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中文
Table of Content
20 March 2015, Volume 24 Issue 3
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Orignal Article
Progress on nutritional evaluation of ruminant feedstuff in China
CAO Zhijun, SHI Haitao, LI Defa, LI Shengli
2015, 24(3): 1-19. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150301
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Based on highly referenced published papers and dissertations (357), 67 literatures that were representative and with more complete information on feed nutritional value were selected. The results from these literatures were retrieved and categorized. The representative data on the chemical composition, rumen effective degradability, and small intestinal digestibility of ruminant feedstuff in China were listed in the review. Additionally, in order to provide useful references for researchers and producers in this field, current problems in determination of nutritive value of feedstuff in ruminants were also discussed and some suggestions to solve these problems were given.
Response of soil greenhouse gas emissions to different forms of nitrogen in alpine shrub ecosystems
MA Gang, WANG Ping, WANG Dongxue, XU Shiquan
2015, 24(3): 20-29. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150302
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In order to understand the effects of N addition with different chemical forms on greenhouse gas (CO
2
, N
2
O and CH
4
) emission from the alpine shrub meadow on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Four treatments including a control (CK), no nitrogen plus three forms of nitrogen (NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
, KNO
3
) were applied in Hongyuan County, eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A composite sample of the top 15 cm of soil taken from each treatment was incubated at the lab at 15℃. Emissions of CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O from the incubated soil and the soil mineral nitrogen (NH
4
+
and NO
3
-
) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were determined. The results showed that all the nitrogen addition treatments inhibited soil CO
2
emission which was significantly, positively correlated with soil DOC concentration. Addition of nitrogen significantly increased soil N
2
O emissions, the highest N
2
O emissions were found with NO
3
-
-N addition. There were no treatment differences in soil CH
4
absorption. The results suggest that application of NH
4
+
-N rather than NO
3
-
-N will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Tibetan alpine shrub ecosystems.
Cadmium security analysis of different organic materials and passivators under ryegrass-Guimu 1 hybrid rotation in soils with low Cd environmental capacity
XIE Yunhe, JI Xionghui, HUANG Juan, LIU Zhaobing, ZHU Jian
2015, 24(3): 30-37. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150303
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To investigate the influences of different organic manures, passivators and their combinations on cadmium content in forage, a field plot experiment was conducted under ryegrass-Guimu 1 hybrid rotation in south China, where the paddy soil is typically acidic and has low Cd environmental capacity. The results showed that the yields of ryegrass and Guimu 1 hybrid increased significantly by 43.1% and 22.7%, respectively, with the fresh weights reaching 3.19×10
5
and 2.74×10
5
kg/ha respectively, compared to that of the control after the application of organic fertilizers. Lime, red mud and rice straw exhibited no significant effects on yields. Application of lime, red mud, organic manures and organic manures combined with lime could increase the soil pH, decrease the soil available Cd content and restrain the bio-availability of Cd. However, the application of organic manures increased the residue of Cd in soils. Therefore decreasing the input level of organic manures or using low Cd-content organic manures should ensure the sustainable use of soil. It is not recommended to add passivators such as lime when using Cd-containing organic manures to produce forage under ryegrass-Guimu 1 hybrid rotation in low environmental capacity soils.
Analysis of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in degraded alpine wetland, Zoige, southwest China
QING Ye, SUN Feida, LI Yong, CHEN Wenye, LI Xin
2015, 24(3): 38-47. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150304
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Based on their vegetation characteristics, 5 degraded alpine wetland plots were selected to investigate grassland degradation processes in the Huahu Scenic Area, Zoige County, in Southwest China. Pika (
Ochotona curzoniae
) burrow densities, soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured (0-10 cm depth). The mean soil C and soil N content ranged from 3.7%-4.9% and 0.38%-0.56% respectively, but there were no differences among the plots. However, soil P was significantly higher in plots on the flat areas compared with plots on sloping ground. The soil C/N, C/P and N/P ratios were 11.0, 62.3 and 5.7, respectively. Carbon, N and P all decreased with increasing soil depth as did the C/N and N/P ratio. The C/P ratio was positively correlated with pika burrow density. The study was helpful for understanding the grassland nutrient cycling processes and for identifying pika control and wetland management strategies.
