、保洁、保安等)Service workers (restaurant waiters, cleaners, security guards, etc.); 7)农忙时节的农牧业务工和打零工等Farm workers and odd jobber during the busy farming season. |
高技能非牧就业 High-skilled non-farm work | 1)商业员工Commercial employees;2)办事人员(秘书等)Clerical staff (secretaries, etc.);3)各类专业技术人员(教师、医生等)Professional and technical personnel (teachers, doctors, etc.);4)党政企事业单位人员Personnel of Party and government enterprises and institutions;5)企业的管理人员Management personnel of the enterprise;6)自营工商业,包括个体商贩、自营工业、自营服务业(自家跑运输、开理发店等)等Self-employed industry and commerce, including individual traders, self-employed industry, self-employed service industry (own transportation, barber shop, etc.). |
表2 非牧生计类型的划分依据
Table 2 Type classification of non-farm livelihood
非牧生计活动 Non-farm livelihood | 描述 Description |
---|---|
低技能非牧就业 Low-skilled non-farm work | 1)工厂的工人Factory workers;2)建筑业工人Building workers;3)矿业工人Mining workers;4)其他工人Other workers;5)工匠(木匠、水泥匠)Artisans (carpenters, cement workers);6)服务业工人(餐厅服务员、保洁、保安等)Service workers (restaurant waiters, cleaners, security guards, etc.); 7)农忙时节的农牧业务工和打零工等Farm workers and odd jobber during the busy farming season. |
高技能非牧就业 High-skilled non-farm work | 1)商业员工Commercial employees;2)办事人员(秘书等)Clerical staff (secretaries, etc.);3)各类专业技术人员(教师、医生等)Professional and technical personnel (teachers, doctors, etc.);4)党政企事业单位人员Personnel of Party and government enterprises and institutions;5)企业的管理人员Management personnel of the enterprise;6)自营工商业,包括个体商贩、自营工业、自营服务业(自家跑运输、开理发店等)等Self-employed industry and commerce, including individual traders, self-employed industry, self-employed service industry (own transportation, barber shop, etc.). |
项目 Item | 样本量 Number of samples | 家庭劳动力比例 Household labor ratio (%) | 劳动力平均受教育年限 Average schooling years of household labor (yr) | 人均年补奖资金 Per capita annual compensation amount (CNY·Capita-1·yr-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
有效追踪样本Effective tracking samples | 248 | 73.59 | 4.08 | 5542.16 |
丢失样本Untraceable samples | 90 | 69.59 | 4.05 | 5822.15 |
独立样本均值检验的P值(双边T检验)P value of independent sample mean test (Bilateral T test) | 0.20 | 0.93 | 0.86 |
表3 丢失样本的异质性检验
Table 3 Heterogeneity test of untraceable samples
项目 Item | 样本量 Number of samples | 家庭劳动力比例 Household labor ratio (%) | 劳动力平均受教育年限 Average schooling years of household labor (yr) | 人均年补奖资金 Per capita annual compensation amount (CNY·Capita-1·yr-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
有效追踪样本Effective tracking samples | 248 | 73.59 | 4.08 | 5542.16 |
丢失样本Untraceable samples | 90 | 69.59 | 4.05 | 5822.15 |
独立样本均值检验的P值(双边T检验)P value of independent sample mean test (Bilateral T test) | 0.20 | 0.93 | 0.86 |
时间Year | 类型Type | 数值Value |
---|---|---|
2020 | 参与低技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work | 22.93 |
低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work | 9.84 | |
参与高技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work | 18.02 | |
高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work | 6.25 | |
2015-2020 | 6年均不参与低技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households not participating in low-skilled non-farm work during 6 years | 71.77 |
6年间有参与低技能非牧就业但收入稳定性较低的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 6 years | 16.94 | |
6年间有参与低技能非牧就业且收入稳定性较高的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 6 years | 11.29 | |
6年均不参与高技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households not participating in high-skilled non-farm work during 6 years | 70.97 | |
6年间有参与高技能非牧就业但收入稳定性较低的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 6 years | 8.47 | |
6年间有参与高技能非牧就业且收入稳定性较高的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 6 years | 20.56 |
表4 样本牧户替代性生计特征
Table 4 Characteristics of alternative livelihoods of sample herders (%)
时间Year | 类型Type | 数值Value |
---|---|---|
2020 | 参与低技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work | 22.93 |
低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work | 9.84 | |
参与高技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work | 18.02 | |
高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work | 6.25 | |
2015-2020 | 6年均不参与低技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households not participating in low-skilled non-farm work during 6 years | 71.77 |
6年间有参与低技能非牧就业但收入稳定性较低的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 6 years | 16.94 | |
6年间有参与低技能非牧就业且收入稳定性较高的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 6 years | 11.29 | |
6年均不参与高技能非牧就业牧户占比Ratio of households not participating in high-skilled non-farm work during 6 years | 70.97 | |
6年间有参与高技能非牧就业但收入稳定性较低的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 6 years | 8.47 | |
6年间有参与高技能非牧就业且收入稳定性较高的牧户占比Ratio of households participating in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 6 years | 20.56 |
图4 2017-2020年村级替代性生计措施落实情况数据来源:根据调研数据整理。Data source: Collated according to survey data.
