A study on the appropriate stocking capacity under group-household management on the Hongyuan grasslands in north-western Sichuan

doi:10.11686/cyxb20140323

Abstract

Abstract: The experiment aimed to study the group-household grassland at Hongyuan in north-western Sichuan by systematically analysing the dynamic characteristics of the alpine meadow and soil nutrient with different livestock capacities under natural conditions. As the livestock capacity increased, the dominant species of winter slope pasture, such as Carex enervis, Elymus nutan and Kobresia setchwanensis, gradually reduced, while forbs, such as Potentilla anserina and P. discolor, gradually increased. The dominant species of summer ground pasture transformed from C. muliensis to Blysmus sinocompressus, Deschampsia caespitosa, C. meyeriana and K. tibetica. The soil nutrient showed no significant difference between the winter slope pasture and summer ground pasture with different grazing intensities. In general, irrespective of the type of pasture, the proportions of good grass gradually dropped with an increase in livestock capacity, and the aboveground biomass and diversity index were higher under modest levels of grazing than under other levels. Under group-household management of the alpine meadow in the north-western Sichuan Plateau, the suitable livestock capacity on winter slope pasture was 0.97 Yak/ha, and on summer ground pasture, it was 1.14-1.33 Yak/ha.

CLC Number:

S812.8

LIU Tao,GAN You-min,ZHANG Hong-xuan,YANG Shu-jing,SONG Zhong-qi,FU Pei-bin,ZHANG Xue-lian. A study on the appropriate stocking capacity under group-household management on the Hongyuan grasslands in north-western Sichuan[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(3): 197-204.

