Acta Prataculturae Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2): 156-165.DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2020117
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Li-feng DONG1(), Xiu-zhu YANG2, Yan-hua GAO2, Bin-chang LI1,3, Bei WANG1,4, Qi-yu DIAO1()
Received:
2020-03-13
Revised:
2020-04-20
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2021-01-19
Contact:
Qi-yu DIAO
Li-feng DONG, Xiu-zhu YANG, Yan-hua GAO, Bin-chang LI, Bei WANG, Qi-yu DIAO. Effects of dietary NDF∶NFC ratio on growth performance, nutritive digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane emissions of Holstein heifers[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2021, 30(2): 156-165.
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | ||
---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |
原料 Ingredients | |||
全株玉米青贮 Corn silage (%) | 30 | 36 | 42 |
燕麦干草 Oat hay (%) | 10 | 12 | 14 |
苜蓿草 Alfalfa (%) | 10 | 12 | 14 |
精料补充料 Concentrate (%) | 50 | 40 | 30 |
合计 Total (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 |
营养水平 Nutritional level | |||
干物质 Dry matter (%) | 93.3 | 93.7 | 93.9 |
有机物 Organic matter (%) | 92.2 | 92.8 | 93.1 |
总能 Gross energy (MJ·kg-1) | 16.6 | 16.7 | 16.8 |
粗蛋白质 Crude protein (%) | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.1 |
粗脂肪 Ether extract (%) | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 |
粗灰分 Crude ash (%) | 7.8 | 7.2 | 6.9 |
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 29.3 | 32.6 | 36.8 |
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber (%) | 14.8 | 17.5 | 19.8 |
钙 Ca (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
磷 Phosphorus (%) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
非结构性碳水化合物 Non-fibrous carbohydrate (%) | 48.03 | 44.18 | 41.24 |
中性洗涤纤维/非结构性碳水化合物 NDF/NFC | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 |
Table 1 The composition and nutrient contents of experimental diet
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | ||
---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |
原料 Ingredients | |||
全株玉米青贮 Corn silage (%) | 30 | 36 | 42 |
燕麦干草 Oat hay (%) | 10 | 12 | 14 |
苜蓿草 Alfalfa (%) | 10 | 12 | 14 |
精料补充料 Concentrate (%) | 50 | 40 | 30 |
合计 Total (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 |
营养水平 Nutritional level | |||
干物质 Dry matter (%) | 93.3 | 93.7 | 93.9 |
有机物 Organic matter (%) | 92.2 | 92.8 | 93.1 |
总能 Gross energy (MJ·kg-1) | 16.6 | 16.7 | 16.8 |
粗蛋白质 Crude protein (%) | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.1 |
粗脂肪 Ether extract (%) | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 |
粗灰分 Crude ash (%) | 7.8 | 7.2 | 6.9 |
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber (%) | 29.3 | 32.6 | 36.8 |
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber (%) | 14.8 | 17.5 | 19.8 |
钙 Ca (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
磷 Phosphorus (%) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
非结构性碳水化合物 Non-fibrous carbohydrate (%) | 48.03 | 44.18 | 41.24 |
中性洗涤纤维/非结构性碳水化合物 NDF/NFC | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.90 |