Fig.4 Village-level implementation of alternative livelihood measures during 2017-2020
项目 Item | 变量 Variable | 定义 Definition | 均值 Mean | 方差 SD | 最小值 Min | 最大值 Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WTA实验 变量WTA experiment variables | 第一次投标值First bid value | 元·hm-2 CNY·ha-1 | 1371.109 | 1543.060 | 45.0 | 4500 |
第二次投标值Second bid value | 元·hm-2 CNY·ha-1 | 1768.458 | 2021.472 | 22.5 | 7200 | |
第一次选择First choice | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.262 | 0.441 | 0 | 1 | |
第二次选择Second choice | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.242 | 0.429 | 0 | 1 | |
村级替代性 生计措施变量Village-level variables of alternative livelihood measures | 2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | 年份Year | 1.633 | 1.815 | 0 | 4 |
2020年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.419 | 0.494 | 0 | 1 | |
2019年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.456 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | |
2018年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.435 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 | |
2017年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.323 | 0.468 | 0 | 1 | |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.415 | 0.494 | 0 | 1 | |
牧户替代性生计特征变量 Household-level variables of alternative livelihood characteristic | 2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 取值0到1 Ranges from 0 to 1 | 0.098 | 0.240 | 0 | 1 |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 取值0到1 Ranges from 0 to 1 | 0.063 | 0.179 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 2015-2020a | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.169 | 0.376 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 2015-2020a | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.113 | 0.317 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 2015-2020b | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.085 | 0.279 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 2015-2020b | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.206 | 0.405 | 0 | 1 | |
控制变量 Control variables | 家庭人口数量Household population size | 人Capita | 4.859 | 1.953 | 1 | 12 |
户主年龄Age of household head | 岁Years old | 51.883 | 11.553 | 23 | 96 | |
过去5年受灾次数Number of disasters in the past five years | 次Times | 0.915 | 1.742 | 0 | 10 | |
距离最近公路的距离Distance from the nearest road | 千米km | 7.459 | 14.591 | 0 | 80 | |
是否通宽带Broadband access or not | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.327 | 0.470 | 0 | 1 | |
是否加入合作社Whether to join a cooperative | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.379 | 0.486 | 0 | 1 | |
草场经营面积Grassland area | 万hm2 104 ha | 0.056 | 0.158 | 0 | 1.267 | |
省份Province | 甘肃Gansu=0 青海Qinghai=1 | 0.621 | 0.486 | 0 | 1 |
表5 主要变量描述性统计分析
Table 5 Descriptive statistical analysis
项目 Item | 变量 Variable | 定义 Definition | 均值 Mean | 方差 SD | 最小值 Min | 最大值 Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WTA实验 变量WTA experiment variables | 第一次投标值First bid value | 元·hm-2 CNY·ha-1 | 1371.109 | 1543.060 | 45.0 | 4500 |
第二次投标值Second bid value | 元·hm-2 CNY·ha-1 | 1768.458 | 2021.472 | 22.5 | 7200 | |
第一次选择First choice | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.262 | 0.441 | 0 | 1 | |
第二次选择Second choice | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.242 | 0.429 | 0 | 1 | |
村级替代性 生计措施变量Village-level variables of alternative livelihood measures | 2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | 年份Year | 1.633 | 1.815 | 0 | 4 |
2020年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.419 | 0.494 | 0 | 1 | |
2019年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.456 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | |
2018年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.435 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 | |
2017年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.323 | 0.468 | 0 | 1 | |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.415 | 0.494 | 0 | 1 | |
