Yield and dynamic responses of yield components of adzuki bean to insolation， temperature and rainfall across five sowing dates

doi:10.11686/cyxb2020088

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to optimize utilization of meteorological resources for high yield of adzuki bean， this research established a ‘sowing-date series’ of a late- and an early-maturing variety of adzuki bean and monitored light， temperature， rainfall and yield components through the crop development. Late-maturing Huaxiaodou （V₁） and early-maturing Dehong 5261 （V₂） were the varieties studied. Sowing dates were June 17 （T₁）， June 22 （T₂）， June 27 （T₃）， July 2 （T₄）， and July 7 （T₅）. The recorded responses of yield components to insolation， temperature， and rainfall through the crop development were analyzed. It was found that the yield， pod number per plant， and seed weight per plant initially increased then decreased， with ranking T₂>T₁>T₃>T₄>T₅. The yield of V₂ was significantly greater than V₁. Seed number per pod and 100-seed weight were not significantly affected by sowing date. The days to maturity， mean leaf area index， and photosynthetic potential decreased gradually through the sowing date series whereas the harvest index increased. The meteorological factors affected the development of the two varieties differently. For V₁， in the earlier growth stages， the effective accumulated temperature （AT） was significantly positively correlated with the yield， mean leaf area index， photosynthetic potential， and mean crop growth rate， and was significantly negatively correlated with mean net assimilation rate and harvest index. The rainfall was significantly positively correlated with pod number per unit area. The light was significantly positively correlated with mean leaf-area index， photosynthetic potential， and mean crop growth rate， and was significantly negatively correlated with mean net assimilation rate. In later growing stages， the AT was significantly positively correlated with mean crop growth rate， and light was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetic potential. For V₂， in the earlier growth stages， the AT was significantly positively correlated with the yield， pod number per unit area， mean leaf-area index， photosynthetic potential， and mean crop growth rate， and was significantly negatively correlated with harvest index. The rainfall was significantly negatively correlated with mean leaf-area index and mean crop growth rate. Light was significantly positively correlated with days to maturity and photosynthetic potential. Yield was significantly negatively correlated with harvest index and seed number per pod. In the later growth stages of V₂， the AT was significantly positively correlated with mean leaf area index， days to maturity and photosynthetic potential， and was significantly negatively correlated with harvest index， seed number per pod and 100-seed weight. Rainfall was significantly positively correlated with mean crop growth rate. Regression analysis between the yield and the distribution of meteorological factors between earlier and later growth stages revealed that， the optimum ratio of resource allocation between the earlier and later growth periods in V₁ and V₂， respectively were 1.86 and 1.45 for growing days； 2.27 and 1.49 for AT； 49.73 and 1.57 for rainfall； and 1.45 and 0.98 for light. In this experiment， sowing the early-maturing adzuki bean line V₂ near to June 20 gave the optimum distribution ratio of light， temperature and rainfall， and resulted in high yield.

Key words: sowing date, yield performance, meteorological factors, summer-sown adzuki bean

Le-zheng WANG, Fang-jing HUA, Peng-peng CAO, Feng-ju GAO, Wen-rong XIA. Yield and dynamic responses of yield components of adzuki bean to insolation， temperature and rainfall across five sowing dates[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(1): 116-129.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Meteorological factors of adzuki bean during the growth period

月 Month	旬 Ten days of a month	日照时数Insolation （h）		平均气温Average temperature （℃）		降水量Rainfall （mm）
月 Month	旬 Ten days of a month	试验年 Test year	常年 Average year	试验年 Test year	常年 Average year	试验年 Test year	常年 Average year
6	上First ten-day	80.9	84.0	24.4	24.1	0.0	13.5
	中Middle ten-day	89.0	81.5	26.5	25.7	52.1	23.6
	下Last ten-day	94.8	77.5	27.4	26.3	24.4	33.5
7	上First ten-day	68.5	71.6	27.5	26.7	10.0	53.2
	中Middle ten-day	26.1	63.8	25.9	26.7	100.2	51.6
	下Last ten-day	72.8	72.8	29.9	27.1	20.7	53.6
8	上First ten-day	52.2	67.8	27.7	26.7	50.4	55.5
	中Middle ten-day	34.5	69.8	27.1	25.8	86.9	36.0
	下Last ten-day	97.6	78.2	25.5	24.3	53.5	27.0
9	上First ten-day	90.5	70.9	25.1	22.6	3.0	21.1
	中Middle ten-day	65.6	71.0	22.8	20.9	0.3	13.8
	下Last ten-day	69.0	69.7	21.1	18.9	0.7	10.1