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组 Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组 Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组 High NDF/NFC group | |||
月龄Month age | 14.9 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 0.33 | 0.965 |
体重 Body weight (kg) | 429.3 | 424.4 | 422.2 | 8.82 | 0.945 |
干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d-1) | 7.96a | 7.78b | 7.44c | 0.23 | 0.014 |
有机物采食量 Organic matter intake (OMI, kg·d-1) | 7.42a | 7.22b | 6.86c | 0.13 | <0.01 |
中性洗涤纤维采食量 Neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI, kg·d-1) | 2.18c | 2.53b | 2.93a | 0.23 | 0.031 |
非结构性碳水化合物采食量 Non-fibrous carbohydrate intake (NFCI, kg·d-1) | 3.30a | 3.26a | 3.06b | 0.18 | <0.01 |
总能摄入量 Gross energy intake (GEI, kg·d-1) | 132.2a | 129.9b | 124.9c | 1.69 | <0.01 |
平均日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, kg·d-1) | 1.05a | 0.99a | 0.87b | 0.03 | 0.005 |
Table 2 Effects of dietary NDF/NFC contents on the growth performance of Holstein heifers
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组 Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组 Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组 High NDF/NFC group | |||
月龄Month age | 14.9 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 0.33 | 0.965 |
体重 Body weight (kg) | 429.3 | 424.4 | 422.2 | 8.82 | 0.945 |
干物质采食量 Dry matter intake (DMI, kg·d-1) | 7.96a | 7.78b | 7.44c | 0.23 | 0.014 |
有机物采食量 Organic matter intake (OMI, kg·d-1) | 7.42a | 7.22b | 6.86c | 0.13 | <0.01 |
中性洗涤纤维采食量 Neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI, kg·d-1) | 2.18c | 2.53b | 2.93a | 0.23 | 0.031 |
非结构性碳水化合物采食量 Non-fibrous carbohydrate intake (NFCI, kg·d-1) | 3.30a | 3.26a | 3.06b | 0.18 | <0.01 |
总能摄入量 Gross energy intake (GEI, kg·d-1) | 132.2a | 129.9b | 124.9c | 1.69 | <0.01 |
平均日增重 Average daily gain (ADG, kg·d-1) | 1.05a | 0.99a | 0.87b | 0.03 | 0.005 |
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |||
pH | 6.39 | 6.54 | 6.41 | 0.047 | 0.064 |
氨态氮 NH3-N (mmol·L-1) | 7.85 | 7.64 | 7.72 | 0.231 | 0.057 |
总挥发性脂肪酸 Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 113.60c | 127.40b | 136.80a | 3.520 | <0.01 |
乙酸 Acetate (%) | 66.72c | 69.13b | 71.06a | 0.302 | <0.01 |
丙酸 Propionate (%) | 16.86a | 15.45b | 13.16c | 0.109 | <0.01 |
丁酸 Butyrate (%) | 6.37a | 6.12b | 5.79c | 0.116 | <0.01 |
戊酸 Valerate (%) | 2.32 | 2.41 | 2.36 | 0.241 | 0.093 |
异戊酸Isovalerate (%) | 1.52 | 1.47 | 1.71 | 0.072 | 0.370 |
异丁酸isobutyrate (%) | 1.71 | 1.74 | 1.75 | 0.091 | 0.150 |
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 4.06c | 4.37b | 5.14a | 0.086 | <0.01 |
Table 3 Effects of dietary NDF/NFC contents on the ruminal fermentation parameters of Holstein heifers
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |||
pH | 6.39 | 6.54 | 6.41 | 0.047 | 0.064 |
氨态氮 NH3-N (mmol·L-1) | 7.85 | 7.64 | 7.72 | 0.231 | 0.057 |
总挥发性脂肪酸 Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA, mmol·L-1) | 113.60c | 127.40b | 136.80a | 3.520 | <0.01 |
乙酸 Acetate (%) | 66.72c | 69.13b | 71.06a | 0.302 | <0.01 |
丙酸 Propionate (%) | 16.86a | 15.45b | 13.16c | 0.109 | <0.01 |
丁酸 Butyrate (%) | 6.37a | 6.12b | 5.79c | 0.116 | <0.01 |
戊酸 Valerate (%) | 2.32 | 2.41 | 2.36 | 0.241 | 0.093 |