The effects of planting and harvesting factors on hay yield and stem-leaf ratio of
Medicago sativa
LIU Dongxia, LIU Guihe, YANG Zhimin
2015, 24(3): 48-57. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150305
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This paper reports the effects of cultivar, seed sowing rate, row spacing, sowing depth and cutting height on hay yield and stem∶leaf ratio of
Medicago sativa
. Row spacing had the greatest impact on hay yield, especially the first 3 cuts of the growing season and annual yield. However, the cultivar of
M. sativa
and cutting height were the most important determinants of stem-leaf ratio. Hay yield was greatest at a row spacing of 20 cm and diminished with increasing row spacing. Yield was significantly lower at 50 cm than 20 cm row spacing, but not significantly reduced at 30 cm, compared to 20 cm row spacing. Cultivar differences were evident for hay yield of the fourth cutting, with Xingjiangdaye and Jinhuanghou having high late season yield compared to other cultivars. However, there were obvious differences between the breeds in stem∶leaf ratio, with Zhongmu the lowest and that of Jinhuanghou the highest. Some statistically significant effects of seed sowing rate, sowing depth and cutting height were observed and are discussed. Effects of seed sowing rate, sowing depth and cutting height were not statistically significant.
Differential metabolic responses of two tall fescue genotypes to heat stress
ZHAO Zhuangjun, HU Longxing, HU Tao, FU Jinmin
2015, 24(3): 58-69. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150306
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A study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of heat stress on the primary metabolites of tall fescue. The heat-tolerant genotype PI 578718 and the heat-sensitive genotype PI 234881 were treated with heat stress (40℃/35℃ for 12 h/12 h) for 21 days in order to determine changes in physiological parameters and metabolites. The results showed that grass quality, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, and root activity were all higher in the heat-tolerant PI 578718 than in the heat-sensitive PI 234881, while the value of leaf electrolyte leakage was lower in PI 578718. These results indicate that PI 578718 exhibited significantly more heat tolerance than PI 234881. Polar metabolite analysis of leaf and root using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 25 heat-responsive metabolites in the two tall fescue genotypes, mainly consisting of organic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols. Most of these metabolites showed higher accumulations in PI 578718 compared with PI 234881, especially following long-term (21 days) heat stress. The differentially accumulated metabolites, including a sugar alcohol (inositol), two organic acids (citric acid and hexadecanoic acid), one sugar (sucrose) and three amino acids (Val, Glu and Pro), may be positively associated with the differential heat tolerance of the two genotypes. Moreover, citric acid mainly served as an antioxidant and intermediate in respiration metabolisms. Its involvement in other defense pathways may play a vital role in tall fescue adaptation to heat stress.
A comprehensive assessment method for cold resistance of grape vines
SU Liwei, LI Sheng, MA Shaoying, DAI Caihong, SHI Zhenzhen, TANG Bin, ZHAO Shengqin, PU Yantao
2015, 24(3): 70-79. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150307
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To establish a comprehensive assessment method for cold resistance of grapes, branches from seven grape cultivars were exposed to different temperatures (10, -5, -15, -25, -35, -45℃). After exposure, cold resistance-related indices, including soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, free proline content, water content and relative electric conductivity, were measured. The most efficient temperature range for determining cold resistance-related indexes was decided by assessing changes indices after low temperature exposure. Semi lethal temperature (LT
50
) was calculated using relative electric conductivity. The LT
50
was used to assess cold resistance indices using correlation analysis. The cold resistance indices were then subjected to principal component analysis. A comprehensive method for assessing cold resistance in grapes was established using a membership function method. The cold resistance of cultivars was found to vary: Shuangyou>Zuoyouhong>Beibinghong>Beda >5BB>5C>Pinot noir. Our results indicated that soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, free proline content, MDA content and relative electric conductivity were significantly correlated with cold resistance in these grape cultivars. Principal component analysis combined with membership function analysis was useful for evaluating cold resistance in grapes.