Table 2 Growth days and meteorological factors of adzuki bean in different sowing dates

品种 Variety	播期 Sowing date	生育前期 Earlier stage				生育后期 Later stage
品种 Variety	播期 Sowing date	生育天数Growth day （d）	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature （℃）	日照时数 Insolation （h）	降水量 Rainfall （mm）	生育天数Growth day （d）	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature （℃）	日照时数Insolation （h）	降水量Rainfall （mm）
V₁	T₁	64.3a	1785.3a	383.8a	321.8a	34.5a	787.7a	264.4ab	5.9d
	T₂	61.5b	1708.0b	354.7b	321.8a	34.8a	788.1a	263.9ab	6.7c
	T₃	57.3c	1592.2c	316.1c	312.9b	35.0a	790.2a	264.8a	7.2b
	T₄	52.8d	1504.0d	299.5d	312.0c	34.5a	777.5ab	260.2bc	7.2b
	T₅	48.5e	1346.1e	265.7e	309.9d	34.5a	770.6b	257.0c	7.9a
	变异系数CV (%)	11.24	10.86	14.30	1.80	0.66	1.08	1.29	10.60
V₂	T₁	50.3a	1425.6a	289.9a	201.7d	39.0a	956.1a	295.8a	123.4a
	T₂	48.8b	1381.2b	261.5b	202.1c	37.5b	918.5b	295.8a	123.0b
	T₃	46.0c	1306.6c	225.9c	193.3e	36.5c	889.6c	296.0a	122.9b
	T₄	45.0d	1276.4c	230.1c	258.2b	35.0d	844.0d	272.3c	57.5c
	T₅	42.0e	1186.5d	201.2d	309.5a	35.0d	815.9e	284.6b	4.0d
	变异系数CV (%)	7.02	7.08	14.24	21.46	4.67	6.36	3.63	62.68
品种Variety (V)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
播期Sowing date (S)		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×播期V×S		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 3 Dynamic model of relative LAI of different adzuki bean varieties

品种

Variety

方程参数Equation parameter

相关系数

根均方差

RMSE

相对根均方差

RRMSE (%)

V₁

V₂

Table 4 Changes of photosynthetic characteristics in different sowing dates

品种 Variety	播期 Sowing date	平均叶面积指数MLAI	收获指数HI	生育天数D (d)	平均净同化率 MNAR (g·m^-2·d^-1)	总光合势 LAD (×10⁴ m²·d^-1·hm^-2)	平均作物生长率 MCGR (g·m^-2·d^-1)
V₁	T₁	2.79a	0.36e	99a	2.30d	275.76a	6.40a
	T₂	2.49b	0.39d	97b	2.55c	241.86b	6.35a
	T₃	1.91c	0.40c	92c	3.05b	176.00c	5.84b
	T₄	1.85d	0.42b	88d	3.00b	163.24d	5.56c
	T₅	1.18e	0.52a	83e	3.63a	97.77e	4.28d
	平均值Mean	2.04	0.42	91.80	2.91	190.93	5.69
	变异系数CV (%)	30.53	14.59	7.12	17.61	36.53	15.15
V₂	T₁	2.66a	0.41e	89a	2.75d	236.69a	7.30b
	T₂	2.42b	0.44d	86b	3.09a	208.08b	7.47a
	T₃	2.32c	0.46c	83c	2.88c	192.36c	6.68c
	T₄	1.97d	0.50b	80d	3.00b	157.66d	5.91d
	T₅	1.87e	0.52a	78e	2.92c	146.28e	5.48e
	平均值Mean	2.25	0.47	83.20	2.93	188.21	6.57
	变异系数CV (%)	14.49	9.55	5.33	4.37	19.62	13.14
品种Variety (V)		**	**	**	ns	ns	**
播期Sowing date (S)		**	**	**	**	**	**
品种×播期V×S		**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 5 Relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and insolation, temperature, rainfall in different sowing dates