牧户替代性生计特征变量 Household-level variables of alternative livelihood characteristic | 2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 取值0到1 Ranges from 0 to 1 | 0.098 | 0.240 | 0 | 1 |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 取值0到1 Ranges from 0 to 1 | 0.063 | 0.179 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 2015-2020a | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.169 | 0.376 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 2015-2020a | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.113 | 0.317 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability during 2015-2020b | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.085 | 0.279 | 0 | 1 | |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability during 2015-2020b | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.206 | 0.405 | 0 | 1 | |
控制变量 Control variables | 家庭人口数量Household population size | 人Capita | 4.859 | 1.953 | 1 | 12 |
户主年龄Age of household head | 岁Years old | 51.883 | 11.553 | 23 | 96 | |
过去5年受灾次数Number of disasters in the past five years | 次Times | 0.915 | 1.742 | 0 | 10 | |
距离最近公路的距离Distance from the nearest road | 千米km | 7.459 | 14.591 | 0 | 80 | |
是否通宽带Broadband access or not | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.327 | 0.470 | 0 | 1 | |
是否加入合作社Whether to join a cooperative | 是Yes=1,否No=0 | 0.379 | 0.486 | 0 | 1 | |
草场经营面积Grassland area | 万hm2 104 ha | 0.056 | 0.158 | 0 | 1.267 | |
省份Province | 甘肃Gansu=0 青海Qinghai=1 | 0.621 | 0.486 | 0 | 1 |
变量 Variable | 完全禁牧受偿意愿WTA for grazing ban | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型1 Model 1 | 模型2 Model 2 | 模型3 Model 3 | 模型4 Model 4 | 模型5 Model 5 | 模型6 Model 6 | |
2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | — | 670.215 (1098.684) | 153.118 (1111.635) | — | — | — |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | — | -3175.442** (1463.547) | -2648.788** (1335.003) | — | — | — |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与低技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | ||||||
低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | — | — | -642.489 (615.189) | 923.091 (708.724) | 770.347 (701.919) |
低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | — | — | -420.386 (516.533) | 186.775 (697.794) | 286.386 (660.812) |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与高技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | ||||||
高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | — | — | — | -1243.256 (754.762) | -722.734 (752.387) |
高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | — | — | — | -1105.483** (521.164) | -919.531* (535.803) |
家庭人口数量Household population size | — | — | 223.641 (141.148) | — | — | 163.139 (128.346) |
户主年龄Age of household head | — | — | -53.075** (22.214) | — | — | -50.289** (19.956) |
过去5年受灾次数Number of disasters in the past five years | — | — | 151.340 (150.052) | — | — | 108.970 (134.049) |
距离最近公路的距离Distance from the nearest road | — | — | 8.748 (19.917) | — | — | -3.835 (13.515) |
是否通宽带Broadband access or not | — | — | -1110.115* (585.479) | — | — | -810.173 (581.843) |
是否加入合作社Whether to join a cooperative | — | — | -119.680 (544.933) | — | — | -36.505 (496.361) |
草场经营面积Grassland area | — | — | 616.332 (965.690) | — | — | -453.266 (1137.682) |
省份Province | — | — | 69.009 (582.354) | — | — | 131.726 (580.545) |
常数项Constant | 3564.136*** (320.586) | 3741.206*** (383.252) | 5642.024*** (1557.927) | 3825.287*** (414.214) | 3734.734*** (383.457) | 5688.563*** (1414.755) |
参数σ | 2946.707*** (267.005) | 2945.953*** (285.626) | 2867.343*** (274.811) | 2927.345*** (267.129) | 2880.209*** (262.147) | 2816.909*** (249.556) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
对数似然值Log likelihood | 303.241 | -265.225 | -257.011 | -302.596 | -299.325 | -292.357 |
表6 牧户替代性生计特征对完全禁牧受偿意愿的影响
Table 6 Effects of herders’ alternative livelihood characteristics on WTA for grazing ban
变量 Variable | 完全禁牧受偿意愿WTA for grazing ban | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型1 Model 1 | 模型2 Model 2 | 模型3 Model 3 | 模型4 Model 4 | 模型5 Model 5 | 模型6 Model 6 | |