Regulatory role of exogenous glycine betaine on the drought tolerance of creeping bentgrass
LIU Silu, YANG Peng, YIN Shuxia
2015, 24(3): 80-88. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150308
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To explore the regulatory role of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) on the growth of creeping bentgrass (
Agrostis stolonifera
) under drought stress and rehydration, creeping bentgrass sods were transplanted into a greenhouse and grown for 50 days before spraying with GB using 4 different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200 mmol/L). Artificial drought treatment and rehydration were applied 3 days after GB application. Turf quality, relative water content, cell membrane permeability, chlorophyll content, free-proline content, soluble protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT); and peroxidase (POD) were measured. The results showed that turf quality, relative water content and chlorophyll content were decreased by drought stress while cell membrane permeability, free-proline content, soluble protein content, MDA content and SOD, CAT, and POD activity were increased. However, application of GB significantly reduced the decline of turf quality, relative water content, and chlorophyll content under drought stress. Application of GB also increased the free-proline content, soluble protein content, SOD and CAT activity but reduced cell membrane permeability and MDA content compared to the control. Recovery after rehydration was also improved by GB application. The results suggested that exogenous GB could enhance the drought tolerance of creeping bentgrass under drought stress and the optimum concentration was100 mmol/L.
Evaluation of the germination characteristics and drought resistance of green manure crops under PEG stress
SUN Yanru, SHI Yi, CHEN Guojun, YAN Huifeng
2015, 24(3): 89-98. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150309
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The experiment was conducted to estimate the seed germination characteristics and drought resistance of seeds of eight green manure crop species (
Amaranthus hypochondriacus; Sinapis alba; Lolium multiflorum; Secal ecerale; Astragalus adsurgens;Vicia villosa; Hordeum vulgare; Orychophragmus violaceus
) by simulating drought stress using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 solution. Low concentrations of PEG-6000 improved seed germination in seven species including
H. vulgare, S. cerale
and
V. villosa
. Low PEG-6000 concentration improved the radicle length in all species but reduced plumule length. Seed germination, radicle length, plumule length, germination stress index and germination drought resistance index of all species decreased with increasing PEG-6000 concentration, while the radicle-plumule ratio increased. The order of drought-resistance of the eight species tested was:
A. hypochondriacus＞S. alba＞L. multiflorum＞S. cerale＞A. adsurgens＞V. villosa＞H. vulgare＞O. violaceus
. Three drought resistant classes: high (
A. hypochondriacus
and
S. alba
), medium (
L. multiflorum, S. cerale, A. adsurgens, V. villosa
and
H. vulgare
) and low (
O. violaceus
) were identified. Species with high drought resistance are probably the most suited to the Huanghuaihai Plain.
Effect of dry-wet alternation frequency on the growth and physiological characteristics of reed
LI Xiaoyu, LIU Xingtu, LI Xiujun, ZHANG Jitao, WEN Bolong
2015, 24(3): 99-107. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150310
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Reed marsh in the western Songnen Plain is a unique ecosystem affected by many environmental pressures, including low precipitation and soil salinity with associated high pH, both of which contribute to heavy degradation of the marsh. Water plays the key role in wetland structure and function, and determines the biogeochemical cycling, and dynamics of vegetation and other biotic populations. In order to understand how to conserve and effectively use available water resources, cycles of dry-wet alternation (soil dried to 35% field water capacity and 10 cm flooding, respectively), and treatments with varying numbers of cycles per season were applied during reed development in this study. The growth and photosynthetic physiology responses, and the absorption and accumulation of ions in the above and underground organs were determined. Compared to long dry and wet conditions, cycles treatments of 1,2, and 4 dry-wet alternations improved reed growth and physiological indicators. For instance, biomass accumulation and photosynthesis were enhanced, and saline ion accumulation was reduced. With increased alternation frequency, and correspondingly shorter duration of drought or flooding stress, the negative effects of extreme wet or dry conditions on reed were alleviated, and its growth and development were promoted. Flood irrigation in the earlier stages of reed growth (June, July and August) improved growth ability, accelerated biomass accumulation, enhanced photosynthesis, and reduced Na
+
absorption and accumulation. Two (C
2
) and 4 dry-wet (D
2
) alternating cycles, during which less water were used, facilitated high reed production and good quality in saline-alkaline wetlands. Flooding later in the growing season resulted in greater accumulation of Na
+
in the above-ground organs. This indicates, a possible method for removing Na
+
from the soil through the harvest of above-ground biomass after flood water irrigation to degraded reed marshes in August and September.
Effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide on resistance of
Astragalus adsurgens
to yellow stunt and root rot disease
HUANG Beimei, NAN Zhibiao, ZHANG Zhixin
2015, 24(3): 108-114. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150311
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Resistant and susceptible varieties of
Astragalus adsurgens
were treated with exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) or with ascorbic acid (AsA), and after treatment were inoculated with an
Embellisia astragali
spore suspension. The effect of H
2
O
2
treatment on disease resistance of yellow stunt and root rot disease of
A. adsurgens
was evaluated by recording the incidence of disease, a disease severity index, H
2
O
2
concentration, the activities of the enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), β-1,3-glucanase (Glu), chitinase (Cht), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The H
2
O
2
contents in inoculated plants were higher than in the uninoculated plants. Also, the maximum observed H
2
O
2
contents in resistant were lower (929 μmol/g 38 h after inoculation) than in the susceptible variety (986 μmol/g 24 h after inoculation). The disease infection rates and disease index of both resistant and susceptible varieties were reduced by exogenous H
2
O
2
application and increased by AsA application. The activities of the plant enzymes tested were increased to varying degrees by H
2
O
2
treatment, and activities in resistant plants increased more than in susceptible plants. The results suggest that exogenous H
2
O
2
stimulated the resistance of
A. adsurgens
to the pathogen and reduced the infection rate by regulating plant enzyme activity.
Phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soil microbial communities under different grazing intensities in meadow steppe
TAN Hongyan, YAN Ruirui, YAN Yuchun, CHEN Baorui, XIN Xiaoping
2015, 24(3): 115-121. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150312
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Soil microbial community characteristics are an important indicator of soil quality and ecosystem functional changes. In this study, the impacts of cattle grazing intensity on soil microbial community structures were examined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) in temperate meadow steppe on the Hulunber grasslands, northeastern China. Microbial communities under four grazing intensities; 0, 0.23, 0.46 and 0.92 animal units (au)/ha with three replicates were assessed in 2013. The results showed that grazing influenced the composition of the soil microbial community. Total soil microbial biomass was highest under zero grazing, followed by the 0.92 au/ha stocking rate and was lowest under the moderate stocking rate. The biomass of bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, saprophytic fungi, and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) responded similarly. There was a large, highly significantly treatment effect on AMF. The biomass of Gram-positive bacteria and Actinomyces trended upward with increased grazing intensity. In addition, we found that soil microbial community structure was similar in the un-grazed and low stocking rate treatments whereas the intermediate and high stocking rates substantial changed the microbial community structure. Soil organic matter and available phosphorus were important factors influencing soil microbial biodiversity and biomass.
Soil fumigation and bio-organic fertilizer application promotes potato growth and affects soil bio-chemical properties in a continuous cropping system
LIU Xing, ZHANG Shule, LIU Guofeng, QIU Huizhen, WANG Di, ZHANG Junlian, SHEN Qirong
2015, 24(3): 122-133. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150313
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The yellow river irrigation areas in the central Gansu Province are the main potato growing and processing regions in China. However, continuous cropping has resulted in production losses and impaired the development of the potato industry in the region. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of soil fumigation and bio-organic fertilizer application to increase yields through increased crop growth and suppression of soil-borne pathogens. Five treatment combinations including control (CK), soil fumigation using aqueous ammonia (SFA), soil fumigation plus lime and ammonium bicarbonate (SFB), a combination of SFA and bio-organic fertilizer application (SFA+BOF), and a combination of SFB and bio-organic fertilizer application (SFB+BOF), were utilised. Compared with CK, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments significantly increased tuber yield by 13.62% and 20.36%, decreased the incidence of diseased plants by 54.9% and 72.8%, and decreased the ratio of diseased tuber by 66.15% and 64.76%, respectively. Additionally, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and improved the morphological characteristics of potato roots. Compared with CK, SFA+BOF and SFB+BOF treatments increased soil bacteria and actinomycetes and decreased fungi populations. In particular, these treatments significantly decreased
Fusarium
sp. which reduced the incidence of diseased plants during crop growth and increased tuber yields. Neither treatment influenced soil enzyme activity but both treatments significantly increased soil phosphatase activity. Our results indicated that a combination of soil fumigation and bio-organic fertilizer application may potentially be used to control soil borne fungal diseases in potatoes.
