三江源地区不同剥蚀退化高寒草甸群落生物量与多样性特征

doi:10.11686/cyxb20140301

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 对三江源地区不同剥蚀退化高寒草甸群落生物量、群落组成及多样性分析。结果表明,群落地上、地下与总的生物量随退化加剧而降低,群落总生物量的变化受地下生物量的变化影响较大。群落地上生物量的变化主要由群落功能群组成的变化引起,随着剥蚀退化的加剧,群落中各功能群生物量均降低,莎草科和禾本科植物相对生物量降低最为明显,而杂类草相对生物量随退化的加剧而增加。不同剥蚀退化程度下,群落多样性指数和均匀度指数的变化趋势与物种丰富度变化趋势基本一致,均呈先降低后增加的趋势,在群落中度退化时各指数最低。物种多样性与功能群多样性指数表现为相同的变化趋势。

Abstract: The changes in plant productivity, composition and biodiversity were studied on the plateau meadow steppe denuded to different levels by erosion in the Three River Headwater region. Aboveground, belowground and total biomasses decreased with an increase in denudation, with the reduction of belowground biomass being the most important change. Changes of aboveground biomass related to changes of functional groups. Biomass of all functional groups decreased with increased denudation. Relative biomass of sedges, grasses and legumes decreased whereas the relative biomass of forbs increased with increased denudation. Changes of richness, diversity and evenness indices showed similar trends in relation to denudation, initially decreasing but then increasing, with the lowest values at moderate levels of denudation. Species and functional diversity indices showed similar response trends in relation to the level of denudation.

中图分类号:

S812

刘艳书,樊江文,李愈哲,张良侠. 三江源地区不同剥蚀退化高寒草甸群落生物量与多样性特征[J]. 草业学报, 2014, 23(3): 1-7.

LIU Yan-shu,FAN Jiang-wen,LI Yu-zhe,ZHANG Liang-xia. Plant community productivity and diversity on alpine meadow steppe in the Three River Headwater Region, Qinghai Province under different denudation levels[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(3): 1-7.