品种 Variety	指标 Characteristic	回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数Determination cowfficient (R²)	因子Factor	相关系数Correlation coefficient (R)	直接作用Direct action	间接作用Indirect action
品种 Variety	指标 Characteristic	回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数Determination cowfficient (R²)	因子Factor	相关系数Correlation coefficient (R)	直接作用Direct action	→X₁	→X₂	→X₃	→X₄	→X₅	→X₆
V₁	平均叶面积指数MLAI	Y=23.01854+0.00894X₁ -0.01396X₃-0.03915X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.99**	2.47	-	-	-1.03	-0.46	-	-
				X₃	0.99**	-1.04	2.45	-	-	-0.42	-	-
				X₄	0.79	-0.53	2.14	-	-0.82	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=-1.12041-0.00057X₁ +0.00774X₂	0.9655^*	X₁	-0.94**	-1.61	-	0.67	-	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=-1.12041-0.00057X₁ +0.00774X₂	0.9655^*	X₂	-0.77	0.72	-1.50	-	-	-	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=32.42940+0.03724X₁	0.9886^**	X₁	0.99**	0.99	-	-	-	-	-	-
	平均净同化率 MNAR	Y=-26.31421-0.01067 X₁+0.02126X₃+0.05017X₄	0.9996^*	X₁	-0.98**	-3.60	-	-	1.90	0.72	-	-
				X₃	-0.98**	1.92	-3.56	-	-	0.66	-	-
				X₄	-0.76	0.83	-3.11	-	1.53	-	-	-
	总光合势 LAD	Y=1470.16947+0.71108 X₁-0.61748X₃-8.42555X₆	1.0000^**	X₁	0.99**	1.76	-	-	-0.41	-	-	-0.36
				X₃	1.00**	-0.41	1.74	-	-	-	-	-0.33
				X₆	0.82*	-0.41	1.56	-	-0.34	-	-
	平均作物生长率MCGR	Y= 39.00245+0.02506X₁ -0.06564X₃-0.06620X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.96**	5.02	-	-	-3.49	-0.56	-	-
				X₃	0.92**	-3.53	4.96	-	-	-0.51	-	-
				X₄	0.90*	-0.65	4.34	-	-2.80	-	-	-
V₂	平均叶面积指数MLAI	Y=-2.67694-0.00174X₁ -0.00041X₂+0.00827X₄	0.9999^*	X₁	0.95**	-0.50	-	0.05	-	1.40	-	-
				X₂	-0.87*	-0.06	0.43	-	-	-1.24	-	-
				X₄	0.99**	1.43	-0.49	0.06	-	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=1.19231+0.00003X₁ +0.00009X₃-0.00089X₄	0.9999^**	X₁	-0.97**	0.06	-	-	0.06	-1.10	-	-
				X₃	-0.93**	0.07	0.06	-	-	-1.06	-	-
				X₄	-1.00**	-1.12	0.06	-	0.06	-	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=18.70873+0.04539X₃ +0.06028X₄	0.9982^**	X₃	0.97**	0.32	-	-	-	0.65	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=18.70873+0.04539X₃ +0.06028X₄	0.9982^**	X₄	0.99**	0.69	-	-	0.30	-	-	-
	平均净同化率MNAR	Y=0.93309+0.01130X₁ -0.02237X₄+0.02398X₆	0.9953 ^ns	X₁	-0.22	8.23	-	-	-	-9.63	-	1.18
				X₄	-0.34	-9.83	8.05	-	-	-	-	1.44
				X₆	-0.30	1.96	4.96	-	-	-7.20	-	-
	总光合势 LAD	Y=-382.57497-0.19192 X₁+0.11570X₃+0.89877X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.96**	-0.48	-	-	0.10	1.34	-	-
				X₃	0.93**	0.11	-0.47	-	-	1.29	-	-
				X₄	1.00**	1.37	-0.47	-	0.10	-	-	-
	平均作物生长率MCGR	Y=-30.92091-0.00504 X₁+0.13495X₂+0.14714X₅	0.9987^*	X₁	0.95**	-0.54	-	-6.71	-	-	8.20	-
				X₂	-0.90*	7.82	0.47	-	-	-	-9.18	-
				X₅	0.93**	9.21	-0.48	-7.80	-	-	-	-

Table 5 Relationship between photosynthetic characteristics and insolation, temperature, rainfall in different sowing dates