Variations in the phenotypic character of
Hedysarum mongolicum
at different ages
ZHOU Yuanyuan, ZHOU Xiangrui, ZHOU Zhiyu, JIN Qian, LI Jinhui, SONG Xin
2015, 24(3): 134-141. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150314
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The phenotypic characteristics of
Hedysarum mongolicum
at three different ages (55, 28 and 8 years) have been investigated at the edge of Mu Us Desert located in the Jingbian County of Yulin City in the Shaanxi Province. Variations in 17 morphological indexes have been analysed using one-way ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis. The study found that the17 phenotypic characteristics varied with the age of
H. mongolicum
and that the indexes can be categorized into four principal components. After sorting of the first and second principal components, the three
H. mongolicum
samples with different ages clearly sorted onto the first principal component as the age increased, and the classification were more significant. Correlation analysis between the 17 index scores and a range of rhizosphere factors (soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and organic carbon) indicated that ammonium nitrogen was significantly negatively correlated with first-order root length, weight and second-order root length. First-order root diameter was also significantly negatively correlated with available phosphorus and total potassium.
Agronomic trait variation of some main orchardgrass (
Dactylis glomerata
) cultivars in China
JIANG Linfeng, ZHANG Xinquan, FU Yufeng, MENG Fen, HUANG Linkai
2015, 24(3): 142-154. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150315
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Orchardgrass (
Dactylis glomerata
) is a perennial, cool-season, and high-quality forage grass well known and widely used throughout the world, and it plays an important role in grassland animal husbandry and the development of ecologically sound rangeland management in China. This study collected and performed multivariate analysis of data on rust tolerance, summer survival, herbage accumulation rate, herbage yield, stem:leaf ratio, dry-fresh ratio, tillers, leaf length and other plant phenotypic characters, leaf appearance interval, and distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) among 8 cultivars and 1 breeding line of
D. glomerata
in China in order to investigate the phenotypic polymorphism and variation patterns of
D. glomerata
germplasm in China. Obvious differences in phenology, rust tolerance, summer survival, herbage accumulation, and herbage production among the
D. glomerata
cultivars were observed and the new breeding line 02-116 performed well. The differences between cultivars in 12 phenotypic traits were highly significant (
P
＜0.01), and the coefficients of variation ranged from 21.64% (second leaf length) to 106.20% (distance between flag leaf and inflorescence). The phenotypic traits of distance between flag leaf and inflorescence, plant height, length of upper internode, second leaf width and crown diameter were significantly correlated with herbage yield of
D. glomerata
. Principal component analysis showed the cumulative contribution of leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and distance between flag leaf and inflorescence accounted for 68.225% of data variation, and these factors determined plant morphology dynamics herbage accumulation. 7 DUS characteristics differed among cultivars to varying degrees. The breeding line 02-116 and cultivars Chuandong and Gulin showed marked differences in plant phenology.
Determination and comparison of community stability in different legume-grass mixes
ZHENG Wei, Jianaerguli, TANG Gaorong, ZHU Jinzhong
2015, 24(3): 155-167. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150316
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The community stability of different legume-grass mixes has been analysed using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method.
Onobrychis viciaefolia, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis
and
Phleum pratense
were used in four different combinations (3, 4, 5 or 6 species in each mixture) at three sowing ratios of legume to grass (5∶5, 4∶6 and 3∶7). In order to measure community stability and susceptibility to invasion, seven indexes (including the relative densities of grasses and legumes, the yields of forage, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and the relative total yield) were analysed from 2008 to 2012. The component stability of legumes in mixtures with
O. viciaefolia
was lower than that of grass, while it was higher in mixtures that did not contain
O. viciaefolia
. Community stability increased with increases in species diversity. Stability was lower in the 4∶6 legume-grass mix than at other ratios. Susceptibility to invasion was higher at 5∶5 than at other ratios and was minimally affected by species diversity in the various mixes. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation showed that stability at 4∶6 was lower than at other ratios and that stability was rarely affected by species diversity. In conclusion, the study suggests that species diversity and the ratio of legumes to grass may affect some rather than all aspects of community stability. Further research is needed at appropriate time and space scales and using standardized indices to discover what other factors are influencing the stability of legume-grass mixes.