2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | — | 670.215 (1098.684) | 153.118 (1111.635) | — | — | — |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | — | -3175.442** (1463.547) | -2648.788** (1335.003) | — | — | — |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与低技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | ||||||
低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | — | — | -642.489 (615.189) | 923.091 (708.724) | 770.347 (701.919) |
低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | — | — | -420.386 (516.533) | 186.775 (697.794) | 286.386 (660.812) |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与高技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | ||||||
高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | — | — | — | -1243.256 (754.762) | -722.734 (752.387) |
高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | — | — | — | -1105.483** (521.164) | -919.531* (535.803) |
家庭人口数量Household population size | — | — | 223.641 (141.148) | — | — | 163.139 (128.346) |
户主年龄Age of household head | — | — | -53.075** (22.214) | — | — | -50.289** (19.956) |
过去5年受灾次数Number of disasters in the past five years | — | — | 151.340 (150.052) | — | — | 108.970 (134.049) |
距离最近公路的距离Distance from the nearest road | — | — | 8.748 (19.917) | — | — | -3.835 (13.515) |
是否通宽带Broadband access or not | — | — | -1110.115* (585.479) | — | — | -810.173 (581.843) |
是否加入合作社Whether to join a cooperative | — | — | -119.680 (544.933) | — | — | -36.505 (496.361) |
草场经营面积Grassland area | — | — | 616.332 (965.690) | — | — | -453.266 (1137.682) |
省份Province | — | — | 69.009 (582.354) | — | — | 131.726 (580.545) |
常数项Constant | 3564.136*** (320.586) | 3741.206*** (383.252) | 5642.024*** (1557.927) | 3825.287*** (414.214) | 3734.734*** (383.457) | 5688.563*** (1414.755) |
参数σ | 2946.707*** (267.005) | 2945.953*** (285.626) | 2867.343*** (274.811) | 2927.345*** (267.129) | 2880.209*** (262.147) | 2816.909*** (249.556) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
对数似然值Log likelihood | 303.241 | -265.225 | -257.011 | -302.596 | -299.325 | -292.357 |
变量 Variable | 完全禁牧受偿意愿WTA for grazing ban | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型7 Model 7 | 模型8 Model 8 | 模型9 Model 9 | 模型10 Model 10 | 模型11 Model 11 | 模型12 Model 12 | |
2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | -264.937** (126.272) | -270.796* (139.704) | — | — | — | — |
2020年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | — | — | -1587.348** (797.271) | -2075.630** (938.479) | — | — |
2019年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | — | — | 2244.703 (1590.828) | 2659.447 (2114.153) | — | — |
2018年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | — | — | -209.523 (1529.792) | -462.267 (2031.298) | — | — |
2017年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | — | — | -1793.745** (768.561) | -1671.326* (881.894) | — | — |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | — | — | — | — | -951.890** (458.681) | -928.908* (492.347) |
控制变量Control variables | 否No | 是Yes | 否No | 是Yes | 否No | 是Yes |
常数项Constant | 3993.326*** (415.669) | 6655.659*** (246.768) | 3883.661*** (409.705) | 7036.829*** (1531.615) | 3956.503*** (406.024) | 6526.355*** (1500.732) |
参数σ | 2908.083*** (261.269) | 2818.110*** (246.768) | 2860.632*** (260.027) | 2762.067*** (240.166) | 2909.298*** (260.815) | 2821.826*** (246.327) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
对数似然值Log likelihood | -301.001 | -292.704 | -297.637 | -289.405 | -301.118 | -292.909 |
表7 村级替代性生计措施对完全禁牧受偿意愿的影响
Table 7 Effects of village-level alternative livelihood measures on WTA for grazing ban
变量 Variable | 完全禁牧受偿意愿WTA for grazing ban | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型7 Model 7 | 模型8 Model 8 | 模型9 Model 9 | 模型10 Model 10 | 模型11 Model 11 | 模型12 Model 12 | |
2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | -264.937** (126.272) | -270.796* (139.704) | — | — | — | — |
2020年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | — | — | -1587.348** (797.271) | -2075.630** (938.479) | — | — |
2019年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | — | — | 2244.703 (1590.828) | 2659.447 (2114.153) | — | — |