参考文献

Reference：
[1]Liu J Y, Xu X L, Shao Q Q. The Spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region in Qinghai province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(4): 364-376.
[2]Zhao X Q, Zhou H K. Eco-environmental degradation, vegetation regeneration and sustainable development in the Headwaters of Three Rivers on Tibetan Plateau[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005, 20(6): 471-476.
[3]Li S Y, Liu F G, Ma Y C, et al. Study on status quo of grassland degradation and reasons in Source Region of the Three Rivers[J]. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 2007, (4): 29-32.
[4]Li B. The rangeland degradation in north China and its preventive strategy[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1997, 30(6): 1-9.
[5]Chen G M. The status of the degraded pasture and its strategyes of management in black beach of the Headwater Region of the Three River[J]. Journal of Sichuan Grassland, 2005, 10: 37-44.
[6]Cao G M, Long R J. The bottleneck and its resolutions to the natural recovery of black soil type degraded grassland in the Three River Source Region[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2009, 17(1): 4-9.
[7]Wang G X, Chen G D. Wang G X, Chen G D. Characteristics of grassland and ecological changes of vegetations in the Source Regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2001, 21(2): 101-107.
[8]Shang Z H, Long R J. Formation reason and recovering problem of 'the black soil type' degraded alpine grassland in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(6): 652-656.
[9]Liang D Y, Lin L, Li Y K, et al. Process and mechanism of mattic epipedon denudation taking place on degraded alpine meadows in the Three River Source Region[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2010, 18(1): 31-36.
[10]Ma Y S, Dong Q M, Shi J J, et al. Classification gradation and control measure of "Black-soil-beach" degraded grassland in Three River Headwater Region[J]. Chinese Qighai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2008, 38(3): 1-3.
[11]Wang C T, Long R J, Ding L M. The effects of differences in functional group diversity and composition on plant community productivity in four types of alpine meadow communities[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2004, 12(4): 403-409.
[12]Tilman D. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity[J]. Nature, 2000, 405: 208-211.
[13]Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C, et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands[J]. Science, 1999, 286: 1123-1127.
[14]Hooper D U, Chapin F S, Ewel J J, et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge[J]. Ecological Monographs, 2005, 75: 3-35.
[15]Dong Q M, Zhao X Q, Ma Y S, et al. Regressive analysis between stocking rate for yak and aboveground and underground biomass of warm-season pasture in Kobrecia parva alpine meadow[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(5): 65-71.
[16]Sun F D, Long R J, Jiang W L, et al. Biomass distribution characteristics of alpine meadow under different burrowing plateau pika density in Guoluo Region, Qinghai Province[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2008, 16(5): 475-479.
[17]Li Y N. Relationship and turnover value analysis of belowground biomass and meteorological conditions analysis in alpine meadow[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 1998, 19(1): 36-42.
[18]Sun F D, Long R J, Lu C X. Effects of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) burrow densities on plant community composition and population diversity in alpine meadow[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2010, 24(7): 181-186.
[19]Sun H Q, Zhu H Q, Qiao Y M, et al. Kobresia pygmaea meadow plant community diversity in relation to altitude gradient.[J]. Grassland of China, 2000, (5): 18-22.
[20]Li Y Z, Pan J W, Zhang L X, et al. The impact of different land use and management on community composition, species diversity and productivity in a typical temperate grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 1-9.
[21]Ganzhu Z B, Guo Y Q, Gao Q Z. A study on optimal grazing rates in Stipa purpurea alpine grassland in Northern Tibet[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(1): 130-137.
[22]Cao G M, Long R J, Zhang F W, et al. Mechanism of denuded pits developing in degraded alpine Kobresia humilis meadow in the Three Rivers Source Region[J]. Grassland and Turf, 2010, 30(2): 16-21.
[23]Liu Y S, Fan J W, Harris W, et al. Effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on net ecosystem carbon exchange of grassland in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region, Qinghai Tibet, China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2013, 366(12): 491-504.