Taxonomic value of stamen structure in the family Ranunculaceae
CHENG Xinyu, LIU Mei, GUO Mengqiao
2015, 24(3): 168-176. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150317
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The stamen structure of 18 genera, 37 species, and 5 varieties in the Ranunculaceae was studied in detail using morphological observation and glycol methacrylate (GMA) section methods. The surfaces of stamens were glabrous or with glandular or non-glandular hairs. The filament morphology was filiform, strap-like, clavate, long triangular or short columnar, and the intercellular space of the parenchyma was inconspicuous or substantial. The anthers in lateral view were bi-cylindrical (∞), elliptical, near circular, or strap shaped. The young anthers in transverse section were various shapes, including V, Λ, elliptical, square, bi-cylindrical, or butterfly shaped. The parenchyma cells between pollen sacs were arranged in a V shape, Λ shape, or in a line, and the parenchyma disappeared when the anthers became mature. Some anthers had a bi-cylindrical cross sectional shape in early development but became elliptical at maturity, or were had butterfly or square cross sectional shape in early development but a bi-cylindrical shape at maturity. These morphological features of the anthers and filaments were found to be stable within genera and species. This study enhances knowledge of flower morphology in the Ranunculaceae, and provides additional taxonomic criteria for use in classifying members of the Ranunculaceae.
Effects of sodium salt stress on seed germination of
Prunella vulgaris
ZHANG Lixia, CHANG Qingshan, HOU Xiaogai, ZHAO Wei, HONG Yaping, DAI Panfeng, LI Xiaopeng, ZHANG Yao
2015, 24(3): 177-186. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150318
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An experiment has been conducted to investigate the germination characteristics of
Prunella vulgaris
seeds under different sodium salt stress treatments.
P. vulgaris
seeds were treated with five different types of sodium salt solution: NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, a mixture of NaCl and Na
2
CO
3
, and a mixture of NaCl, Na
2
CO
3
and Na
2
SO
4
.The study investigated the effects of these treatments on germination rate, germination power, germination index, vigor index, the fresh weight of seeds, root length and seedling height. The results showed that with increasing salt concentrations the germination rate, germination index, vigor index, fresh weight, root length and seedling height of
P. vulgaris
seeds significantly decreased compared with the control. The indexes of
P. vulgaris
seed germination were promoted with lower concentrations and inhibited with higher concentrations of sodium salt. The indexes of the treatment with a low concentration rate were significantly higher than those of the control group. The order of seed germination restraint by the different sodium salt concentrations is: Na
2
SO
4
＜NaCl＜mixture of NaCl+Na
2
CO
3
＜mixture of NaCl+Na
2
CO
3
+Na
2
SO
4
＜Na
2
CO
3
.
Field comparison of the resistance of 33 alfalfa varieties to thrips
BAI Yu, GAO Xingke, WANG Yechen, CHEN Zhongchao, SUN Juan, WAN Fanghao, YUAN Zhonglin
2015, 24(3): 187-194. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150319
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The aim of this study was to compare the resistance of 33 alfalfa varieties to thrips, and to clarify the relationship between population density of thrips and alfalfa plant height and plant damage index. The thrip population of a single branch of each of the 33 varieties was counted during flower development and the main flowering period of the 2
nd
and 3
rd
alfalfa cuts of a growing season. Plant height and severity of damage to leaves of the sampled branch were also investigated in the primary flowering period prior to the 3
rd
cut. Thrip resistance of the alfalfa varieties was compared using a damage index and fuzzy clustering techniques. The relationships between population density of thrips and damage index and plant height were analyzed by regression. All alfalfa varieties carried thrips with thrip density ranging from 3.15-8.55 thrips/head. As assessed by damage index, the most resistant variety was Bararlfa 53HQ, and the least resistant was 5S43. Using Fuzzy cluster analysis, the most resistant variety was Baralfa 421Q, while the least resistant variety was again 5S43. Despite some ranking differences between the two methods, the general conclusions were the same. Since cluster analysis uses population density and damage grade of leaves, it is more suitable for evaluation of resistance. The equation slinking population density and damage index and branch height were, respectively,
y
=(-113.2563+53.6489
x)/x
, and
y=x/(-0.0104+0.0230x)
. A chi-square test (χ
2
) showed the two equations to be related.