References

Reference：
[1]McIntire E J B, Hik D S. Influences of chronic and current season grazing by collared pikas on above-ground biomass and species richness in subarctic alpine meadow[J]. Oecologia, 2005, 145: 288-297.
[2]Connell J H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs[J]. Science, 1978, 199: 1302-1310.
[3]McNaughton S J. Grazing as optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti[J]. The American Naturalist, 1979, 113: 691-703.
[4]Wang W J, Zang Y M, Li Y N, et al. Effects of grazing disturbance pattern and nutrient availability on biomass allocation and compensatory growth in Kobresia humilis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(5): 2186-2194.
[5]Zhang R, Du G Z. Redundance and compensation of grazed grassland communities[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 1998, 7(4): 13-19.
[6]Dong Q M, Zhao X Q, Ma Y S, et al. Effects of stocking rate for yaks on competition ratio and aboveground net primary productivity of mixed sown grassland with two perennial grasses in the Changjiang and the Yellow River Source Region[J]. Grassland of China, 2005, 27(2): 1-8.
[7]Geng W C, Ma N, Ma Y D, et al. Optimum study of sown pasture-sheep systems Ⅰ A brief report on pasture production[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2000, 17: 34-36.
[8]Hou F J, Ren J Z. Evaluation on trampling of grazed Gansu wapiti (Cervus elaphus kansuensis Pocock) and its effects on soil property in winter grazing land[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(3): 486-495.
[9]Wang M J, Zhao M L, Cui G W, et al. Effect of grazing intensities on vegetation and soil in Meadow Steppe[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2010, 18(6): 758-762.
[10]Zhang C X, Nan Z B. Research progress on effects of grazing on physical and chemical characteristics of grassland soil[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2010, 19(4): 204-211.
[11]Ji L, Gan Y M, Luo Y J, et al. Comparison between the vegetation characteristics of Alpine and Subalpine Meadow with different degradation degrees in North-west of Sichuan province[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2011, 28(6): 1101-1105.
[12]Wei B P, Zhao S G, Jiao T. Effect of grazing on plant community and soil factors of Temperate Desert Steppe[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2012, 20(5): 855-862.
[13]Wei H L, Lu B. Comparison analysis on individual ranch management and community-based rangeland management in Maqu grassland[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(1): 406-409.
[14]Gao X C, Jaing A Y, Li J M. An institutional explanation of "over-grazing"and institutional design of a control system[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Sciences), 2004, 32(4): 115-120.
[15]Li J, Yang Z. The research of grassland contract policy and its implementation in Tibetan areas——Taking Maqu County in Gansu Province and Damshong County in Tibet as examples[J]. Journal of Tibet University, 2013, 28(1): 29-33.
[16]Cao J J, Du G Z, Wei H L, et al. SWOT analysis on group-household grassland management in Maqu and strategies for future development[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(10): 146-149.
[17]Ren J Z. Grassland Research Methods[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1998: 207-211.
[18]Zhao X Q, Wang Q J, Pi N L, et al. The multifactorial evaluation of optimum grazing plan for alpine meadow pasture in Haibei, Qinghai[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1989, 22(2): 68-75.
[19]Dong Q M, Zhao X Q, Ma Y S, et al. Influence of grazing on biomass, growth ratio and compensatory effect of different plant groups in Kobresia parva meadow[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012,32(9): 2640-2650.
[20]Ganzhu Z B, Guo Y Q, Gao Q Z, et al. A study on optimal grazing rates in Stipa purpurea alpine grassland in Northern Tibet[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 130-137.
[21]Wang X T, Zhang S H, Chen D D, et al. The effects of natural grazing intensity on plant community and soil nutrients in Alpine Meadow[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2010, 18(4): 510-516.
[22]Gao Y H, Luo P, Wu N, et al. Biomass and nitrogen response to grazing intensity in an alpine meadow on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Polish Journal of Ecology, 2007, 53: 469-479.
[23]Han G D, Jiao S Y, Bili G T, et al. Effects of plant species diversity and productivity under different stocking rates in the Stipa breviflora Griseb.desert steppe[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 182-187.
[24]Liu F Y, Xu C L, Long R J. Effect of yak grazing intensity on species diversity of Dasiphora fruticosa shrub grassland communities[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2008, 16(6): 613-618.
[25]Wang S P, Li Y H, Wang Y F, et al. Influence of different stocking rates on plant diversity of Artemisia frigida community in Inner Mongolia Steppe[J]. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 2001, 43(1): 89-96.
[26]Humphrey J W, Patterson G S. Effects of late summer cattle grazing on the diversity of riparian pasture vegetation on an upland conifer forest[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 37: 986-996.
[27]Li Y Z, Fan J W, Zhang L X, et al. The impact of different land use and management on community composition, species diversity and productivity in a typical temperate grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 1-9.
[28]Dong Q M, Zhao X Q, Ma Y S, et al. Effect of grazing intensity on community character and aboveground present biomass of alpine mixed-sown pasture[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2012, 20(1): 10-16.