[24]Biswas S R, Mallik A U. Disturbance effects on species diversity and functional diversity in riparian and upland plant communities[J]. Ecology, 2010, 91: 28-35.
[25]Wang S P. Vegetation degradation and protection strategy in the "Three rivers fountainhead" area in the Qinghai province[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2003, 12(6): 1-9.
[26]Wang J B, Zhang D G, Cao G M, et al. Regional characteristics of the alpine meadow degradation succession on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2013, 22(2): 1-10.
[27]Reich P B, Tilman D, Naeem S, et al. Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO2 and N[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004, 101: 10101-10106.
[28]Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, et al. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes[J]. Science, 1997, 277: 1300-1302.
[29]Dong Q M, Ma Y S, Li Q Y,et al. Effects of stocking rates for yak on community composition and plant diversity in Kobresia parva Alpine Meadow warm-season pasture[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2005, 25(1): 94-102.
[30]Wang S P, Li Y H, Wang Y F. Influence of different stocking rates on plant diversity of Artemisia frigida community in Inner Mongolia Steppe[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2001, 43: 89-96.
参考文献：
[1]刘纪远, 徐新良, 邵全琴. 近30 年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(4): 364-376.
[2]赵新全, 周华坤. 三江源区生态环境退化、恢复治理及其可持续发展[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2005, 20(6): 471-476.
[3]李穗英, 刘峰贵, 马玉成, 等. 三江源地区草地退化现状及原因探讨[J]. 青海农林科技, 2007, (4): 29-32.
[4]李博. 中国北方草地退化及其防治对策[J]. 中国农业科学, 1997, 30(6): 1-9.
[5]陈国明. 三江源地区“黑土滩” 退化草地现状及治理对策[J]. 四川草原, 2005, 10: 37-44.
[6]曹广民, 龙瑞军. 三江源区“黑土滩”型退化草地自然恢复的瓶颈及解决途径[J]. 草地学报, 2009, 17(1): 4-9.
[7]王根绪, 程国栋. 江河源区的草地资源特征与草地生态变化[J]. 中国沙漠, 2001, 21(2): 101-107.
[8]尚占环, 龙瑞军. 青藏高原“黑土型”退化草地成因与恢复[J]. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(6): 652-656.
[9]梁东营, 林丽, 李以康, 等. 三江源退化高寒草甸草毡表层剥蚀过程及发生机理的初步研究[J]. 草地学报, 2010, 18(1): 31-36.
[10]马玉寿, 董全民, 施建军, 等. 三江源区 “黑土滩”退化草地的分类分级及治理模式[J]. 青海畜牧兽医杂志, 2008, 38(3): 1-3.
[11]王长庭, 龙瑞军, 丁路明. 高寒草甸不同草地类型功能群多样性及组成对植物群落生物量的影响[J]. 生物多样性, 2004, 12(4): 403-409.
[12]Tilman D. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity[J]. Nature, 2000, 405: 208-211.
[13]Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C,et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands[J]. Science, 1999, 286: 1123-1127.
[14]Hooper D U, Chapin F S, Ewel J J, et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge[J]. Ecological Monographs, 2005, 75: 3-35.
[15]董全民, 赵新全, 马玉寿, 等. 牦牛放牧率与小嵩草高寒草甸暖季草地地上、地下生物量相关分析[J]. 草业科学, 2005, 22(5): 65-71.
[16]孙飞达, 龙瑞军, 蒋文兰, 等. 青海果洛地区不同鼠洞密度下高寒草甸植物生物量分布特征[J]. 草地学报, 2008, 16(5): 475-479.
[17]李英年. 高寒草甸植物地下生物量与气象条件的关系及周转值分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 1998, 19(1): 36-42.
[18]孙飞达, 龙瑞军, 路承香. 高原鼠兔不同洞穴密度对高寒草地植物群落组成及多样性的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2010, 24(7): 181-186.
[19]孙海群, 朱志红, 乔有明, 等. 不同海拔梯度小嵩草草甸植物群落多样性的比较研究[J]. 中国草地, 2000, (5): 18-22.
[20]李愈哲, 樊江文, 张良侠, 等. 不同土地利用方式对典型温性草原群落物种组成和多样性以及生产力的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 1-9.
[21]干珠扎布, 郭亚奇, 高清竹, 等藏北紫花针茅高寒草原适宜放牧率研究[J]. 草业学报, 2013, 22(1): 130-137.
[22]曹广民, 龙瑞军, 张法伟, 等. 三江源地区退化高寒矮嵩草草甸剥蚀坑的成因[J]. 草原与草坪, 2010, 30(2): 16-21.
[23]Liu Y S, Fan J W, Harris W, et al. Effects of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on net ecosystem carbon exchange of grassland in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region, Qinghai-Tibet, China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2013, 366(1-2): 491-504.
[24]Biswas S R, Mallik A U. Disturbance effects on species diversity and functional diversity in riparian and upland plant communities[J]. Ecology, 2010, 91: 28-35.
[25]汪诗平. 青海省“三江源”地区植被退化原因及其保护策略[J]. 草业学报, 2003, 12(6): 1-9.
[26]王建兵, 张德罡, 曹广民, 等. 青藏高原高寒草甸退化演替的分区特征[J]. 草业学报， 2013, 22(2): 1-10.
[27]Reich P B, Tilman D, Naeem S,et al. Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO2 and N[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004, 101: 10101-10106.
[28]Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, et al. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes[J]. Science， 1997, 277: 1300-1302.
[29]董全民, 马玉寿, 李青云, 等. 牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸暖季草场植物群落组成和植物多样性的影响[J]. 西北植物学报, 2005, 25(1): 94-102.
[30]汪诗平, 李永宏, 王艳芬, 等. 不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J]. 植物学报, 2001, 43: 89-96.