2018年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | — | — | -209.523 (1529.792) | -462.267 (2031.298) | — | — |
2017年是否提供就业培训 Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | — | — | -1793.745** (768.561) | -1671.326* (881.894) | — | — |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | — | — | — | — | -951.890** (458.681) | -928.908* (492.347) |
控制变量Control variables | 否No | 是Yes | 否No | 是Yes | 否No | 是Yes |
常数项Constant | 3993.326*** (415.669) | 6655.659*** (246.768) | 3883.661*** (409.705) | 7036.829*** (1531.615) | 3956.503*** (406.024) | 6526.355*** (1500.732) |
参数σ | 2908.083*** (261.269) | 2818.110*** (246.768) | 2860.632*** (260.027) | 2762.067*** (240.166) | 2909.298*** (260.815) | 2821.826*** (246.327) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
对数似然值Log likelihood | -301.001 | -292.704 | -297.637 | -289.405 | -301.118 | -292.909 |
变量 Variables | 是否愿意接受禁牧补偿同意完全禁牧 Whether to accept compensation and agree to grazing ban | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型13 Model 13 | 模型14 Model 14 | 模型15 Model 15 | 模型16 Model 16 | 模型17 Model 17 | |
第一次或第二次投标值First bid value or second bid value | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) |
2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | -0.195 (0.326) | — | — | — | — |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 0.761* (0.408) | — | — | — | — |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与低技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | |||||
低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | -0.298 (0.195) | — | — | — |
低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | -0.312 (0.246) | — | — | — |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与高技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | |||||
高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | 0.274 (0.247) | — | — | — |
高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | 0.300* (0.172) | — | — | — |
2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | — | — | 0.080* (0.042) | — | — |
2020年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | — | — | — | 0.654** (0.301) | — |
2019年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | — | — | — | -1.073 (0.699) | — |
2018年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | — | — | — | 0.424 (0.662) | — |
2017年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | — | — | — | 0.460* (0.280) | — |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | — | — | — | — | 0.275* (0.152) |
控制变量Control variables | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes |
常数项Constant | -1.597*** (0.467) | -0.831*** (0.153) | -1.991*** (0.454) | -2.142*** (0.463) | -1.952*** (0.450) |
参数的反tan函数值 Athrho | 0.348** (0.156) | 0.444*** (0.148) | 0.375*** (0.149) | 0.353*** (0.150) | 0.375** (0.149) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
Wald统计量Wald statistic | 45.870*** | 36.040*** | 46.540*** | 50.420*** | 6.345** |
对数似然值Log likelihood | -216.300 | -257.519 | -250.809 | -247.597 | -250.973 |
表8 基于Biprobit模型的稳健性检验
Table 8 Robustness check by Biprobit model
变量 Variables | 是否愿意接受禁牧补偿同意完全禁牧 Whether to accept compensation and agree to grazing ban | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型13 Model 13 | 模型14 Model 14 | 模型15 Model 15 | 模型16 Model 16 | 模型17 Model 17 | |
第一次或第二次投标值First bid value or second bid value | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) | 0.000*** (0.000) |
2020年低技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from low-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | -0.195 (0.326) | — | — | — | — |
2020年高技能非牧就业收入占比Share of income from high-skilled non-farm work in 2020 | 0.761* (0.408) | — | — | — | — |
2015-2020年低技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与低技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in low-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | |||||
低技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | -0.298 (0.195) | — | — | — |
低技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in low-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | -0.312 (0.246) | — | — | — |