The effects of hyper spectral change on grassland biomass after damage by
Calliptamus abbreviates
populations of different densities
ZHAO Fengjie, WANG Zhenghao, WANG Huiping, WU Huihui, LIU Hangwei, WANG Guangjun, ZHANG Zehua
2015, 24(3): 195-203. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150320
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In order to evaluate grassland loss caused by
Calliptamus abbreviates
, a study has been undertaken to establish the correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of
Leymus chinensis
grassland, as measured with a high resolution radiometer, and the density of
C. abbreviates
populations. Five groups of
C. abbreviates
with densities of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 heads/m
2
were used to simulate the damage caused by locusts feeding in the field. NDVI was measured after different damage periods and losses caused by the locusts were calculated using a regression model of NDVI and grassland biomass. Results indicated that NDVI decreased with increases in locust density. However, at a density of 10 heads/m
2
the NDVI rose slightly. The regression equations of NDVI and locust density under different damage periods were:
y
=0.5932+0.0014
x
-6.93×10
-5
x
2
(5 days),
y
=0.5950-4.8500×10
-4
x
-4.01×10
-5
x
2
(10 days),
y
=0.5848-0.0024
x
-1.61×10
-5
x
2
(15 days) and
y
=0.6422-0.0031
x
-2.12×10
-5
x
2
(20 days); where y represents the NDVI score and x locust density. The study found that in the case of low densities (less than 20 heads/m
2
) the damage caused by
C. abbreviates
had no obvious effect on NDVI with the extension of damage time. However, under high densities (more than 20 heads/m
2
) the NDVI decreased rapidly. The regression model (
y
=614.15
x
-119.28) shows that NDVI data can be used to measure grassland loss. The study indicated that low densities of
C. abbreviates
(5 and10 heads/m
2
) had significantly less effect on
L. chinensis
grassland but that when locust density reached 40 heads/m
2
the biomass decreased sharply. Results thus showed that the hyper spectral grassland vegetation index (NDVI) and the damage caused by locust density are significantly correlated. The spectral change caused by locust damage can thus be used to estimate both the density of locusts and the extent of grassland loss. This research provides a foundation of further large-scale grassland monitoring with hyper spectral remote sensing.
Research advances in biological control of soil-borne disease
LI Xinglong, LI Yanzhong
2015, 24(3): 204-212. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150321
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Soil-borne diseases have been a major main factor restricting the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in China. Recently, greater attention has been paid to food safety and environment protection, which requires a greater focus on sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Biological control of plant disease, is not only low-cost and efficient but also safe and environmentally friendly, and has become a research priority in plant disease control, both domestically within China and overseas. This review summarizes the research progress in biological control of soil-borne disease through optimization of cultural practices, biocontrol of antagonistic organisms and induced systemic resistance. The problems of biological control and the future prospects for successful use of biological control are also indicated.