异戊酸Isovalerate (%) | 1.52 | 1.47 | 1.71 | 0.072 | 0.370 |
异丁酸isobutyrate (%) | 1.71 | 1.74 | 1.75 | 0.091 | 0.150 |
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/propionate | 4.06c | 4.37b | 5.14a | 0.086 | <0.01 |
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |||
甲烷 CH4 (g·d-1) | 193.77c | 214.86b | 219.58a | 4.17 | <0.01 |
甲烷/代谢体重 CH4/metabolizable body weight (g·kg-1) | 2.02b | 2.26b | 2.39a | 0.06 | 0.013 |
甲烷/干物质采食量 CH4/dry matter intake (g·kg-1) | 16.92c | 19.94b | 23.17a | 0.78 | <0.01 |
甲烷/有机物采食量 CH4/organic matter intake (g·kg-1) | 18.20c | 21.54b | 24.95a | 0.84 | <0.01 |
甲烷/中性洗涤纤维采食量 CH4/neutral detergent fiber intake (g·kg-1) | 64.83c | 67.12b | 69.39a | 1.31 | 0.039 |
甲烷能CH4 energy (MJ·d-1) | 10.78c | 11.96b | 12.77a | 0.23 | <0.01 |
甲烷能/总能摄入量 CH4 energy/gross energy intake (MJ·MJ-1) | 0.0568c | 0.0665b | 0.0769a | 0.004 | <0.01 |
Table 4 Effects of dietary NDF/NFC contents on the enteric methane emissions of Holstein heifers
项目 Items | 处理组 Treatments | SEM | P 值 P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
低NDF/NFC组Low NDF/NFC group | 中NDF/NFC组Medium NDF/NFC group | 高NDF/NFC组High NDF/NFC group | |||
甲烷 CH4 (g·d-1) | 193.77c | 214.86b | 219.58a | 4.17 | <0.01 |
甲烷/代谢体重 CH4/metabolizable body weight (g·kg-1) | 2.02b | 2.26b | 2.39a | 0.06 | 0.013 |
甲烷/干物质采食量 CH4/dry matter intake (g·kg-1) | 16.92c | 19.94b | 23.17a | 0.78 | <0.01 |
甲烷/有机物采食量 CH4/organic matter intake (g·kg-1) | 18.20c | 21.54b | 24.95a | 0.84 | <0.01 |
甲烷/中性洗涤纤维采食量 CH4/neutral detergent fiber intake (g·kg-1) | 64.83c | 67.12b | 69.39a | 1.31 | 0.039 |
甲烷能CH4 energy (MJ·d-1) | 10.78c | 11.96b | 12.77a | 0.23 | <0.01 |
甲烷能/总能摄入量 CH4 energy/gross energy intake (MJ·MJ-1) | 0.0568c | 0.0665b | 0.0769a | 0.004 | <0.01 |
项目 Items | 预测模型 Prediction equations | 标准误差 Standard error | 决定系数 R2 | 编号No. |
---|---|---|---|---|
甲烷 CH4 (g·d-1) | =0.29(0.161)×BW (kg)+84.9(68.61) | 0.461 | 0.46 | 1 |
=51.72(4.640)×DMI (kg·d-1)-193.9(22.49) | 0.979 | 0.74 | 2 | |
=4.02(0.117)×NDF (%)-5.46(121) | 0.401 | 0.62 | 3 | |
=-30.2(2.41)×NFC/NDF+154.8(6.57) | 0.526 | 0.65 | 4 | |
甲烷能 CH4-energy (MJ·d-1) | =0.18(0.042)×GEI (MJ·d-1)-9.70(2.071) | 0.973 | 0.67 | 5 |
=1.71(0.129)×NDFI (kg·d-1)+0.146(0.251) | 0.661 | 0.61 | 6 | |
=-2.67(0.047)×NFCI (kg·d-1)+5.06(0.451) | 0.792 | 0.65 | 7 | |
=0.61(0.039)×DMI (kg·d-1)+0.645(0.053)×NDFI (kg·d-1)-0.19(0.472) | 0.973 | 0.77 | 8 |
Table 5 Prediction equations of enteric methane emissions based on production performance, nutrient content and intake parameters
项目 Items | 预测模型 Prediction equations | 标准误差 Standard error | 决定系数 R2 | 编号No. |
---|---|---|---|---|
甲烷 CH4 (g·d-1) | =0.29(0.161)×BW (kg)+84.9(68.61) | 0.461 | 0.46 | 1 |
=51.72(4.640)×DMI (kg·d-1)-193.9(22.49) | 0.979 | 0.74 | 2 | |
=4.02(0.117)×NDF (%)-5.46(121) | 0.401 | 0.62 | 3 | |
=-30.2(2.41)×NFC/NDF+154.8(6.57) | 0.526 | 0.65 | 4 | |
甲烷能 CH4-energy (MJ·d-1) | =0.18(0.042)×GEI (MJ·d-1)-9.70(2.071) | 0.973 | 0.67 | 5 |
=1.71(0.129)×NDFI (kg·d-1)+0.146(0.251) | 0.661 | 0.61 | 6 | |
=-2.67(0.047)×NFCI (kg·d-1)+5.06(0.451) | 0.792 | 0.65 | 7 | |
=0.61(0.039)×DMI (kg·d-1)+0.645(0.053)×NDFI (kg·d-1)-0.19(0.472) | 0.973 | 0.77 | 8 |
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