[29]Meng X H, Li X L, Xin X P, et al. Study on community characteristics and α diversity under different grazing intensity on Leymus chinensis(Trin.)Tzvel.Meadow Steppe of Hulunbeier[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2009, 17(2): 239-244.
[30]Gan Y M, Li Z D, Ze B, et al. The changes of grassland soil nutrition at different degradation subalpine meadow of north-west in Sichuan[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(2): 38-42.
[31]Li X Z, Chen Z Z. Influences of stocking rates on C, N, P contents in plant-soil system[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 1998, 6(2): 90-98.
[32]Cao W X, Xu C L, Zhang D G, et al. Ecological responses of soil bulk density and water content to different non-grazing patterns in alpine rhododendron shrubland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(3): 28-35.
[33]He X, Niu J M, Guo X C, et al. The behavior differentiation mechanisms of grassland resource ultilization and management strategies of households in a typical steppe region[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(4): 257-265.
[34]Xin Y L, Sun C B, Song B. Analysis of the influence of discounting on grazing behavior in the late grassland contract stage[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2009, 18(2): 163-168.
[35]Song B, Zhang L X. Analysis on the selection of pasture grazing behaviors--As a suggestion to government's management[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2005, 14(3): 11-15.
[36]Zhang G H. Performance evaluation of the grassland contract management model on participatory community[D]. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2003.
[37]Zhou H K, Zhou L, Zhao X Q, et al. Influence of grazing disturbance on alpine grassland[J]. Grassland of China, 2002, 24(5): 53-61.
[38]Lin H L, Hou F J, Ren J Z. Evaluation of indicators of grazing trampling intensity[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2008, 17(1): 85-92.
参考文献：
[1]McIntire E J B, Hik D S. Influences of chronic and current season grazing by collared pikas on above-ground biomass and species richness in subarctic alpine meadow[J]. Oecologia, 2005, 145: 288-297.
[2]Connell J H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs[J]. Science, 1978, 199: 1302-1310.
[3]McNaughton S J. Grazing as optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti[J]. The American Naturalist, 1979, 113: 691-703.
[4]王文娟, 臧岳铭, 李英年, 等. 放牧格局和生境资源对矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)分株生物量分配和补偿性生长的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(5): 2186-2194.
[5]张荣, 杜国祯. 放牧草地群落的冗余与补偿[J]. 草业学报, 1998, 7(4): 13-19.
[6]董全民, 赵新全, 马玉寿, 等. 牦牛放牧率对江河源区混播禾草地上初级生产量及种间竞争力的影响[J]. 中国草地, 2005, 27(2); 1-8.
[7]耿文诚, 马宁, 马岩德, 等. 人工草地绵羊系统优化研究Ⅰ人工草地初级生产力[J]. 草业科学, 2000, 17: 34-36.
[8]侯扶江, 任继周. 甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23(3): 486-495.
[9]王明君, 赵萌莉, 崔国文, 等. 放牧对草甸草原植被和土壤的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2010, 18(6): 758-762.
[10]张成霞, 南志标. 放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展[J]. 草业学报, 2010, 19(4): 204-211.
[11]纪磊, 干友民, 罗元佳, 等. 川西北不同退化程度高山草甸和亚高山草甸的植被特征[J]. 草业科学, 2011, 28(6): 1101-1105.
[12]魏伯平, 赵生国, 焦婷. 放牧对温性荒漠草原植物群落及草地土壤肥力的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2012, 20(5): 855-862.
[13]韦惠兰, 鲁斌. 玛曲草场单户与联户经营的比较制度分析[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(1): 406-409.
[14]高新才, 姜安印, 李景铭. “过牧”的制度解释及治理的制度设计——对玛曲县人草畜紧张关系的制度经济学思考[J]. 兰州大学学报（社会科学版）, 2004, 32(4): 115-120.
[15]李静, 杨哲. 草地承包政策及在藏区实施情况的调查研究——以甘肃玛曲县、西藏当雄县为例[J] . 西藏大学学报(社会科学版), 2013, 28(1): 29-33.
[16]曹建军, 杜国祯, 韦惠兰, 等. 玛曲草地联户经营SWOT分析及其发展对策建议[J]. 草业科学, 2009, 26(10): 146-149.
[17]任继周. 草业科学研究方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1998: 207-211.
[18]赵新全, 王启基, 皮南林, 等. 青海高寒草甸草场优化放牧方案的综合评价[J]. 中国农业科学, 1989, 22(2): 68-75.
[19]董全民, 赵新全, 马玉寿, 等. 放牧对小嵩草草甸生物量及不同植物类群生长率和补偿效应的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2012,32(9); 2640-2650.
[20]干珠扎布, 郭亚奇, 高清竹, 等. 藏北紫花针茅高寒草原适宜放牧率研究[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 130-137.
[21]王向涛, 张世虎, 陈懂懂, 等. 不同放牧强度下高寒草甸植被特征和土壤养分变化研究[J]. 草地学报, 2010, 18(4): 510-516.
[22]Gao Y H, Luo P, Wu N,et al. Biomass and nitrogen response to grazing intensity in an alpine meadow on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Polish Journal of Ecology, 2007, 53: 469-479.
[23]韩国栋, 焦树英, 毕力格图, 等. 短花针茅草原不同载畜率对植物多样性和草地生产力的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(1): 182-187.
[24]刘发央, 徐长林, 龙瑞军. 牦牛放牧强度对金露梅灌丛草地群落物种多样性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2008, 16(6): 613-618.
[25]汪诗平, 李永宏, 王艳芬, 等. 不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J]. 植物学报, 2001, 43(1): 89-96.
[26]Humphrey J W, Patterson G S. Effects of late summer cattle grazing on the diversity of riparian pasture vegetation on an upland conifer forest[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2000, 37: 986-996.
[27]李愈哲, 樊江文, 张良侠, 等. 不同土地利用方式对典型温性草原群落物种组成和多样性以及生产力的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 1-9.
[28]董全民, 赵新全, 马玉寿, 等. 放牧强度对高寒混播人工草地群落特征及地上现存量的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2012, 20(1): 10-16.
[29]蒙旭辉, 李向林, 辛晓平, 等. 不同放牧强度下羊草草甸草原群落特征及多样性分析[J]. 草地学报, 2009, 17(2): 239-244.
[30]干友民, 李志丹, 泽柏, 等. 川西北亚高山草地不同退化梯度草地土壤养分变化[J]. 草业学报, 2005, 14(2): 38-42.
[31]李香真, 陈佐忠. 不同放牧率对草原植物与土壤C、N、P含量的影响[J]. 草地学报, 1998, 6(2): 90-98.
[32]曹文侠, 徐长林, 张德罡, 等. 杜鹃灌丛草地土壤容重与水分特征对不同休牧模式的响应[J]. 草业学报, 2011, 20(3): 28-35.
[33]何欣, 牛建明, 郭晓川, 等. 典型草原家庭牧草草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略研究[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(4): 257-265.
[34]辛永亮, 孙春宝, 宋波. 贴现因素对牧民草地承包后期放牧行为的影响分析[J]. 草业学报, 2009, 18(2): 163-168.
[35]宋波, 张力小. 应用牧草生长——消费模型分析牧民的放牧行为——作为对政府管理行为的建议[J]. 草业学报, 2005,14(3); 11-15.
[36]张国辉. 参与式社区草地承包经营模式的绩效评价[D]. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2003.
[37]周华坤, 周立, 赵新全, 等. 放牧干扰对高寒草场的影响[J]. 中国草地, 2002, 24(5): 53-61.
[38]林慧龙, 侯扶江, 任继周. 放牧家畜的践踏强度指标探讨[J]. 草业学报, 2008, 17(1): 85-92.