Study of the anatomy and apoplastic barrier characteristics of
Imperata cylindrica
YANG Chaodong, LI Shoufeng, DENG Shiming, YAO Lan, YUAN Longyi, ZHANG Xia
2015, 24(3): 213-218. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150322
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The anatomical structure and apoplastic barriers of congo grass (
Imperata cylindrica
) were studied using an epifluorescence microscope. The results showed that the anatomical structure of adventitious roots consisted of epidermis, exodermis, sclerenchyma ring, cortex, endodermis and stele. The anatomical structure of the rhizome consisted of cuticle, epidermis, peripheral mechanical ring, cortex, sclerenchyma ring and pith. The apoplastic barriers in the adventitious roots of congo grass have inner layers consisting of endodermis and neighbor cortex and outer layers consisting of epidermis and hypodermis. Apoplastic barriers in the rhizome have inner layers consisting of sclerenchyma ring and outer layers consisting of cuticle and peripheral mechanical ring. The cell walls of apoplastic barriers deposited as Casparian bands with suberin and lignin. The aerenchyma of congo grass consisted of aerenchyma in adventitious roots, and cortex aerenchyma and air chambers in vascular bundles in the rhizome. The apoplastic barriers and anatomical structures of congo grass are important characteristics for adapting to wetlands. However, the characteristics of a peripheral mechanical ring without suberin and pith without cavities may limit congo grass growth in wetlands.
Effects of radix bupleuri herbal supplementation on bacterial community diversity in the rumen of lactating dairy cows
PAN Long, BU Dengpan, WANG Jiaqi, CHENG Jianbo, SUN Xianzhi, WANG Xiumin, QIN Junjie, YUAN Yaoming, ZHANG Xingkai
2015, 24(3): 219-225. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150323
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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of radix bupleuri (
Bupleurum chinensis
) herbal supplementation (RBH) on the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria including
Fibrobacter fuccinogene, Ruminococcus albus
and
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 4 diet groups (
n
=10) according to milk yield (37.5±1.8) kg/d and lactation length (75±15) days. Four treatment diets consisted of 0, 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00 g/kg of RHB dry matter, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks; rumen fluid samples were collected using a stomach-tube during week 6 of the trial. The diversity of the bacterial community in the rumen was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The DGGE analysis indicated that there were no differences among the treatment groups. Compared with the control group, the Shannon-Weiner index was significantly reduced (
P
<0.05) in the 1.0 g/kg RBH group, while the dominance index was significantly increased (
P
<0.05) in the 0.50 and 1.00 g/kg treatments. RT-PCR analysis also showed that RBH had no effect on cellulolytic bacteria. It was concluded that RBH supplementation had little effect on diversity of the bacterial community in the rumen of lactating dairy cows, possibly due to gradual adaptation to the RBH supplementation by rumen bacteria.
Plasticity of reproductive strategy of dioecious
Humulus scandens
in response to variation in water deficit stress
LIU Jinping, YOU Minghong, DUAN Jin, ZHANG Lihui
2015, 24(3): 226-232. DOI:
10.11686/cyxb20150324
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In order to investigate the reproductive strategy and plasticity of reproductive allocation of the climbing, dioecious herb
Humulus scandens
under environmental stress, we established plants of one variety under a gradient of 3 water stress levels (light, moderate and severe), and explored its plasticity of reproductive growth. Measurements were performed for both female and male
H. scandens
, and included among others:flower bud differentiation, biomass allocation, spike traits, quantity and activity of pollen and anthers, and ovary characteristics. The results showed: 1)
H. scandens
responded to water deficit stress by earlier differentiation of flower buds, and the timing of floral initiation in male plants was earlier than that of female plants (
P
<0.01). 2) Male plant responded to light water deficit stress by increasing reproductive allocation, but female plants adapted to water shortage by decreasing flower biomass. Reproductive allocation of male plants was significantly larger than that of female plants (
P
<0.05), with a nearly threefold difference under severe stress. 3) Both female and male
H. scandens
responded to water deficit stress by decreasing the number of spikes. Under light and moderate water deficit stress, male plants significantly increased floret number per spike when adapting to environmental stress (
P
<0.05), while female plants decreased flower number and hence would have a lower energy cost of reproduction. 4) Under light and moderate water deficit stress, there was no significant difference in thickness of the female plant ovary. Under moderate and severe water stress, male plants had significantly shortened anther length and reduced pollen grain numbers per anther (
P
<0.05), but the pollen size and pollen activity was unaffected. 5) Floral POD and SOD activity was significantly higher in male plants than that female plants, possibly indicating that male plants are more sensitive to water stress. In summary,
H. scandens
, exhibits a response to water deficit stress involving earlier flowering and differences between male and female plants in investment in reproductive effort.