2015-2020年高技能非牧就业稳定性Income stability of high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020(以“2015-2020年不参与高技能非牧就业”为对照组Base case is “No participation in high-skilled non-farm work during 2015-2020”) | |||||
高技能非牧就业低稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with low income stability | — | 0.274 (0.247) | — | — | — |
高技能非牧就业高稳定性Whether to participate in high-skilled non-farm work with high income stability | — | 0.300* (0.172) | — | — | — |
2017-2020年提供就业培训年份数Number of years of job training services provided during 2017-2020 | — | — | 0.080* (0.042) | — | — |
2020年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2020 | — | — | — | 0.654** (0.301) | — |
2019年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2019 | — | — | — | -1.073 (0.699) | — |
2018年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2018 | — | — | — | 0.424 (0.662) | — |
2017年是否提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services in 2017 | — | — | — | 0.460* (0.280) | — |
是否连续3~4年提供就业培训Whether to provide job training services for 3~4 consecutive years | — | — | — | — | 0.275* (0.152) |
控制变量Control variables | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes | 是Yes |
常数项Constant | -1.597*** (0.467) | -0.831*** (0.153) | -1.991*** (0.454) | -2.142*** (0.463) | -1.952*** (0.450) |
参数的反tan函数值 Athrho | 0.348** (0.156) | 0.444*** (0.148) | 0.375*** (0.149) | 0.353*** (0.150) | 0.375** (0.149) |
样本量Observation | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 | 248 |
Wald统计量Wald statistic | 45.870*** | 36.040*** | 46.540*** | 50.420*** | 6.345** |
对数似然值Log likelihood | -216.300 | -257.519 | -250.809 | -247.597 | -250.973 |
1 | Wunder S. Payments for environmental services: Some nuts and bolts. Bogor: Cifor Occasional Paper, 2005: 42. |
2 | Wunder S, Albán M. Decentralized payments for environmental services: the cases of Pimampiro and PROFAFOR in Ecuador. Ecological Economics, 2008, 65(4): 685-698. |
3 | Ghosh G, Ribaudo M, Shortle J. Baseline requirements can hinder trades in water quality trading programs: Evidence from the Conestoga watershed.Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(8): 2076-2084. |
4 | Wunder S. Revisiting the concept of payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics, 2015, 117(9): 234-243. |
5 | Tan S H. Grassland ecological compensation policy needs to be innovated and upgraded. (2023-4-24) [2023/9/19], https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1764021419875204004&wfr=spider&for=pc. |
谭淑豪.草原生态补助奖励机制亟待创新升级. (2023-4-24) [2023/9/19], https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1764021419875204004&wfr=spider&for=pc. | |
6 | Yin Y, Hou Y, Langford C. Herder stocking rate and household income under the grassland ecological protection award policy in Northern China. Land Use Policy, 2019, 82: 120-129. |
7 | Yu Y, Wu Y, Wang P, et al. Grassland subsidies increase the number of livestock on the Tibetan plateau: why does the “Payment for ecosystem services” policy have the opposite outcome? Sustainability, 2021, 13(11): 6208. |
8 | Li J N, Li M, Ji H. Relationship among eco-compensation policy, income impact and life quality of herdsmen: Case of Qinghai province. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2022, 36(9): 63-71. |
李佳宁, 李敏, 冀昊. 生态补偿政策、收入影响与牧户生活质量——来自青海省河南蒙古自治县的实证证据. 干旱区资源与环境, 2022, 36(9) : 63-71. | |
9 | Jing S W, Zhang J. Can Xin’anjiang river basin horizontal ecological compensation reduce the intensity of water pollution. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018, 28(10): 152-159. |
景守武, 张捷. 新安江流域横向生态补偿降低水污染强度了吗. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2018, 28(10): 152-159. | |
10 | Liu M, Dries L, Heijman W, et al. The impact of ecological construction programs on grassland conservation in Inner Mongolia, China. Land Degradation and Development, 2018, 29(14): 326-336. |
11 | Hou L L, Xia F, Chen Q H, et al. Grassland ecological compensation policy in China improves grassland quality and increases herders’ income. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 1-12. |