品种 Variety	指标 Characteristic	回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数Determination cowfficient (R²)	因子Factor	相关系数Correlation coefficient (R)	直接作用Direct action	间接作用Indirect action
品种 Variety	指标 Characteristic	回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数Determination cowfficient (R²)	因子Factor	相关系数Correlation coefficient (R)	直接作用Direct action	→X₁	→X₂	→X₃	→X₄	→X₅	→X₆
V₁	平均叶面积指数MLAI	Y=23.01854+0.00894X₁ -0.01396X₃-0.03915X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.99**	2.47	-	-	-1.03	-0.46	-	-
				X₃	0.99**	-1.04	2.45	-	-	-0.42	-	-
				X₄	0.79	-0.53	2.14	-	-0.82	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=-1.12041-0.00057X₁ +0.00774X₂	0.9655^*	X₁	-0.94**	-1.61	-	0.67	-	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=-1.12041-0.00057X₁ +0.00774X₂	0.9655^*	X₂	-0.77	0.72	-1.50	-	-	-	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=32.42940+0.03724X₁	0.9886^**	X₁	0.99**	0.99	-	-	-	-	-	-
	平均净同化率 MNAR	Y=-26.31421-0.01067 X₁+0.02126X₃+0.05017X₄	0.9996^*	X₁	-0.98**	-3.60	-	-	1.90	0.72	-	-
				X₃	-0.98**	1.92	-3.56	-	-	0.66	-	-
				X₄	-0.76	0.83	-3.11	-	1.53	-	-	-
	总光合势 LAD	Y=1470.16947+0.71108 X₁-0.61748X₃-8.42555X₆	1.0000^**	X₁	0.99**	1.76	-	-	-0.41	-	-	-0.36
				X₃	1.00**	-0.41	1.74	-	-	-	-	-0.33
				X₆	0.82*	-0.41	1.56	-	-0.34	-	-
	平均作物生长率MCGR	Y= 39.00245+0.02506X₁ -0.06564X₃-0.06620X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.96**	5.02	-	-	-3.49	-0.56	-	-
				X₃	0.92**	-3.53	4.96	-	-	-0.51	-	-
				X₄	0.90*	-0.65	4.34	-	-2.80	-	-	-
V₂	平均叶面积指数MLAI	Y=-2.67694-0.00174X₁ -0.00041X₂+0.00827X₄	0.9999^*	X₁	0.95**	-0.50	-	0.05	-	1.40	-	-
				X₂	-0.87*	-0.06	0.43	-	-	-1.24	-	-
				X₄	0.99**	1.43	-0.49	0.06	-	-	-	-
	收获指数 HI	Y=1.19231+0.00003X₁ +0.00009X₃-0.00089X₄	0.9999^**	X₁	-0.97**	0.06	-	-	0.06	-1.10	-	-
				X₃	-0.93**	0.07	0.06	-	-	-1.06	-	-
				X₄	-1.00**	-1.12	0.06	-	0.06	-	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=18.70873+0.04539X₃ +0.06028X₄	0.9982^**	X₃	0.97**	0.32	-	-	-	0.65	-	-
	生育天数D	Y=18.70873+0.04539X₃ +0.06028X₄	0.9982^**	X₄	0.99**	0.69	-	-	0.30	-	-	-
	平均净同化率MNAR	Y=0.93309+0.01130X₁ -0.02237X₄+0.02398X₆	0.9953 ^ns	X₁	-0.22	8.23	-	-	-	-9.63	-	1.18
				X₄	-0.34	-9.83	8.05	-	-	-	-	1.44
				X₆	-0.30	1.96	4.96	-	-	-7.20	-	-
	总光合势 LAD	Y=-382.57497-0.19192 X₁+0.11570X₃+0.89877X₄	1.0000^**	X₁	0.96**	-0.48	-	-	0.10	1.34	-	-
				X₃	0.93**	0.11	-0.47	-	-	1.29	-	-
				X₄	1.00**	1.37	-0.47	-	0.10	-	-	-
	平均作物生长率MCGR	Y=-30.92091-0.00504 X₁+0.13495X₂+0.14714X₅	0.9987^*	X₁	0.95**	-0.54	-	-6.71	-	-	8.20	-
				X₂	-0.90*	7.82	0.47	-	-	-	-9.18	-
				X₅	0.93**	9.21	-0.48	-7.80	-	-	-	-

Table 6 Changes of adzuki bean yield and its components in different sowing dates

品种 Variety	播期 Sowing date	单株荚数 Pod number per plant	每荚粒数 Grain number per pod	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	单株粒重 Grain weight per plant (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
V₁	T₁	33.6b	7.3a	9.3a	22.4b	2269.0b
	T₂	34.2a	7.4a	9.4a	24.1a	2376.0a
	T₃	30.0c	7.4a	9.6a	21.8c	2109.1c
	T₄	29.1d	7.4a	9.5a	20.0d	2091.8c
	T₅	27.2e	7.3a	9.2a	18.0e	1871.4d
	变异系数CV (%)	9.72	0.74	1.68	11.00	8.96
V₂	T₁	27.4a	6.3c	15.4c	26.6b	2579.0b
	T₂	27.6a	6.5bc	15.8abc	27.7a	2628.7a
	T₃	24.6b	6.6b	15.8bc	25.2c	2431.8c
	T₄	22.1c	6.6b	16.1ab	23.2d	2308.9d
	T₅	19.6d	6.9a	16.4a	21.3e	2147.0e
	变异系数CV (%)	14.21	3.29	2.35	10.40	8.16
品种Variety (V)		**	**	**	**	**
播期Sowing date (S)		**	ns	ns	**	**
品种×播期V×S		**	ns	ns	**	**