12 | Zhang R X, Tan S H. The livestock reduction effect of the second-round grassland ecological compensation policy and its implication for the new-round policy implementation: an analysis based on microscopic time-series tracking data in Inner Mongolia pastoral areas. Chinese Rural Economy, 2022(5): 55-71. |
张如心, 谭淑豪. 第二轮草原生态保护补助奖励政策的减畜效应及其对新一轮政策的启示——基于内蒙古牧区微观时序追踪数据的分析. 中国农村经济, 2022(5): 55-71. | |
13 | Feng X L, Liu M Y, Qiu H G.Impact of grassland eco-compensation policy on herders’ overgrazing behavior: the moderating role of social capital. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019, 29(7): 157-165. |
冯晓龙, 刘明月, 仇焕广. 草原生态补奖政策能抑制牧户超载过牧行为吗?——基于社会资本调节效应的分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019, 29(7): 157-165. | |
14 | Yin X Q. Implementation performance and suggestions of grassland eco-compensation policies: based on Urat back banner, Inner Mongolia. Ecological Economy, 2017, 33(3): 39-45. |
尹晓青. 草原生态补偿政策: 实施效果及改进建议——以内蒙古乌拉特后旗为例. 生态经济, 2017, 33(3): 39-45. | |
15 | Li T, Xu F, Qi Y Y. From “Drinking one river” to “protecting one river”: The changes of farmers’ employment and income under the ecological compensation in Xin'anjiang river. Journal of Management World, 2022, 38(11): 102-124. |
李坦, 徐帆, 祁云云. 从“共饮一江水”到“共护一江水”——新安江生态补偿下农户就业与收入的变化. 管理世界, 2022, 38(11): 102-124. | |
16 | Qiu H G, Su L F, Tang J J. Effects of environmental regulation on rural livelihood diversification: Evidence from pastoral China. Journal of Rural Studies, 2022(95): 26-39. |
17 | Ren L J, Li J. Review on pathways of payments for ecosystem services policies to poverty alleviation. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2020(7): 94-107. |
任林静, 黎洁. 生态补偿政策的减贫路径研究综述. 农业经济问题, 2020(7): 94-107. | |
18 | Wu L, Jin L S. Influence of eco-compensation on peasant households’ livelihood in poverty-stricken regions in Guizhou province. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018, 32(8): 1-7. |
吴乐, 靳乐山. 贫困地区生态补偿对农户生计的影响研究——基于贵州省三县的实证分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2018, 32(8): 1-7. | |
19 | Li J L, Deng X Z, Zhang F, et al. The effects of ecological forest compensation on farmers’ income from the perspective of incentive compatibility theory: An empirical study in Sanming, Fujian. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(12): 2942-2955. |
李军龙, 邓祥征, 张帆, 等. 激励相容理论视角下生态公益林补偿对农户的增收效应——以福建三明为例. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(12): 2942-2955. | |
20 | Wu L, Kong D S, Jin L S. Can eco-compensation contribute to poverty alleviation?——A heterogeneity analysis at farmer level. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018(5): 134-144. |
吴乐, 孔德帅, 靳乐山. 生态补偿对不同收入农户扶贫效果研究. 农业技术经济, 2018(5): 134-144. | |
21 | Yang C, Wang M L. Research on beef cattle total factor productivity growth and convergence in the context of grassland ecological protection subsidy policy. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019(3): 96-105. |
杨春, 王明利. 草原生态保护补奖政策下牧区肉牛养殖生产率增长及收敛性分析. 农业技术经济, 2019(3): 96-105. | |
22 | Xie X X, Zhao M J, Cai Y, et al. How does farmland fallow affect rural households’ income——An empirical analysis based on the panel data collected from 1240 households in the northwest fallow pilot areas. Chinese Rural Economy, 2020(11): 62-78. |
谢先雄, 赵敏娟, 蔡瑜, 等. 农地休耕如何影响农户收入——基于西北休耕试点区1240个农户面板数据的实证. 中国农村经济, 2020(11): 62-78. | |
23 | Adams W, Aveling R, Dan B, et al. Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science, 2004, 306(5699): 1146-1149. |
24 | Muradian R, Arsel M, Pellegrini L, et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win-win solutions. Conservation Letters, 2013, 6(4): 274-279. |
25 | Ren L J, Li J. Targeting of multiple goals in new-stage sloping land conversion program based on farmers’ decision-making autonomy. Resources Science, 2018, 40(8): 1560-1571. |
任林静, 黎洁. 新一轮退耕还林工程多元目标瞄准研究——基于农户决策自主权视角. 资源科学, 2018, 40(8): 1560-1571. | |
26 | Li J. The problems and strategy analysis of grassland ecological compensation system——A case of Gansu Province. Pratacultural Science, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032. |
李静. 我国草原生态补偿制度的问题与对策——以甘肃省为例. 草业科学, 2015, 32(6): 1027-1032. | |
27 | Hu Z T, Liu D, Jin L S. Study on herdsman-level heterogeneity of grassland overgrazing. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2017, 22(6): 158-167. |
胡振通, 柳荻, 靳乐山. 草原超载过牧的牧户异质性研究. 中国农业大学学报, 2017, 22(6): 158-167. | |
28 | Jin L S, Hu Z T. Who is running overgrazing? Variation analysis of herdsmen with different scales of pastureland. China Rural Survey, 2013(2): 37-43, 94. |
靳乐山, 胡振通. 谁在超载?不同规模牧户的差异分析. 中国农村观察, 2013(2): 37-43, 94. | |
29 | Hu Z T, Liu D, Jin L S. Grassland eco-compensation: ecological performance, income effect and policy satisfaction. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(1): 165-176. |
胡振通, 柳荻, 靳乐山. 草原生态补偿: 生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(1) : 165-176. | |
30 | Qiu H G, Su L F, Feng X L, et al. Role of monitoring in environmental regulation: an empirical analysis of grazing restrictions in pastoral China. Environmental Science & Policy, 2020, 114: 295-304. |
31 | Su L, Tang J, Qiu H. Intended and unintended environmental consequences of grassland rental in pastoral China. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 285: 112126. |
32 | Qi X H, Gao B, Wang H C, et al. The study on the compensation and award standards for forage-livestock balance and grazing prohibition based on herders’ perspective of grassland ecological protection subsidies and incentives policies——Take Xilin Gol League as an example. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(5): 30-35. |
祁晓慧, 高博, 王海春, 等. 牧民视角下的草原生态补奖政策草畜平衡及禁牧补奖标准研究——以锡林郭勒盟为例. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(5): 30-35. | |
33 | Wei H L, Zong X. Incentive incompatibility between the government and herdsmen under the grassland ecological compensation policy: A case study of Maqu County, Gansu Province. Rural Economy, 2014(11): 102-106. |
韦惠兰, 宗鑫. 草原生态补偿政策下政府与牧民之间的激励不相容问题——以甘肃玛曲县为例. 农村经济, 2014(11): 102-106. | |
34 | Wei H L, Qi Y J. Analysis of grassland eco-compensation standard based on the differentiation of the opportunity losses caused by reducing livestock. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2017, 22(5): 199-207. |
韦惠兰, 祁应军. 基于减畜机会损失差异化的草原生态补奖标准分析. 中国农业大学学报, 2017, 22(5): 199-207. | |
35 | Wei H L, Qi Y J. The analysis of herdsmen’s willingness to accept the reducing-livestock policy based on the CVM. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2017, 31(3): 45-50. |
韦惠兰, 祁应军. 基于CVM的牧户对减畜政策的受偿意愿分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2017, 31(3): 45-50. | |
36 | Zhou J, Zulifia M M T, Pei Y N, et al. Analysis of herdsmen’s willingness to accept the compensation standard of grassland-livestock balance: Based on a survey of 223 herdsmen in Xinjiang. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2019, 33(10): 79-84. |
周洁, 祖力菲娅·买买提, 裴要男, 等. 牧户对草畜平衡补偿标准的受偿意愿分析——基于对新疆223户牧户的调查研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2019, 33(10): 79-84. | |
37 | Hanemann M, Loomis J, Kanninen B. Statistical efficiency of double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1991, 73(4): 1255-1263. |
38 | Cameron T A, Quiggin J. Estimation using contingent valuation data from a “dichotomous choice with follow-up” questionnaire. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1994, 27(3): 218-234. |
39 | Alberini A. Efficiency vs bias of willingness-to-pay estimates: bivariate and interval data models. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 1995, 29(2): 169-180. |
40 | Alberini A. Testing willingness-to-pay models of discrete choice contingent valuation survey data. Land Economics, 1995, 71(1): 83-95. |
41 | Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2000, 51(2): 289-302. |
[1] | 关士琪, 董芮彤, 唐增. 资本禀赋视角下牧户的减畜行为及影响因素研究[J]. 草业学报, 2021, 30(12): 5-16. |
[2] | 高雅灵, 林慧龙, 马海丽, 吴廷美. 草原补奖政策对牧户牧业生产决策行为的影响研究[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(4): 63-72. |
[3] | 王丽佳, 刘兴元. 甘肃牧区牧民对草原生态补奖政策满意度研究[J]. 草业学报, 2019, 28(4): 1-11. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||