Table 7 Relationship between yield, yield components and insolation, temperature, rainfall of adzuki bean in different sowing dates

品种Variety	产量及构成 Yield and components	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	因子Factor	相关系数 R	直接作用Direct action	间接作用Indirect action
品种Variety	产量及构成 Yield and components	回归方程 Regression equation	R²	因子Factor	相关系数 R	直接作用Direct action	→X₁	→X₂	→X₃	→X₄	→X₅	→X₆
V₁	单位面积荚数Pod number per unit area	Y=-1655.73404+4.50757X₂+0.69107X₄	0.9928^**	X₂	0.99^**	0.85	-	-	-	0.13	-	-
	单位面积荚数Pod number per unit area	Y=-1655.73404+4.50757X₂+0.69107X₄	0.9928^**	X₄	0.78	0.19	-	0.59	-	-	-	-
	每荚粒数Grain number per pod	Y= 13.61586+0.00400X₁ -0.01323X₃-0.01063X₄	0.9533^ns	X₁	0.11	12.60	-	-	-11.07	-1.42	-	-
				X₃	-0.02	-11.19	12.47	-	-	-1.30	-	-
				X₄	0.40	-1.64	10.91	-	-8.88	-	-	-
	百粒重100-grain weight	Y=0.18435-0.02529X₂+0.02197X₄	0.7333^ns	X₂	-0.11	-0.91	-	-	-	0.80	-	-
	百粒重100-grain weight	Y=0.18435-0.02529X₂+0.02197X₄	0.7333^ns	X₄	0.54	1.17	-	-0.63	-	-	-	-
	产量Yield	Y=506.05386+1.03168X₁	0.8569^*	X₁	0.93^**	0.93	-	-	-	-	-	-
V₂	单位面积荚数Pod number per unit area	Y=-230.50746+0.35971X₁	0.9446^**	X₁	0.97^**	0.97	-	-	-	-	-	-
	每荚粒数 Grain number per pod	Y= 8.08994+0.00316X₃-0.00746X₄+0.01498X₆	0.9997^*	X₃	-0.96^**	0.50	-	-	-	-1.82	-	0.36
				X₄	-0.93^**	-1.94	-	-	0.47	-	-	0.53
				X₆	-0.45	0.72	-	-	0.25	-1.42	-	-
	百粒重100-grain weight	Y=20.87996-0.00711X₄+0.00454X₆	0.9589^*	X₄	-0.98^**	-1.07	-	-	-	-	-	0.09
	百粒重100-grain weight	Y=20.87996-0.00711X₄+0.00454X₆	0.9589^*	X₆	-0.66	0.13	-	-	-	-0.78	-	-
	产量Yield	Y=-1345.25037+3.73059X₁-4.72600X₃	0.9654^*	X₁	0.96^**	1.76	-	-	-0.80	-	-	-
	产量Yield	Y=-1345.25037+3.73059X₁-4.72600X₃	0.9654^*	X₃	0.88^*	-0.82	1.71	-	-	-	-	-

Table 8 Error sum of squares and determination coefficient of data standardized model

潜变量个数 Latent variable numbers	误差平方和Error sum of squares		决定系数Determination coefficient (R²)		PRESS统计量PRESS statistic
潜变量个数 Latent variable numbers	$y V 1$	$y V 2$	$y V 1$	$y V 2$	$y V 1$	$y V 2$
1	0.6172	1.3415	0.8457	0.6646	3.1070	1.9840
2	0.4186	0.0307	0.8953	0.9923	1.0656	1.6609
3	0.0534	0.0034	0.9866	0.9991	0.1678	0.7724

Table 8 Error sum of squares and determination coefficient of data standardized model

潜变量个数 Latent variable numbers	误差平方和Error sum of squares		决定系数Determination coefficient (R²)		PRESS统计量PRESS statistic
潜变量个数 Latent variable numbers	$y V 1$	$y V 2$	$y V 1$	$y V 2$	$y V 1$	$y V 2$
1	0.6172	1.3415	0.8457	0.6646	3.1070	1.9840
2	0.4186	0.0307	0.8953	0.9923	1.0656	1.6609
3	0.0534	0.0034	0.9866	0.9991	0.1678	0.7724

Table 9 Standard regression coefficient of influence factor on adzuki bean yield

考察指标

Indicator

x₁

x₂

x₃

x₄

y V 1

y V 2